The effects of ibuprofen on delayed muscle soreness and muscular performance after eccentric exercise

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ibuprofen on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), indirect markers of muscle damage and muscular performance. Nineteen subjects (their mean [+/- SD] age, height, and weight was 24.6 +/- 3.9 years, 176.2 +/- 11.1 cm, 77.3 +/- 18.7 kg) performed the eccentric leg curl exercise to induce muscle soreness in the hamstrings. Nine subjects took an ibuprofen pill of 400 mg every 8 hours within a period of 48 hours, whereas 10 subjects received a placebo randomly (double blind). White blood cells (WBCs) and creatine kinase (CK) were measured at pre-exercise, 4-6, 24, and 48 hours after exercise and maximal strength (1 repetition maximum). Vertical jump performance and knee flexion range of motion (ROM) were measured at pre-exercise, 24 and 48 hours after exercise. Muscle soreness increased (p < 0.05) in both groups after 24 and 48 hours, although the ibuprofen group yielded a significantly lower value (p < 0.05) after 24 hours. The WBC levels were significantly (p < 0.05) increased 4-6 hours postexercise in both groups with no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the 2 groups. The CK values increased (p < 0.05) in the placebo group at 24 and 48 hours postexercise, whereas no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in the ibuprofen group. The CK values of the ibuprofen group were lower (p < 0.05) after 48 hours compared with the placebo group. Maximal strength, vertical jump performance, and knee ROM decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after exercise and at 24 and 48 hours postexercise in both the placebo and the ibuprofen groups with no differences being observed (p > 0.05) between the 2 groups. The results of this study reveal that intake of ibuprofen can decrease muscle soreness induced after eccentric exercise but cannot assist in restoring muscle function.     

The effect of pomegranate juice supplementation on strength and soreness after eccentric exercise

The purpose of this study was to determine if pomegranate juice supplementation improved the recovery of skeletal muscle strength after eccentric exercise in subjects who routinely performed resistance training. Resistance trained men (n = 17) were randomized into a crossover design with either pomegranate juice or placebo. To produce delayed onset muscle soreness, the subjects performed 3 sets of 20 unilateral eccentric elbow flexion and 6 sets of 10 unilateral eccentric knee extension exercises. Maximal isometric elbow flexion and knee extension strength and muscle soreness measurements were made at baseline and 2, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 168 hours postexercise. Elbow flexion strength was significantly higher during the 2- to 168-hour period postexercise with pomegranate juice compared with that of placebo (main treatment effect; p = 0.031). Elbow flexor muscle soreness was also significantly reduced with pomegranate juice compared with that of placebo (main treatment effect; p = 0.006) and at 48 and 72 hours postexercise (p = 0.003 and p = 0.038, respectively). Isometric strength and muscle soreness in the knee extensors were not significantly different with pomegranate juice compared with those using placebo. Supplementation with pomegranate juice attenuates weakness and reduces soreness of the elbow flexor but not of knee extensor muscles. These results indicate a mild, acute ergogenic effect of pomegranate juice in the elbow flexor muscles of resistance trained individuals after eccentric exercise.     

Time course of strength and power recovery after resistance training with different movement velocities

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the time course of strength and power recovery after a single bout of strength training designed with fast and slow contraction velocities. Nineteen male subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups: the slow-velocity contraction (SV) group and the fast velocity contraction (FV) group. Resistance training protocols consisted of 5 sets of 12 repetition maximum (5 × 12RM) with 50 seconds of rest between sets and 2 minutes between exercises. Contraction velocity was controlled by the execution time for each repetition (SV-6 seconds to complete concentric and eccentric phases and for FV-1.5 seconds). Leg Press 45° 1RM (LP 1RM), horizontal countermovement jump (HCMJ), and right thigh circumference (TC) were accessed in 6 distinct moments: base (1 week before exercise), 0 (immediately after exercises), 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after exercise protocol. The SV and FV presented significant LP 1RM decrements at 0, and these were still evident 24-48 hours postexercise. The magnitude of decline was significantly (p < 0.05) higher for FV. The SV and FV presented significant HCMJ decrements at 0, but only for FV were these still evident 24-72 hours postexercise. The SV and FV presented significant TC increments at 0, and these were still evident 24-48 hours postexercise for SV but for FV it continued up to 96 hours. The magnitude of increase was significantly (p < 0.05) higher for FV. In conclusion, the fast contraction velocity protocol resulted in greater decreases in LP 1RM and HCMJ performance, when compared with slow velocity. The results lead us to interpret that this variable may exert direct influence on acute muscle strength and power generation capacity.     

Creatine supplementation does not reduce muscle damage or enhance recovery from resistance exercise

Previous studies have shown that creatine supplementation reduces muscle damage and inflammation following running but not following high-force, eccentric exercise. Although the mechanical strain placed on muscle fibers during high-force, eccentric exercise may be too overwhelming for creatine to exert any protective effect, creatine supplementation may protect skeletal muscle stressed by a resistance training challenge that is more hypoxic in nature. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of short-term creatine supplementation on markers of muscle damage (i.e., strength, range of motion, muscle soreness, muscle serum protein activity, C-reactive protein) to determine whether creatine supplementation offers protective effects on skeletal muscle following a hypoxic resistance exercise test. Twenty-two healthy, weight-trained men (19-27 years) ingested either creatine or a placebo for 10 days. Following 5 days of supplementation, subjects performed a squat exercise protocol (5 sets of 15-20 repetitions at 50% of 1 repetition maximum [1RM]). Assessments of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase activity, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, maximal strength, range of motion (ROM), and muscle soreness (SOR) with movement and palpation were conducted pre-exercise and during a 5-day follow up. Following the exercise test, maximal strength and ROM decreased, whereas SOR and CK increased. Creatine and placebo-supplemented subjects experienced significant decreases in maximal strength (creatine: 13.4 kg, placebo: 17.5 kg) and ROM (creatine: 2.4 degrees , placebo: 3.0 degrees ) immediately postexercise, with no difference between groups. Following the exercise test, there were significant increases in SOR with movement and palpation (p < 0.05 at 24, 48, and 72 hours postexercise), and CK activity (p < 0.05 at 24 and 48 hours postexercise), with no differences between groups at any time. These data suggest that oral creatine supplementation does not reduce skeletal muscle damage or enhance recovery following a hypoxic resistance exercise challenge.     

Intense basketball-simulated exercise induces muscle damage in men with elevated anterior compartment pressure

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the levels of muscle soreness, muscle damage, and performance output in men with (S, n = 24) or without (A, n = 24) chronic compartment syndrome (CACS)-related symptoms after an intense 10-minute basketball-simulated exercise. Anterior compartment pressure (ICP), muscle soreness perception, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, myoglobin (Mb) concentration, leg strength, and knee joint range of motion (KJRM) were measured at rest, immediately after exercise, and at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours postexercise (ICP was also measured at 5, 15, and 30 minutes postexercise). ICP, muscle soreness, CK, LDH, and myoglobin increased (p < 0.05) immediately postexercise and during the next 4 days of recovery in both groups. However, S demonstrated a far more pronounced and prolonged (p < 0.05) response than A. Leg strength and KJRM declined (p < 0.05) in both groups, but S demonstrated a greater (p < 0.05) performance deterioration than A. The results of this study suggest that intense basketball-simulated exercise increases ICP, muscle soreness, and indices of muscle damage with a concomitant decrease of performance. Men with CACS-related symptoms and/or history appear more sensitive to muscle damage and soreness than asymptomatic men, probably due to a compromised blood flow to the muscle producing fluid shifts from vascular to interstitial space and further increasing compartment pressure and muscle cell disruption. Results of the present investigation provide evidence to support proper diagnosis, monitoring, care, and preventive measures for symptomatic individuals prior to participation in activities such as basketball.     

Efficacy of prior eccentric exercise in attenuating impaired exercise performance after muscle injury in resistance trained men

Previous research has demonstrated that prior exercise may reduce the magnitude of muscle soreness and impaired function (i.e., repeated bout effect [RBE]) observed during subsequent eccentric exercise. Previous investigations have predominantly used research designs that include single-joint exercise performed by untrained individuals. It is unknown how resistance trained individuals respond to novel multi-joint eccentric actions of the upper body and whether prior exercise offers protection. Thirty-one resistance trained men (23.4 +/- 3.5 y, 177.2 +/- 5.1 cm, 86.4 +/- 16.5 kg, mean +/- SD) were randomly assigned to repeated bout ([RB] N = 15) or single bout ([CON] N = 16) conditions. Both groups performed 100 eccentric actions of the bench press ([ECC] at 70% concentric 1 repetition maximum) to induce muscle injury. Bilateral maximal isometric force, dynamic exercise performance (e.g., bench press throws), and muscle soreness were measured before, immediately after, and at 24 and 48 hours post-ECC. Total work, percent fatigue, and rating of perceived exertion (ECC) data were collected during ECC. Those assigned to RB condition exhibited less fatigue (9.5 vs. 22.6%) and lower RPE (14.8 vs. 17.1) during ECC. A significant interaction (p < 0.05) was found such that RB individuals experienced less soreness at 24 (6.5 vs. 4.9) and 48 (6.6 vs. 3.9) hours postexercise than the CON condition. No significant group differences (p < 0.05) were found for any measured performance variable. Although soreness, fatigue, and RPE suggest a RBE, this was not found in regards to exercise performance. It appears that in trained men, performing a strenuous high-volume eccentric exercise bout 2 weeks prior to an identical future bout offers no additional amelioration of impaired exercise performance.     

Exercise increases serum Hsp72 in humans

Recent evidence suggests that heat shock proteins (Hsps) may have an important systemic role as a signal to activate the immune system. Since acute exercise is known to induce Hsp72 (the inducible form of the 70-kDa family of Hsp) in a variety of tissues including contracting skeletal muscle, we hypothesized that such exercise would result in the release of Hsp72 from stressed cells into the blood. Six humans (5 males, 1 female) ran on a treadmill for 60 minutes at a workload corresponding to 70% of their peak oxygen consumption. Blood was sampled from a forearm vein at rest (R), 30 minutes during exercise, immediately postexercise (60 minutes), and 2, 8, and 24 hours after exercise. These samples were analyzed for serum Hsp72 protein. In addition, plasma creatine kinase (CK) was measured at these time points as a crude marker of muscle damage. With the exception of the sample collected at 30 minutes, muscle biopsies (n = 5 males) were also obtained from the vastus lateralis at the time of blood sampling and analyzed for Hsp72 gene and protein expression. Serum Hsp72 protein increased from rest, both during and after exercise (0.13 0.10 vs 0.87+/-0.24 and 1.02+/-0.41 ng/mL at rest, 30 and 60 minutes, respectively, P < 0.05, mean SE). In addition, plasma CK was elevated (P < 0.05) 8 hours postexercise. Skeletal muscle Hsp72 mRNA expression increased 6.5-fold (P < 0.05) from rest 2 hours postexercise, and although there was a tendency for Hsp72 protein expression to be elevated 2 and 8 hours following exercise compared with rest, results were not statistically significant. The increase in serum Hsp72 preceded any increase in Hsp72 gene or protein expression in contracting muscle, suggesting that Hsp72 was released from other tissues or organs. This study is the first to demonstrate that acute exercise can increase Hsp72 in the peripheral circulation, suggesting that during stress these proteins may indeed have a systemic role.     

Resting energy expenditure and delayed-onset muscle soreness after full-body resistance training with an eccentric concentration

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of an acute bout of high-volume, full-body resistance training with an eccentric concentration on resting energy expenditure (REE) and indicators of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Eight resistance trained (RT) and eight untrained (UT) participants (mean: age = 23.5 years; height = 180.76 cm; weight = 87.58 kg; body fat = 19.34%; lean mass = 68.71 kg) were measured on four consecutive mornings for REE and indicators of DOMS: creatine kinase (CK) and rating of perceived muscle soreness (RPMS). Delayed-onset muscle soreness was induced by performing eight exercises, eight sets, and six repetitions using a 1-second concentric and 3-second eccentric muscle action duration. A two-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed that REE was significantly (p < 0.05) elevated at 24, 48, and 72 hours post compared with baseline measures for both UT and RT groups. Ratings of perceived muscle soreness were significantly elevated within groups for UT and RT at 24 and 48 hours post and for UT only at 72 hours post compared with baseline (p < 0.05). Nonparametric analyses revealed that CK was significantly increased at 24 hours post for both UT and RT and at 48 and 72 hours post for UT only compared with baseline (p < 0.05). Resting energy expenditure and indicators of DOMS were higher in UT compared with RT on all measures, but no significant differences were determined. The main finding of this investigation is that full-body resistance training with an eccentric concentration significantly increased REE up to 72 hours postexercise in UT and RT participants.     

The effect of a carbohydrate and protein supplement on resistance exercise performance, hormonal response, and muscle damage

The purpose of this study was to determine whether resistance exercise performance and postexercise muscle damage were altered when consuming a carbohydrate and protein beverage (CHO-PRO; 6.2% and 1.5% concentrations). Thirty-four male subjects (age: 21.5 +/- 1.7 years; height: 177.3 +/- 1.1 cm; weight: 77.2 +/- 2.2 kg) completed 3 sets of 8 repetitions at their 8 repetition maximum to volitional fatigue. The exercise order consisted of the high pull, leg curl, standing overhead press, leg extension, lat pull-down, leg press, and bench press. In a double-blind, posttest-only control group design, subjects consumed 355 ml of either CHO-PRO or placebo (electrolyte and artificial sweetener beverage) 30 minutes prior to exercise, 177 ml immediately prior to exercise, 177 ml halfway through the exercise bout, and 355 ml immediately following the exercise bout. There were no significant differences between groups relative to exercise performance. Cortisol was significantly elevated in the placebo group compared to the CHO-PRO group at 24 hours postexercise. Insulin was significantly elevated immediately pre-exercise, after the fourth lift, immediately postexercise, 1 hour, and 6 hours postexercise in CHO-PRO compared to the placebo group. Myoglobin levels in the placebo group approached significance halfway through the exercise bout and at 1 hour postexercise (p = 0.06 and 0.07, respectively) and were significantly elevated at 6 hours postexercise compared to the CHO-PRO group. Creatine kinase levels were significantly elevated in the placebo group at 24 hours postexercise compared to the CHO-PRO group. The CHO-PRO supplement did not improve performance during a resistance exercise bout, but appeared to reduce muscle damage, as evidenced by the responses of both myoglobin and creatine kinase. These results suggest the use of a CHO-PRO supplement during resistance training to reduce muscle damage and soreness.     

Efficacy of lower limb compression and combined treatment of manual massage and lower limb compression on symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage in women

Strategies to manage the symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) are widespread, though are often based on anecdotal evidence. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a combination of manual massage and compressive clothing and compressive clothing individually as recovery strategies after muscle damage. Thirty-two female volunteers completed 100 plyometric drop jumps and were randomly assigned to a passive recovery (n = 17), combined treatment (n = 7), or compression treatment group (n = 8). Indices of muscle damage (perceived soreness, creatine kinase activity, isokinetic muscle strength, squat jump, and countermovement jump performance) were assessed immediately before and after 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of plyometric exercise. The compression treatment group wore compressive tights for 12 hours after damage and the combined treatment group received a 30-minute massage immediately after damaging exercise and wore compression stockings for the following 11.5 hours. Plyometric exercise had a significant effect on all indices of muscle damage (p < 0.05). The treatments significantly reduced decrements in isokinetic muscle strength, squat jump performance, and countermovement jump performance and reduced the level of perceived soreness in comparison with the passive recovery group (p < 0.05). The addition of sports massage to compression after muscle damage did not improve performance recovery, with recovery trends being similar in both treatment groups. The treatment combination of massage and compression significantly moderated perceived soreness at 48 and 72 hours after plyometric exercise (p < 0.05) in comparison with the passive recovery or compression alone treatment. The results indicate that the use of lower limb compression and a combined treatment of manual massage with lower limb compression are effective recovery strategies following EIMD. Minimal performance differences between treatments were observed, although the combination treatment may be beneficial in controlling perceived soreness.     

Cellular adaptation to repeated eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage.

Eccentrically biased exercise results in skeletal muscle damage and stimulates adaptations in muscle, whereby indexes of damage are attenuated when the exercise is repeated. We hypothesized that changes in ultrastructural damage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and markers of proteolysis in skeletal muscle would come about as a result of repeated eccentric exercise and that gender may affect this adaptive response. Untrained male (n = 8) and female (n = 8) subjects performed two bouts (bout 1 and bout 2), separated by 5.5 wk, of 36 repetitions of unilateral, eccentric leg press and 100 repetitions of unilateral, eccentric knee extension exercises (at 120% of their concentric single repetition maximum), the subjects' contralateral nonexercised leg served as a control (rest). Biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis from each leg 24 h postexercise. After bout 2, the postexercise force deficit and the rise in serum creatine kinase (CK) activity were attenuated. Women had lower serum CK activity compared with men at all times (P < 0.05), but there were no gender differences in the relative magnitude of the force deficit. Muscle Z-disk streaming, quantified by using light microscopy, was elevated vs. rest only after bout 1 (P < 0.05), with no gender difference. Muscle neutrophil counts were significantly greater in women 24 h after bout 2 vs. rest and bout 1 (P < 0.05) but were unchanged in men. Muscle macrophages were elevated in men and women after bout 1 and bout 2 (P < 0.05). Muscle protein content of the regulatory calpain subunit remained unchanged whereas ubiquitin-conjugated protein content was increased after both bouts (P < 0.05), with a greater increase after bout 2. We conclude that adaptations to eccentric exercise are associated with attenuated serum CK activity and, potentially, an increase in the activity of the ubiquitin proteosome proteolytic pathway.     

Time course of endothelial adaptation after acute and chronic exercise in patients with metabolic syndrome

Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors may lead to endothelial dysfunction. Physical exercise is an important factor in prevention and treatment of endothelial dysfunction. We wanted to determine the time course of adaptation to a single bout of exercise at either high or moderate intensity upon endothelial function both before and after a 16-week fitness program in patients with metabolic syndrome. Twenty-eight patients with metabolic syndrome participated in the study and were randomized and stratified (according to age and sex) into an aerobic interval exercise training group (AIT, n = 11), a continuously moderate-intensity exercise training group (CME, n = 8) or to a control group (n = 9). Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) was determined at baseline, immediately, 24, 48, and 72 hours after 1 bout of exercise and repeated after 16 weeks of exercise. In the untrained state, FMD improved from 5 to 11% (p = 0.003) immediately after a single bout of aerobic interval training (AIT), an effect lasting 72 hours postexercise. In comparison, continuous moderate exercise (CME) improved FMD immediately after a single bout of exercise from 5 to 8% (p = 0.02), an effect lasting 24 hours postexercise (group difference, p < 0.001). In the trained state, a single bout of AIT resulted in a 2% (p = 0.007) acute increase of FMD lasting 48 hours postexercise. The CME increased FMD by 3% (p < 0.01), an effect lasting 24 hours postexercise (group difference p = 0.0012). Blood glucose level decreased after 1 single bout of AIT in the untrained state (p < 0.05), and the effect lasted at least 72 hours postexercise (p < 0.01). Acute CME decreased blood glucose with normalization of the values 24 hours postexercise (p < 0.01). A single bout of exercise in the trained state reduced fasting blood glucose by 10% (p < 0.05) after both AIT and CME. Exercise training, especially high intensity, thus appears to be highly beneficial in reducing blood glucose and improving endothelial function.     

Isokinetic eccentric exercise of quadriceps femoris does not affect running economy

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether running economy is affected by isokinetic eccentric exercise designed to cause muscle damage. Twenty-four young healthy men performed 120 maximal voluntary eccentric actions at each thigh's quadriceps muscle at an angular velocity of 60 degrees .s. The participants were then randomly divided into 2 equal groups, 1 of which exercised 24 hours later, while the other group rested. Muscle damage indicators (i.e., serum creatine kinase, delayed onset muscle soreness, and eccentric, concentric, and isometric peak torque) and running economy indicators (i.e., oxygen consumption, pulmonary ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio, respiratory rate, and heart rate during treadmill running at 2.2 and 3.3 m.s) were assessed prior to and 48 hours following the eccentric exercise. All muscle damage indicators changed significantly in both groups (p < 0.05) in a way suggestive of considerable muscle damage. Running economy indicators of the exercise group demonstrated only an elevation of respiratory rate at 48 hours (p < 0.05) and a tendency to lower economy compared to the resting group. It can be concluded that isokinetic eccentric exercise applied to the quadriceps femoris muscles did not affect running economy 48 hours later and that resting during this period tended to result in more economical running compared to exercising at 24 hours.     

Effect of aerobic recovery intensity on delayed-onset muscle soreness and strength

ABSTRACT: Tufano, JJ, Brown, LE, Coburn, JW, Tsang, KKW, Cazas, VL, and LaPorta, JW. Effect of aerobic recovery intensity on delayed-onset muscle soreness and strength. J Strength Cond Res 26(10): 2777-2782, 2012-Because of the performance decrements associated with delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), a treatment to alleviate its symptoms is of great interest. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of low vs. moderate-intensity aerobic recovery on DOMS and strength. Twenty-six women (22.11 ± 2.49 years; 60.33 ± 8.37 kg; and 163.83 ± 7.29 cm) were split into 3 different groups and performed a DOMS-inducing protocol of 60 eccentric actions of the knee extensors followed by 1 of three 20-minute recovery interventions: moderate-intensity cycling (n = 10), low-intensity cycling (LIC; n = 10), or seated rest (CON; n = 6) after the eccentric protocol. Pain scale (PS), isometric strength (ISO), and dynamic strength (PT) were recorded before (PRE), immediately post (IP), 24- (24h), 48- (48h), 72- (72h), and 96- (96h) hours after exercise. For PT, PRE, 48h, 72h, and 96h were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than IP values but not different from 24h. For PS, IP (4.83 ± 0.36) was greater than that for all other time periods, whereas 24h (2.91 ± 0.42), 48h (2.62 ± 0.53), and 72h (1.97 ± 0.49) were all greater than PRE (0.44 ± 0.19) values. Also, 24h and 48h were not different but were both greater than 72h and 96h (1.13 ± 0.32), whereas 72h was >96h. For ISO, neither CON nor LIC showed any significant difference across time. Moderate-intensity cycling showed no difference between PRE (189.88 ± 40.68), IP (193.75 ± 47.24), 24h (186.52 ± 53.55), or 48h (195.36 ± 55.06), but 72h (210.05 ± 53.57) and 96h (207.78 ± 59.99) were significantly >24h. The 72h was also greater than IP. Therefore, moderate-intensity aerobic recovery may be suggested after eccentric muscle actions.     

Changes in power assessed by the Wingate Anaerobic Test following downhill running

Few studies have examined the effects of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage on power despite power being a key performance variable in a number of sporting events. The aim of this study was to examine changes in anaerobic power (30-second Wingate Test), isometric strength of the knee extensors and flexors, muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity following downhill running. Eight men performed a 40-minute downhill (-7%) run on a treadmill, and measurements were taken on 6 occasions (2 baseline and 0.5, 24, 72, and 120 hours postrun). A second group of men (n = 5) had the measurements taken on 6 occasions without downhill running and served as a control group. A repeated measures analysis of variance revealed no significant changes in any measures across time for the control group. Following downhill running, significant (p < 0.05) decreases in strength (0.5-24 hours), and significant increases in muscle soreness (0.5-72 hours) and plasma CK activity (0.5-120 hours) were observed. A significant decrease in peak and average power (approximately 5%) was evident only 0.5 hours postrun, and the decrease was smaller in magnitude than that of strength (approximately 15%). These results suggest that power is less affected than strength after eccentric exercise, and the effect of reduced power on sport performance seems negligible.     

The effects of yoga training and a single bout of yoga on delayed onset muscle soreness in the lower extremity

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of yoga training and a single bout of yoga on the intensity of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). 24 yoga-trained (YT; n = 12) and non-yoga-trained (CON; n = 12), matched women volunteers were administered a DOMS-inducing bench-stepping exercise. Muscle soreness was assessed at baseline, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after bench-stepping using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Groups were also compared on body awareness (BA), flexibility using the sit-and-reach test (SR), and perceived exertion (RPE). Statistical significance was accepted at p 相似文献   

Influence of surface on muscle damage and soreness induced by consecutive drop jumps

This study compared the magnitude of muscle damage induced when consecutive drop jumps (DJs) were performed on sand vs. firm (wood) surfaces from a height of 0.6 m. Eight subjects performed DJs on a sand surface at a depth of 0.2 m (S condition), and 8 other subjects performed DJs on a wood surface (F condition). Each set consisted of 20 DJs with an interval of 10 seconds between jumps. Subjects performed 5 sets of DJs with 2 minutes between sets. Maximal isometric force, muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity were measured immediately before and immediately after the DJ exercise as well as 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after the DJ exercise. All measures changed significantly (p < 0.05) after exercise for both conditions; however, significantly (p < 0.05) smaller changes in these measures were evident for the S condition than for the F condition. These results show that DJs on a sand surface induce less muscle damage than on a firm surface. Training on sand may improve aerobic capacity or strength with a low risk of muscle damage.     

Diurnal variation, response to eccentric exercise, and association of inflammatory mediators with muscle damage variables.

This investigation determined whether inflammatory mediators 1) have diurnal variations, 2) respond to high-force eccentric exercise, and 3) associate with markers of muscle damage after high-force eccentric exercise. College-aged men and women (n = 51) completed exercise (3 x 15 maximal eccentric elbow flexor actions using 1 arm) and control conditions in random order. Blood was collected preexercise and 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h postexercise. Additional measures included maximal isometric force and midbiceps arm circumference (to detect swelling). Serum and plasma were analyzed for soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (sTNFR1), IL-6, C-reactive protein, cortisol, and creatine kinase (CK) activity. Relative to the 7:00 AM point in the control condition, diurnal decreases were measured at 12:00 PM and 4:00 PM for IL-6 and at 12:00 PM, 4:00 PM, and 8:00 PM for sTNFR1 and cortisol. sTNFR1, IL-6, CK, swelling, and soreness were higher in the exercise compared with the control condition. The largest of the inflammatory mediator responses was measured for IL-6 8 h postexercise in the exercise (3.00 +/- 3.59 pg/ml) relative to the control condition (1.15 +/- 0.99 pg/ml). The IL-6 response (time-matched exercise--control concentration) at 8 h associated (r > 0.282) with muscle soreness at 24 and 96 h, and the cortisol response at 8 h associated (r > 0.285) with swelling at 8, 24, and 96 h. Thus soreness and swelling, but not CK and strength loss, had a low association with the inflammatory response following eccentric exercise.     

Effect of vitamin E and eccentric exercise on selected biomarkers of oxidative stress in young and elderly men

Muscle damage resulting from eccentric exercise provides a useful model of oxyradical-induced injury and can be used to examine age-related responses to oxidative stress. Sixteen young (26.4 ± 3.3 years) and 16 older (71.1 ± 4.0 years) healthy men were randomly assigned to 1000 IU/d vitamin E or placebo for 12 weeks and ran downhill for 45 min at 75% VO₂max, once before and following supplementation. Blood samples were obtained before (baseline) and immediately postexercise (0 h), and at 6, 24, and 72 h postexercise to determine antioxidant status, muscle damage, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage. Following exercise, young and older men experienced similar increases in serum creatine kinase (CK), F₂-isoprostanes (iPF₂; p < .001) and malondialdehyde (MDA; p < .01), although iPF₂ peaked at 72 h postexercise and MDA peaked at 0 h. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) decreased at 72 h (p < .01) and correlated with the rise in iPF₂, MDA, and CK in the young men (p < .05). Leukocyte 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was unaffected by exercise. Vitamin E decreased peak CK in young men, while in older men it decreased resting levels of iPF₂ and suppressed the 24 h postexercise increases in iPF₂ (p < .05). Thus, vitamin E supplementation induced modest changes eccentric exercise-induced oxidative stress, although differentially between the young and older subjects, while age had no direct influence on these responses among this group of physically fit subjects.