饲料中添加雨生红球藻粉对三疣梭子蟹雌体卵巢发育、色泽、抗氧化能力和生化组成的影响

研究采用雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)藻粉作为天然虾青素源, 配制4种不同虾青素含量(含量分别为0、26.60、41.62和81.37 mg/kg)的饲料(记为饲料1#—4#), 对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)雌体进行为期45d的育肥实验, 研究其对雌蟹卵巢发育、色泽、抗氧化能力、免疫性能和生化组成的影响。结果表明: (1)育肥饲料中虾青素含量对雌蟹性腺指数(GSI)和肝胰腺指数(HSI)均无显著影响。(2)肝胰腺、卵巢和头胸甲中的总类胡萝卜素含量、红度(a*)值和黄度(b*)值均随饲料虾青素含量的升高而升高, 而3种组织的亮度(L*)值呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05)。(3)对抗氧化指标而言, 虾青素添加组(饲料2#—4#)血淋巴超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活力均显著低于无虾青素组(饲料1#); 血淋巴中的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)及肝胰腺中的SOD和T-AOC活力均随饲料中虾青素水平升高而上升, 而血淋巴和肝胰腺中的丙二醛(MDA)含量呈下降趋势。(4)对免疫指标而言, 血淋巴和肝胰腺中的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活力均在饲料4#组最高, 而饲料1#组血淋巴中的血蓝蛋白(Hc)含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。(5)对生化组成而言, 肌肉和肝胰腺中的总脂、总碳水化合物及卵巢中总脂含量均随饲料中虾青素含量的升高呈上升趋势, 饲料2#组卵巢中的总碳水化合物含量最高(P<0.05)。综上所述, 三疣梭子蟹雌体育肥饲料中添加虾青素对其卵巢发育无显著影响, 但可改善色泽和提高其抗氧化能力及可食组织中的总脂和碳水化合物含量, 三疣梭子蟹雌体育肥饲料中虾青素适宜含量为50 mg/kg饲料左右。     

利用微藻培养生产类胡萝卜素的研究进展

类胡萝卜素(包括虾青素、β-胡萝卜素和叶黄素等)的重要功能引起了人们的广泛关注,微藻是生产类胡萝卜素的重要来源。本文综述了虾青素与β-胡萝卜素的合成、功能和生产,以及富含叶黄素藻株的选育和异养培养,并提出了今后的发展方向。     

饲料中添加合成虾青素对中华绒螯蟹成体雌蟹性腺发育、色泽和抗氧化能力的影响

采用在基础饲料中分别添加0、130和260 mg/kg的合成虾青素配制成3种粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量分别为42%和16%的等氮等脂的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)育肥饲料(分别记为饲料1、2和3), 以中华绒螯蟹商业育肥饲料作为饲料4, 分别投喂4组雌蟹(每个饲料组3个重复水槽, 每个水槽中12只蟹), 进行为期60d的室内养殖实验, 以探讨添加合成虾青素对中华绒螯蟹成体雌蟹性腺发育、色泽及抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示: (1)实验进行到30d和60d, 在饲料中添加虾青素对雌体肝胰腺指数(HSI)和性腺指数(GSI)均无显著影响(P>0.05)。(2)性腺、肝胰腺和头胸甲中的总类胡萝卜素含量和红度值(a值)均以饲料3组最高, 性腺亮度值(L值)和黄度值(b值)以饲料1组最高(P<0.05); 饲料2组头胸甲的b值最高, 饲料1组最低(P<0.05)。(3) 饲料1组中华绒螯蟹血清过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著高于其他组, 饲料4组的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、丙二醛(MDA)和乳酸(LD)含量最高(P<0.05); 肝胰腺中的SOD、T-AOC、GSH-Px和GR活性均以饲料1组最高, 饲料2组最低(P<0.05)。(4) 饲料2组血清酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性和血蓝蛋白(Hc)含量显著高于其他组, 其余各组间差异不显著。血清中的碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和γ-谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GT)活性和一氧化氮(NO)含量均以饲料4组最高(P<0.05), 肝胰腺中的ACP、ALP和γ-GT活性以饲料1组最高。综上, 在育肥饲料中添加合成虾青素对成体雌蟹性腺发育无显著影响, 但可显著提高头胸甲、肝胰腺和卵巢中的类胡萝卜素总量、色泽和抗氧化能力, 建议雌蟹育肥饲料中合成虾青素的含量为90 mg/kg左右。     

中华绒螯蟹一龄幼蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)越冬前后脂肪酸和4种类胡萝卜素含量的变化

实验以越冬前后的中华绒螯蟹一龄幼蟹作为研究对象,利用高效气相色谱法分别检测一龄幼蟹越冬前后肝胰腺及头胸甲中脂肪酸含量变化、利用液相二级质谱法分别测定一龄幼蟹越冬前后肝胰腺、头胸甲和血淋巴中4种类胡萝卜素含量变化。结果表明:肝胰腺中的饱和脂肪酸(SFA) C20:0、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA) C18:1n9作为主要能量脂肪酸被动用,其含量越冬后显著下降(p0.05),多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)中的C18:3n3、C22:6n3越冬后含量显著升高(p0.05)。头胸甲的饱和脂肪酸(SFA) C16:0、C18:0,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)中的C18:1n7作为主要能量脂肪酸被动用,越冬后含量下降显著(p0.05)。多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA) C18:2n6、C20:3n6越冬后含量显著升高(p0.05)。越冬后头胸甲中4种类胡萝卜素含量均极显著下降(p0.01)。其中,血淋巴中虾青素、叶黄素含量极显著升高(p0.05),β-胡萝卜素含量极显著下降(p0.05)。肝胰腺中虾青素与叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素变化趋势与血淋巴的一致,角黄素含量显著下降(p0.05)。越冬期间气温、水温的短暂升高可能使一龄幼蟹短暂摄食。越冬前经育肥的扣蟹越冬后能量物质无显著变化,越冬后根据肝胰腺颜色来判断一龄幼蟹质量的方法不科学。     

法夫酵母类胡萝卜素对UVA氧化损伤HSF细胞的保护作用

本文将法夫酵母虾青素、β-胡萝卜素、海胆酮和三者的组合物作用于长波长紫外线(UVA)氧化损伤的人皮肤成纤维(HSF)细胞,以乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量为指标评价类胡萝卜素对HSF细胞因紫外辐射而氧化损伤的保护作用.结果表明:单一类胡萝卜素及它们的组合均能显著降低LDH活性和MDA含量(P<0.05)...     

雨生红球藻培养过程中色素动态变化与光合生理特性研究

以雨生红球藻Haematococcus pluvialis CG-06为实验材料,分析测定在正常培养周期内藻细胞主要色素的变化动态、光合生理特性,以及培养基中硝态氮的含量。结果表明,雨生红球藻在绿色细胞阶段的主要色素包括:叶绿素、叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素,培养至红色细胞阶段增加了角黄素、海胆酮、虾青素单酯及双酯等次生类胡萝卜素。硝态氮浓度在培养初期下降迅速,第3 d降至4.875 mg/L,下降了85.3%,至第7 d下降为0.169 mg/L。雨生红球藻培养至第7 d时,细胞中开始检测出虾青素,含量为0.159 mg/g,此时虾青素合成速度较快,至第11 d虾青素含量上升为1.68 mg/g,在虾青素合成初期β-胡萝卜素的含量下降。藻细胞的光合速率、呼吸速率和NPQ在培养前期比较稳定,第7 d细胞光合速率开始下降,而呼吸速率和NPQ则上升,在整个培养周期中,藻细胞的Fv/Fm变化不明显。     

桃果实发育阶段肉色形成与类胡萝卜素的变化分析

为了分析不同肉色类型桃果实发育过程中类胡萝卜素成分的变化特点及其颜色差异形成的因素,选择‘半斤桃’(红肉)、‘图八德’(黄肉)、‘正姬’(白肉)桃品种为试材,采用紫外分光光度计和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对桃果实类胡萝卜素及其组分含量进行定性定量分析.结果显示:(1)桃果实的主要类胡萝卜素成分为叶黄素、玉米黄素、β-隐黄质、α-胡萝卜素和β-胡萝卜素.(2)随着果实的发育,‘半斤桃’和‘正姬’的类胡萝卜素总含量逐渐降低,而‘图八德’则是先降低后上升,且明显高于前二者;3种类型桃果实的叶黄素均逐渐降低,果实成熟时接近0;玉米黄素呈先降后升的趋势,果实成熟时达到最大值;‘半斤桃’和‘正姬’的β-隐黄质、α-胡萝卜素和β-胡萝卜素呈逐渐下降的趋势,而‘图八德’的β-隐黄质含量先升后微降最后上升、α-胡萝卜素和p-胡萝卜素含量则逐渐增加,且均在果实成熟时达到最大值.(3)‘图八德’成熟果实中的类胡萝卜素总含量达到最大值,其中β-胡萝卜素含量最高,占5个成分之和的75.99％.研究表明,桃果实肉色形成与类胡萝卜素的含量与成分有着紧密的联系,尤其是其中的β-胡萝卜素含量.     

金叶银杏半同胞子代无性系的叶色和色素含量变化及呈色机制分析

对4月份至11月份金叶银杏‘万年金'( Ginkgo biloba ‘Wannianjin')32个半同胞子代无性系与亲本的叶色差异进行比较;比较了不同色系叶片的色素含量和比值及叶色参数(L*、a*和b*)的变化,分析了叶色参数与叶片色素含量的相关性;并观察了不同色系的叶绿体超微结构。结果表明：32个半同胞子代无性系可被分为金黄、浅黄、草绿和蓝绿4个色系。随时间推移,草绿和蓝绿色系叶片的总叶绿素( Chl)、叶绿素a( Chla)、叶绿素b( Chlb)和类胡萝卜素( Car)含量均呈“双峰型”变化趋势,Car/Chl和Car/Chla比值的变幅均较小;而金黄和浅黄色系叶片的上述色素含量呈“升高—降低—升高”变化趋势,Car/Chl和Car/Chla比值总体呈“迅速下降—相对稳定—缓慢升高”的变化趋势。各色系叶片的上述色素含量在夏季均不同程度下降,Car/Chlb比值变化差异较大,且金黄和浅黄色系的各色素含量均低于草绿和蓝绿色系。随时间推移,金黄和浅黄色系叶片的L*、a*和b*值以及草绿和蓝绿色系叶片的L*和b*值均先降低后升高,后2个色系的a*值则先升高后下降;并且,前2个色系的L*和b*值总体上显著高于后2个色系,而a*值则总体上低于后2个色系。金黄色系的Chla和Chl含量与L*和a*值显著负相关,而其Car/Chl和Car/Chla比值则与L*、a*和b*值显著或极显著正相关;浅黄色系的Chlb含量与a*值显著负相关,其Car/Chla比值与L*和b*值以及Car/Chlb比值与a*值均显著正相关;草绿色系的Chla含量与L*值显著负相关,其Car/Chla比值与L*和b*值以及Car/Chlb比值与a*值均显著正相关;这3个色系叶片的其余指标间以及蓝绿色系叶片的各指标间均无显著相关性。观察结果显示：金黄和浅黄色系的叶绿体基粒片层发育不健全,基粒片层可见但排列较疏松,且无明显垛叠,分布范围小而稀疏;蓝绿和草绿色系叶绿体的基粒类囊体垛叠层数均较多,基粒片层发达且排列紧致、整齐,分布范围大而稠密。综合分析结果表明：‘万年金'4个色系半同胞子代无性系叶片的呈色差异和叶色变化由多种因素控制,其中,Car/Chl和Car/Chla比值高且叶绿体基粒片层发育不健全是叶片呈黄色的主要原因。     

欧洲卫矛秋冬转色期叶色变化的生理机制

以3个欧洲卫矛(Euonymus europaea)品种‘矮生’(Euonymus europaea‘Pumilis’)、‘八仙花’(E.europaea‘Aldenhamensis’)和‘白果’(E.europaea‘Albus’)为试验材料,测定其秋冬转色期叶色参数及各项生理指标的变化,分析色素与叶色参数、可溶性糖、相关酶的关系,探讨欧洲卫矛转色期叶片的呈色机理,为后期园林应用提供依据。结果表明:(1)‘八仙花’、‘白果’叶片明度参数L*值、色素参数b*值(黄/蓝)呈先升后降的单峰曲线,‘矮生’的L*值、b*值呈先降后升的单峰曲线,3个品种色素参数a*值(红/绿)在转色期间均不断上升。(2)各品种叶片叶绿素含量随生育期整体呈下降的趋势,主要是叶绿素a减少,叶绿素b与类胡萝素下降较为平稳;花色素苷含量、花色素苷/叶绿素比值呈上升趋势,类胡萝素/叶绿素比值整体呈下降的趋势。(3)各品种叶片可溶性糖含量随生育期呈先升后降的单峰曲线,它们的PAL活性呈波动上升趋势,POD活性整体呈下降趋势,PPO活性呈缓慢上升趋势。(4)相关性分析显示,3个品种叶色参数a*值与花色素苷含量均呈极显著正相关关系,‘矮生’花色素苷含量与叶绿素、类胡萝素含量呈显著负相关关系,‘八仙花’、‘白果花’的花色素苷含量与叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量呈不显著负相关关系。研究发现,影响欧洲卫矛秋冬转色期叶片变红的主要因素是叶绿素、花色素苷和可溶性糖相对含量及PAL、PPO活性,类胡萝卜素含量对叶片变红的贡献不大,POD活性对叶片变红无直接影响。     

工厂废水对黑藻光合色素的影响

研究了昆明冶炼厂污水和红卫造纸厂洗浆污水对黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata L.)叶绿素a和b,β-胡萝卜素和叶黄素含量的影响。试验表明在不同稀释倍数的两种污水中,四种色素都低于对照。昆明冶炼厂废水比红卫造纸厂洗浆污水使叶绿素a和b,以及β-胡萝卜素含量降低更多,叶黄素对两种污水的反应却相反。     

Qualitative and quantitative variations in carotenoid pigments in the ovary and hepatopancreas of Penaeus schmitti during ovarian maturation

Carotenoid pigments of Penaeus schmitti were investigated and identified in the ovaries and hepatopancreas. Their individual variations were measured in these two organs. The relative concentrations of zeaxanthin in hepatopancreas and astaxanthin in ovaries increased during the sexual development. The role of zeaxanthin monoester in carotenoids transfer from hepatopancreas to ovaries during this sexual development is discussed.     

Carotenoids and carotenoid metabolism in Carcinus maenas (Crustacea: Decapoda)

The carotenoid pigments of the hepatopancreas, ovaries and epidermis of Carcinus maenas were investigated. The following pigments were identified: β-carotene, δ-carotene, echinenone, isocryptoxanthin, canthaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, flavoxanthin and astacene.
The relative abundance of these pigments in the three tissues and the presence of possible hydroxy and keto intermediates suggest the metabolism of astaxanthin from β-carotene. The metabolic pathway in Carcinus is discussed in relation to recent studies on other invertebrates.     

Carotenoids and carotenoid metabolism in Carcinus maenas (Crustacea: Decapoda)

The carotenoid pigments of the hepatopancreas, ovaries and epidermis of Carcinus maenas were investigated. The following pigments were identified: β-carotene, δ-carotene, echinenone, isocryptoxanthin, canthaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, flavoxanthin and astacene.
The relative abundance of these pigments in the three tissues and the presence of possible hydroxy and keto intermediates suggest the metabolism of astaxanthin from β-carotene. The metabolic pathway in Carcinus is discussed in relation to recent studies on other invertebrates.     

Differential effects of carotenoids on lipid peroxidation due to membrane interactions: X-ray diffraction analysis

The biological benefits of certain carotenoids may be due to their potent antioxidant properties attributed to specific physico-chemical interactions with membranes. To test this hypothesis, we measured the effects of various carotenoids on rates of lipid peroxidation and correlated these findings with their membrane interactions, as determined by small angle X-ray diffraction approaches. The effects of the homochiral carotenoids (astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, β-carotene, lycopene) on lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) generation were evaluated in membranes enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids. Apolar carotenoids, such as lycopene and β-carotene, disordered the membrane bilayer and showed a potent pro-oxidant effect (> 85% increase in LOOH levels) while astaxanthin preserved membrane structure and exhibited significant antioxidant activity (40% decrease in LOOH levels). These findings indicate distinct effects of carotenoids on lipid peroxidation due to membrane structure changes. These contrasting effects of carotenoids on lipid peroxidation may explain differences in their biological activity.     

Structure and function of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids in the mucorales

Carotenoids are widely distributed natural pigments which are in an increasing demand by the market, due to their applications in the human food, animal feed, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Although more than 600 carotenoids have been identified in nature, only a few are industrially important (β-carotene, astaxanthin, lutein or lycopene). To date chemical processes manufacture most of the carotenoid production, but the interest for carotenoids of biological origin is growing since there is an increased public concern over the safety of artificial food colorants. Although much interest and effort has been devoted to the use of biological sources for industrially important carotenoids, only the production of biological β-carotene and astaxanthin has been reported. Among fungi, several Mucorales strains, particularlyBlakeslea trispora, have been used to develop fermentation process for the production of β-carotene on almost competitive cost-price levels. Similarly, the basidiomycetous yeastXanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (the perfect state ofPhaffia rhodozyma), has been proposed as a promising source of astaxanthin. This paper focuses on recent findings on the fungal pathways for carotenoid production, especially the structure and function of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids in the Mucorales. An outlook of the possibilities of an increased industrial production of carotenoids, based on metabolic engineering of fungi for carotenoid content and composition, is also discussed.     

Change of carotenoid composition in crabs during embryogenesis

Changes of the qualitative and quantitative compositions of carotenoids are studied at various development stages of the external hard roe, determined based on color differences, for the species C. opilio, P. camtschaticus, and P. platypus. It has been revealed that the major carotenoids of the new egg are astaxanthin and β-carotene. Intermediate products of transformation of β-carotene into astaxanthin are identified: echinenone, canthaxanthine, and phenicoxanthine. The carotenoid content per embryo for the new hard roe of C. opilio (the orange egg) amounted to 22.7 ng, of P. camtschaticus and P. platypus (the violet egg)—to 49.2 and 23.3 ng, respectively. In the hard roe at the later development stage (the brown egg) the carotenoid content was decreased to 13.1 ng in C. opilio and to 20.1 ng in P. camtschaticus. Development of embryos is accompanied by accumulation of esterified carotenoids and a decrease of β-carotene and astaxanthine concentrations in all studied species.     

Retinol-deficient rats can convert a pharmacological dose of astaxanthin to retinol: antioxidant potential of astaxanthin, lutein, and β-carotene

Retinol (ROH) and provitamin-A carotenoids are recommended to treat ROH deficiency. Xanthophyll carotenoids, being potent antioxidants, can modulate health disorders. We hypothesize that nonprovitamin-A carotenoids may yield ROH and suppress lipid peroxidation under ROH deficiency. This study aimed to (i) study the possible bioconversion of astaxanthin and lutein to ROH similar to β-carotene and (ii) determine the antioxidant potential of these carotenoids with reference to Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, antioxidant molecules, and lipid peroxidation (Lpx) induced by ROH deficiency in rats. ROH deficiency was induced in rats (n = 5 per group) by feeding a diet devoid of ROH. Retinol-deficient (RD) rats were gavaged with astaxanthin, lutein, β-carotene, or peanut oil alone (RD group) for 7 days. Results show that the RD group had lowered plasma ROH levels (0.3 μmol/L), whereas ROH rose in astaxanthin and β-carotene groups (4.9 and 5.7 μmol/L, respectively), which was supported by enhanced (69% and 70%) intestinal β-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase activity. Astaxanthin, lutein, and β-carotene lowered Lpx by 45%, 41%, and 40% (plasma), respectively, and 59%, 64%, and 60% (liver), respectively, compared with the RD group. Lowered Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and enhanced superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase activities support the lowered Lpx. To conclude, this report confirms that astaxanthin is converted into β-carotene and ROH in ROH-deficient rats, and the antioxidant potential of carotenoids was in the order astaxanthin > lutein > β-carotene.     

Carotenoids in fish. XXVI. Pungitius pungitius (L.) and Gasterosteus aculeatus L. (Gasterosteidae)

The author investigated the presence of various carotenoids in the different parts of the body of Pungitius pungitius (L.) and Gasterosteus aculeatus L. by means of columnar and thin-layer chromatography. The investigations revealed the presence of the following carotenoids:

in Pungitius pungitius. α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, mutatochrome, zeaxanthin and astaxanthin;

in Gasterosteus aculeatus: β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene epoxide, neothxanthin, canthaxanthin, mutatochrome, lutein, phoenicoxanthin, zeaxanthin, taraxanthin, tunaxanthin, astaxanthin, astaxanthin ester and α-doradexanthin. The total carotenoid content ranged from 2.229 to 138.504 µg/g wet weight.