Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Alstonia macrophylla Wall ex A. DC. leaf extract.

Methanolic extract of dried leaves of Alstonia macrophylla Wall ex A. DC. and its fractions were investigated for its anti-inflammatory activity. The extract at a concentration of 200 mg kg(-1) and 400 mg kg(-1), p.o. and its fractions at 25 mg kg(-1) and 50 mg kg(-1), p.o. showed the significant dose dependent antiinflammatory activity in carrageenan and dextran-induced rats hind paw edema (acute models) as well as in cotton pellet-induced granuloma (chronic model) in rats. Anti-inflammatory activity of the tested extract and its fractions was comparable with that of the standard drug Indomethacin (10 mg kg(-1)).     

Evaluation of the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of a flavonoid glycoside from Boldoa purpurascens

The anti-inflammatory effect of 4′,5-dihydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavonol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-xylopyranoside, a constituent of the leaves of Boldoa purpurascens Cav. (Nyctaginaceae), was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity in the dextran 1% induced rat paw oedema model (acute inflammation) and the cotton pellet induced granuloma rat model (chronic inflammation). Flavonoid glycoside at doses of 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg, indomethacin at a dose of 7 mg/kg and the vehicle were administered orally. The compound showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in the acute phase in a dose dependent manner, most notably at the highest test dose 10 mg/kg. Also in the cotton pellet induced granuloma model, the compound showed a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity, with the highest effect at 10 mg/kg. In both assays, the test compound was more active than indomethacin tested at 7 mg/kg.     

Evaluation of anti-tussive activity of Bergenia ciliata Sternb. rhizome extract in mice.

The methanol extract of the rhizome of Bergenia ciliata Sternb. (Saxifragaceae) has been evaluated for its potential in a cough model induced by sulphur dioxide gas in mice. The extract exhibited significant anti-tussive activity in a dose-dependent manner, as compared with control. The antitussive activity of the extract was comparable to that of codeine phosphate (10 mg/kg body wt.), a standard anti-tussive agent. The extract at doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body wt. (p.o.) showed significant inhibition of cough reflex by 28.7, 33.9 and 44.2%, respectively, within 90 min of the experiment.     

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Indian Hypericum perforatum L

A standardised 50% aqueous ethanolic extract of the Indian variety of Hypericum perforatum (IHp) was examined for its putative anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, po. The experimental paradigms used were carrageenan induced pedal edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma for anti-inflammatory activity, whereas the tail flick, hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing methods were used to asses analgesic activity. Indomethacin (20 mg/kg, ip) was used as the standard anti-inflammatory drug. Pentazocine (10 mg/kg, ip) and aspirin (25 mg/kg, ip), both clinically used analgesics, were used as standard analgesics for comparison. IHp extract showed significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity at both dose levels, in all the paradigms used. Additionally, IHp potentiated the anti-inflammatory activity of indomethacin and analgesic activities of pentazocine and aspirin.     

LIG抗炎,解热活性的研究

本文研究了当归提取物LIG的抗炎,解热活性.研究发现LIG(2.5,5,10 mg/kg)对角叉菜和右旋糖苷诱导的足肿胀的抑制率分别为22.2%,49.4%,76.5%和20.8%,44.2%,75.3%(P＜0.001);对棉球肉芽肿的抑制率为29.2%,44.9%,58.8%(P＜O.001);对小鼠白细胞迁移的抑制率为20.7%,35.6%,48.2%(P＜0.001).此外,LIG可降低啤酒酵母导致的高热(P＜0.001).并且,LIG的抗炎,解热作用均成剂量依赖性.以上结果显示LIG具有非常强的抗炎,解热活性.     

Antiinflammatory and chronic toxicity study of the leaves of Ageratum conyzoides L. in rats

The hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) of Ageratum conyzoides leaves was studied for its antiinflammatory effect on subacute (cotton pellet-induced granuloma) and chronic (formaldehyde-induced arthritis) models of inflammation in rats. The absence or presence of toxicity by prolonged use of HAE was also evaluated through biochemical and hematological analysis of rats blood samples using daily oral doses of 250 or 500 mg/kg body wt., during 90 days. The results showed that the group of rats treated with HAE (250 mg/kg body wt.; p.o.) had a 38.7% (p < 0.05) reduction in cotton-pellet granuloma. The development of chronically induced paw edema was also reduced significantly (p < 0.05) by the plant extract. The toxicity study did not show any treatment-related abnormalities in biochemical and hematological parameters. The biochemical analysis from blood samples drawn from group of rats treated orally with 500 mg/kg body wt. did, however, present 30.2% (p < 0.05) reduction of SGPT activity as compared to the corresponding control group. These results confirm the antiinflammatory properties of A. conyzoides, with no apparent hepatotoxicity.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of polysaccharide from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pholiota nameko</Emphasis>

Pholiota nameko polysaccharide (PNPS-1) has been isolated and purified by enzymatic hydrolysis, hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, and ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. The anti-inflammatory activity of PNPS-1 was evaluated in rodents using xylene-induced ear edema, egg albumin-, carrageenin-, and formaldehyde-induced paw edema, cotton pellet granuloma test, adhesion of peritoneal leukocytes in vitro, and ulcerogenic activity. The results showed that PNPS-1 (5 mg/ear) inhibited topical edema in the mouse ear and at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg (intraperitoneally) it significantly suppressed the development of egg albumin-, carrageenin-, and formaldehyde-induced paw edema in the animals. PNPS-1 (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, per oral) significantly inhibited the growth of granuloma tissues induced by subcutaneously implanted cotton pellets in rats by 10.96, 18.07, and 43.75%, respectively. PNPS-1 also inhibited spontaneous and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-activated adhesion of peritoneal leukocytes in vitro. Further, both acute as well as chronic administration of PNPS-1 (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, per oral) did not produce any gastric lesion in rats. In conclusion, these data indicated that PNPS-1 possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity suggesting its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent for use in the treatment of various inflammatory-related diseases.     

Anti-inflammatory effects of the products from Wilbrandia ebracteata on carrageenan-induced pleurisy in mice.

Wilbrandia ebracteata Cogn. (Cucurbitaceae) is commonly known in Brazil as "Taiuia". The roots are employed in folk medicine for the treatment of several diseases, such as rheumatic disease. This study has evaluated the anti-inflammatory action of dicloromethane fraction (F-DCM), purified fraction (PFIII) and Cucurbitacin B extracted from crude extract of W. ebracteata in experimental models in vivo. The F-DCM (0.3 to 10 mg.kg(-1), i.p. or 3 to 30 mg.kg(-1) p.o.) produced significant but not dose-dependent inhibition of the carrageenan-induced cell influx and exsudate leakage in the pleural cavity of mice. The F-DCM 0.01 to 10 mg.kg(-1), i.p. or 0.1 to 10 mg.kg(-1) p.o.) decreased the levels of PGE2 in the exsudate leakage induced by carrageenan in the pleural cavity after 4 h with a calculated ID50 of 0.01 (0.002-0.09, i.p.) and 0.29 (0.05-1.45, p.o.) mg.kg(-1). The PFIII (3 mg.kg(-1), i.p.) inhibited 80% of cell migration (1.50 +/- 0.09 x 10(6) cells/cavity) and exsudate leakage by about 50% (3.09 +/- 0.71 microg/ml) in relation to the control group. Cucurbitacin B (0.1 mg.kg(-1), i.p.), the main compound of PFIII, reduced significantly the levels of PGE2 in the exsudate leakage by 40.7% (10.41 +/- 2.67 ng.ml(-1)). These data show that the active principle(s) present in the F-DCM of W. ebracteata elicited pronounced anti-inflammatory effects when assessed by i.p. or p.o. routes, as well as PFIII. The F-DCM was also able to prevent PGE2 formation in exsudate leakage induced by carrageenan, as well as Cucurbitacin B, its active principle. These results indicate that the anti-inflammatory activity of Wilbrandia ebracteata can be related with the inhibition of the production of PGE2.     

Anti-diabetic potential of Barleria lupulina extract in rats.

We have undertaken a study to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic effect of a methanol extract of aerial parts of Barleria lupulina Lindl. (Acanthaceae) in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, based on folkloric reports its use as an anti-diabetic agent. The extract exerted significant (p < 0.05) anti-hyperglycemic efficacy at all levels tested from 4 h after its administration, as compared with the control group, and the effect was also prolonged up to 12 h. The extract at doses of 200 mg kg(-1) body wt. and above exhibited a maximum activity (p < 0.001) at 12 h after administration. The most significant activity (15.35% blood glucose reduction) was observed for the group administered 300 mg kg(-1) body wt. at 12 h after administration, while the standard drug glibenclamide (10 mg/kg(-1) body wt.) showed an 18.80% reduction of blood glucose at the same time interval. Based on our current results, it appears that the methanol extract of aerial parts of Barleria lupulina Lindl. shows a pronounced blood-glucose-lowering potential in streptozotocin hyperglycemic rats, and is thus provided with a pharmacological support of the folklore claims of anti-diabetic activity.     

Design,synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of novel oxadiazole and oxadiazoline analogs as anti-inflammatory agents

Two novel series of oxadiazole and oxadiazoline analogs possessing an indole nucleus were synthesized for their potential anti-inflammatory activity. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by elemental and spectral (IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and MS) analysis. Most of the test compounds demonstrated appreciable anti-inflammatory activities. The anti-inflammatory activity of oxadiazoles at doses of 100?mg/kg was shown by their ability to provide 27–66%, 14–32%, and 20-51%. protection against carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, moist cotton pellet-induced, and dry cotton pellet-induced granuloma, respectively. On the other hand, the anti-inflammatory properties of oxadiazolines at doses of 100?mg/kg were reflected by their ability to provide 20-56%, 11–26%, and 25–47% protection against carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, moist cotton pellet-induced, and dry cotton pellet-induced granuloma, respectively. The ulcerogenic potential of the compounds was determined. Structure–activity relationships among synthesized compounds were also established.     

Activity of some Mexican medicinal plant extracts on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema.

The extracts obtained from 14 plants of the Mexican medicinal flora were assessed for anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. The i.p. administration of the extracts at a dose of 400 mg/kg produced a high reduction of edema with 70% of the plant extracts. Oenothera rosea methanol extract, Sphaeralcea angustifolia chloroform extract, Acaciafarnesiana, Larrea tridentata and Rubus coriifolius methanol extracts as well as the aqueous extract of Chamaedora tepejilote were demonstrated to be particularly active against the induced hind-paw edema. Moderate inhibition of edema formation was also demonstrated with the methanol extracts of Astianthus viminalis, Brickellia paniculata, C. tepejilote and Justicia spicigera.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of piperine

Piperine (1-peperoyl piperidine) was isolated from Piper nigrum Linn for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity in rats. Different acute and chronic experimental models like carrageenin-induced rat paw edema, cotton pellet granuloma, and croton oil-induced granuloma pouch, were employed. Simultaneously, biochemical estimations were made to elucidate the underlying mechanism of the action. Piperine acted significantly on early acute changes in inflammatory processes and chronic granulative changes. It also acted partially through stimulation of pituitary adrenal axis. Exudative changes in both acute and chronic models, however, were insignificant.     

The anti-inflammatory activity of Enicostemma littorale and Mollugo cerviana

The anti-inflammatory activity of E. littorale and M. cerviana was assessed by carrageenan-induced inflammation and cotton pellet granuloma method in rats. E. littorale and M. cerviana exerted 54 and 26% anti-inflammatory activity for a dose of 100 mg/100 g body wt, respectively, in carrageenan-induced acute inflammation. In chronic inflammation of cotton pellet granuloma, E. littorale and M. cerviana exerted 30 and 46% anti-inflammatory activity at the above dosage, respectively. The optimal dose for these drugs was determined in carrageenan inflammation. The effect of the alcoholic extract of these drugs on human erythrocyte membrane stabilization and inhibition of cobra venom phospholipase A2 was studied in vitro and the drugs were found to be effective. Further, these drugs were found to inhibit the levels of lipid peroxides, acid phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in the exudate of cotton pellet granuloma. The effects were compared with those of standard anti-inflammatory drug, hydrocortisone. A possible mode of action of these drugs is suggested.     

墨旱莲对4种蝮蛇毒引起的炎症和出血的影响

目的探讨墨旱莲提取液对短尾蝮蛇毒、蛇岛蝮蛇毒、白眉蝮蛇毒及尖吻蝮蛇毒所致的炎症和出血的影响。方法应用短尾蝮蛇毒、蛇岛蝮蛇毒、白眉蝮蛇毒及尖吻蝮蛇毒所致大鼠足跖肿胀的致炎模型,观察墨旱莲提取液对蛇毒所致大鼠足跖肿胀的影响。墨旱莲提取液分别与不同蛇毒混合,给小鼠腹部皮下注射,观察其对蛇毒引起的小鼠皮下出血的影响。结果墨旱莲提取液15g／kg连续2次灌胃给药,对短尾蝮蛇毒、蛇岛蝮蛇毒、白眉蝮蛇毒或尖吻蝮蛇毒所致大鼠足跖肿胀的急性炎症造模和短尾蝮蛇毒棉球肉芽肿的慢性炎症造模(20g／kg)均有明显的抑制作用,对这些蛇毒引起的小鼠皮下出血也能明显抑制。结论墨旱莲提取液对短尾蝮蛇毒、蛇岛蝮蛇毒、白眉蝮蛇毒及尖吻蝮蛇毒引起的炎症和出血均有明显的抑制作用。     

杜香不同提取部位的镇痛抗炎作用研究

采用小鼠醋酸扭体法和角叉菜胶致小鼠足掌肿胀模型筛选杜香三种提取部位镇痛抗炎作用.结果显示,甲醇提取物(10.0、1.0 mg/kg)和水提物(10.0 mg/kg)能显著抑制醋酸引起的小鼠扭体反应和角叉菜胶引起的小鼠足趾水肿.水提物(10.0 mg/kg)在致炎后2～4 h内效果接近吲哚美辛.高效液相色谱结果提示甲醇提取物的镇痛抗炎效果可能通过其所含黄酮类化合物实现.     

Applications of the hexanic fraction of Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm (Asparagaceae): control of inflammation and pain screening

The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Agave sisalana Perrine in classic models of inflammation and pain. The hexanic fraction of A. sisalana (HFAS) was obtained by acid hydrolysis followed by hexanic reflux. Anti-inflammatory properties were examined in three acute mouse models (xylene ear oedema, hind paw oedema and pleurisy) and a chronic mouse model (granuloma cotton pellet). The antinociceptive potential was evaluated in chemical (acetic-acid) and thermal (tail-flick and hot-plate test) models of pain. When given orally, HFAS (5, 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg) reduced ear oedema (p < 0.0001; 52%, 71%, 62% and 42%, respectively). HFAS also reduced hind paw oedema at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg (p < 0.05; 42% and 58%, respectively) and pleurisy at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg (41% and 50%, respectively). In a chronic model, HFAS reduced inflammation by 46% and 58% at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, this fraction showed analgesic properties against the abdominal writhing in an acetic acid model (at doses of 5-25 mg/kg) with inhibitory rates of 24%, 54% and 48%. The HFAS also showed an increased latency time in the hot-plate (23% and 28%) and tail-flick tests (61% and 66%) for the 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg doses, respectively. These results suggest that HFAS has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.     

Anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic and analgesic activity of a herbal formulation (DRF/AY/4012)

Anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic and analgesic effect of a herbal product (DRF/AY/4012) was evaluated in animal models. Herbal product treatment induced a dose dependent anti-inflammatory activity in acute inflammatory models (carrageenin and egg-albumin induced rat hind paw edema). It also elicited promising anti-inflammatory activity in chronic inflammatory models (cotton pellet granuloma and Freund's adjuvant induced polyarthritis in rats). Further, the product inhibited the increased level of serum lysosomal enzyme activity viz. serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and the lipid peroxidation in liver. In Freund's adjuvant induced polyarthritis, herbal product reduced the increased level of hydroxy proline, hexosamine and total protein content in edematous tissue. The product also exhibited mild to moderate analgesic activity in acetic acid induced writhing in mice. The LD50 value of the herbal product was more than 16 gm/kg by oral route in mice. The product has distinct advantages over the existing agents and deserves further developmental studies.     

Evaluation of antipyretic activity of leaf extracts of Mallotus peltatus (Geist) Muell. arg. var acuminatus: a folk medicine.

A study was carried out to evaluate the anti-pyretic potential of the methanol extract of Mallotus peltatus (Geist) Muell. Arg. var acuminatus leaf, a folk medicine of Onge tribes of Bay Islands, on normal body temperature and yeast-induced pyrexia in Wister albino rats. The leaf extract at oral doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg kg(-1), p.o., showed significant reduction in normal body temperature and yeast-provoked elevated temperature in a dose-dependent manner and the anti-pyretic effect was comparable to that of standard anti-pyretic agent paracetamol (150 mg kg(-1), p.o.). The effect also extended up to 5 hours after the drug administration.     

Total phenolic,flavonoid contents,and biological activities of stem extracts of Astragalus spinosus (Forssk.) Muschl. grown in Northern Border Province,Saudi Arabia

Background and objectiveGenus Astragalus belongs to the family Fabaceae and is one among the largest genera consisting of around 3000 species. The plants have been used traditionally in treatment of various ailments in folklore. The study was planned to assess the analgesic and inflammatory activity of Astragulus spinosus (Forssk.) Muschl extract of the stem.Materials and methodsCourse powder of stems of Astragulus spinosus was extracted using chloroform and methanol as solvents. Folin ciocalteu method was employed for determination of the phenolic acid content. Aluminum chloride colorimetric procedure was followed for estimating the flavonoid content. Both chloroform and methanolic extracts at 250 and 500 mg/kg, were tested for the analgesic activity, however, only methanolic extract was selected for anti-inflammatory property based on the results of analgesic activity. The analgesic effect was executed on male rats by the hot plate model. The anti-inflammatory effect was studied in the carrageenan rat paw edema model. The experimental information was interpreted statistically using one-way ANOVA and p < 0.05 was used to express importance of the results.ResultsThe total phenolics of the methanol extract was 420 µg and that of chloroform extract was 265 µgwhile total flavonoid content in terms of quercetin was found to be 68 µg and 17.5 µg for methanol and chloroform extract respectively. Only methanolic extract exhibited significant (p < 0.001) analgesic activity by elevating the pain threshold starting from 15 min. The methanolic extract inhibited (p < 0.001) the edema in carrageenan induced model. The performance of higher dose (500 mg/kg) was better with reference to lower dose (250 mg/kg).ConclusionOutcome of the results show that the methanolic stem extracts exhibited significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory-like activity with reference to chloroform extract. Credit of which is given to flavonoids and phenolic content present in the methanolic extract. However, more research is suggested to establish the safety and effectiveness of the herbal drug to manage diseased states including pain and inflammation.     

Gastro-protective effect of methanol extract of Ficus asperifolia bark on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats

The gastro-protective and antioxidant effects of methanol extract of Ficus asperifolia bark on indomethacin induced gastric ulcer were investigated in male rats. Thirty two male rats divided into 4 equal groups and were treated as follows: group1 (control), 0.5ml of 5% tween 80 (vehicle for the extract), groups 2 and 3, 100 and 500mg/kg of Ficus asperifolia extract respectively and group 4, cimetidine (100mg/kg). After two weeks of daily oral administration of vehicle, extract or cimetidine, gastric ulcer was induced in all rats with indomethacin (40 mg/kg, p.o). Gastric juice pH, gastric acid concentration, gastric ulcer score, percentage gastric ulcer inhibition, activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and malondiadehyde (MDA) were determined. Ficus asperifolia extract significantly increased gastric pH (p.