基于小麦种子发芽和根伸长的麝香酮污染毒性效应

研究了新型污染物麝香酮对小麦种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,土壤麝香酮（10 mg·kg^-1）污染对小麦发芽率抑制作用达到显著水平（P<0.05）,对小麦根长和芽长的抑制作用达极显著水平（P<0.01）,并且芽长、根长与土壤中麝香酮浓度之间存在极显著（P<0.01）的剂量 效应关系.表明小麦根和芽伸长可以指示土壤麝香酮的污染程度.在土壤麝香酮污染条件下,小麦幼苗的根长和芽长之间呈极显著（P<0.01）的正相关性,发芽率和生物量之间呈极显著（P<0.01）的负相关性.有机污染物的毒性除了与它在水中的溶解度有关外,还与其化学性质及对靶标生物的毒性机制有关.     

大穗型小麦产量形成过程中光合特性的动态变化

在大田条件下,对8个大穗型小麦新品系和多穗型品种西农979(对照)的产量性状以及不同生育期叶片光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素含量(Chl)和叶面积指数(LAI)进行研究.结果表明：除单位面积穗数低于对照外,8个新品系的穗粒数、穗粒重和千粒重均显著高于对照,大穗型小麦新品系2036、2037、2038、2039和2040的产量显著高于对照;8个新品系的平均光合速率(P_n)与对照差异不显著,而PSⅡ最大光能转换效率、PSⅡ实际量子效率、光化学猝灭系数和PSⅡ反应中心活性均高于对照;品系2037、2040、2039、2038和2036的Chl比对照分别提高17.5%、19.1%、15.3%、13.9%和7.9%;大穗型小麦品系的LAI明显高于对照,且在生育后期下降缓慢.     

大穗型小麦产量形成过程中光合特性的动态变化

在大田条件下,对8个大穗型小麦新品系和多穗型品种西农979(对照)的产量性状以及不同生育期叶片光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素含量(Chl)和叶面积指数(LAI)进行研究.结果表明:除单位面积穗数低于对照外,8个新品系的穗粒数、穗粒重和千粒重均显著高于对照,大穗型小麦新品系2036、2037、2038、2039和2040的产量显著高于对照;8个新品系的平均光合速率(Pn)与对照差异不显著,而PSⅡ最大光能转换效率、PSⅡ实际量子效率、光化学猝灭系数和PSⅡ反应中心活性均高于对照;品系2037、2040、2039、2038和2036的Chl比对照分别提高17.5％、19.1％、15.3％、13.9％和7.9％;大穗型小麦品系的LAI明显高于对照,且在生育后期下降缓慢.     

转双价抗虫基因棉花的主要农艺性状的遗传变异

以11个转外源基因(CrylAc+API-B)系为材料,受体亲本陆地棉品种鄂抗9号为对照,研究其在抗棉铃虫性、产量和纤维品质性状上的差异.结果表明:11个转基因系的抗棉铃虫效果明显,达到中抗和高抗水平;转基因系及其受体、转基因系之间在单铃重等10个性状上均存在极显著性差异;和受体亲本相比,各个转基因系变异方向比较一致的性状有:衣指、衣分降低;而株高、单株结铃数、单铃重、子指、皮棉产量、纤维长度、断裂比强度、马克隆值、伸长率等性状的变化方向不定.     

小麦高代新品系鉴定的聚类分析

采用系统聚类分析方法对小麦育种高代出圃品系进行了鉴定,依据小区产量、抽穗期、株高、穗长、公顷穗数、穗粒数、单穗重、千粒重、籽粒饱满度和角质率10个性状,将38个参试品系以离差平方和法在D2=2.083聚类水平下划分为5个类群,通过聚类分析了解各类群、类内品系之间以及与对照种的关系.初步评选出9个综合性状优良的新品系,描述了各个类群中品系的特性,为小麦高代品系鉴定提供了较为精确的定量鉴定方法.     

抗虫、耐除草剂转基因水稻对非靶标害虫玉米蚜取食行为影响的评价

【目的】通过研究转基因水稻对玉米蚜Rhopalosiphum maidis(Fitch)取食行为的影响,分析转基因水稻可能带来的潜在风险。【方法】采用Y-型嗅觉仪测定了玉米蚜对苗期水稻挥发物的行为反应,并利用EPG技术对玉米蚜的取食行为进行了分析。【结果】在转基因水稻和对照之间,玉米蚜选择非转基因水稻较多,但是差异不显著;反应时间则是非转基因水稻大于转基因水稻。而在两个转基因水稻品系(KMD1和KMD2)之间,玉米蚜极显著地选择KMD1。E1波累计持续时间的百分比反映了蚜虫花费在将唾液分泌到韧皮部筛管的时间所占的比例,这一点在KMD2和XS11之间存在显著差异(KMD2XS11);而np波累计持续时间的百分比则反映了蚜虫花费在移动和寻找取食位点上的时间所占的比例,这一点在223F-S21和XS134之间存在显著差异(223F-S21XS134);玉米蚜在G8-7和XS110上的取食行为没有显著的差异。【结论】2个供试转基因水稻材料(KMD2和223F-S21)有利于玉米蚜的取食。     

带距对小麦蛋白质产量的影响及边际效应分析

以冬小麦品种豫麦 34为材料 ,在不同带距条件下对小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量以及三者相互关系进行了研究。结果表明 :带距对蛋白质产量和籽粒产量有显著的影响 ,对籽粒蛋白质含量影响不明显 ;蛋白质产量与籽粒产量呈现极显著正相关 ,与籽粒蛋白质含量关系不密切 ;蛋白质产量与籽粒产量之间存在着直线回归关系 ,二者的模拟方程为 :Y =10 6 80 9+0 10 7X(kg·hm-2 ) ;2 0m带距条件下小麦籽粒产量最高 ;2 4米带距条件下 ,小麦边行优势总值最大 ,与其它作物套作 ,效益较好。     

超大穗小麦籽粒灌浆特性研究

超大穗小麦是小麦超高产育种的宝贵资源,通过去穗处理,对不同类型的超大穗小麦灌浆特性进行了方程拟合及参数分析,结果表明：①百粒重的增重进程,在不同处理间无显著差异,不同品系间差异明显;②单株粒重的增重进程,在不同处理间、不同品系间都表现出显著差异,不同处理间更为突出;③对灌浆参数分析,超大穗小麦的最大灌浆速度与对照基本一致,但灌浆期显著的长,８６（３０６）达５０d,90(151)43d,而对照小偃６号、咸农１５１分别为４０d,35d。依次配合相应的栽培技术,可有效的发挥超大穗小麦产量潜力。     

小麦叶片气孔性状与产量和抗旱性的关系

以小麦旱选10号/鲁麦14 DH群体为试材,对干旱胁迫和正常灌溉条件下花后10 d和20d旗叶中部气孔密度、气孔大小、气孔导度、光合速率、蒸腾速率与产量和抗旱系数的关系进行相关和通径分析.结果表明:在两种水分条件下,花后10 d气孔密度、气孔大小、气孔导度、光合速率、蒸腾速率与产量和抗旱系数的相关性大多不显著;但花后20 d与千粒重呈极显著正相关,与穗粒数、单株产量和抗旱系数的相关性仍大多不显著.气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率是影响单株产量和抗旱系数的主要因素,不仅对单株产量和抗旱系数的直接作用较大,间接作用也较大;气孔密度与气孔大小对单株产量和抗旱系数的直接作用和间接作用均较小.在两种水分条件下,花后10 d和20 d,气孔密度与气孔长度之间,气孔长度与气孔宽度、气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率之间的相关性均显著或极显著,但气孔密度、气孔长度与气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率间的相关性在不同水分条件和不同生育阶段存在差异,表明水分条件、生长发育阶段对这些性状之间的相关性影响较大.通过育种手段以叶片气孔密度和气孔大小为选择目标,来改善小麦气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率,进而提高产量并不总是一种有效手段.     

转基因抗矮花叶玉米对大白鼠骨髓细胞遗传毒性的影响

以SD大鼠为研究对象,研究了转基因抗矮花叶玉米和常规玉米对大白鼠骨髓细胞微核率与染色体畸变率的影响,以观察该转基因玉米对大白鼠可能产生的遗传毒理效应。实验结果表明：饲喂30%和50%转基因玉米日粮组的大白鼠骨髓细胞微核率和染色体畸变率与饲喂常规玉米相比均没有显著差异,而与阳性对照组之间存在极显著差异,这说明转基因玉米与常规玉米对大白鼠骨髓细胞均无遗传毒性。     

Expression and inheritance of hypersensitive resistance to rice hoja blanca virus mediated by the viral nucleocapsid protein gene in transgenic rice

Rice hoja blanca virus (RHBV) is a major virus disease of economic importance affecting rice in northern South America, Central America and the Caribbean. This is the first report of transgenic resistance to RHBV and the transformation of an indica rice variety from Latin America. Rice transformed with the RHBV nucleocapsid protein ( N) gene had a significant reduction in disease development. Several reactions were observed that ranged from susceptible to completely resistant plants (immunity). The resistant reactions were characterized by the production of local lesions like a hypersensitive reaction or a recovery phenotype with the emergence of symptom-less new leaves. These transgenic RHBV-resistant rice lines expressed the N gene RNA at low levels that were below the detection limit by Northern blots and only resolved by RT-PCR. The nucleocapsid protein could not be detected in any of the transgenic plants either by Western or ELISA tests. These results suggest that the resistance encoded by the N gene in these plants appears to be mediated by RNA. When challenged with RHBV, the resistant transgenic lines showed a significant increased performance for important agronomic traits including the number of tillers, the number of grains per plant and the yield as compared to the susceptible control. Furthermore, upon inoculation some of the most-resistant transgenic lines showed agronomic traits similar to the uninoculated non-transgenic Cica 8 control. Using both agronomic traits and disease severity as criteria, several of the most-resistant lines were followed through the R(4) generation and demonstrated that the N gene and RHBV resistance was inherited in a stable manner. These transgenic rice lines could become a new genetic resource in developing RHBV-resistant cultivars.     

Overexpression of <Emphasis Type="Italic">AP1-</Emphasis>like genes from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Asteraceae</Emphasis> induces early-flowering in transgenic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chrysanthemum</Emphasis> plants

Chrysanthemum is one of the most important commercial cut flowers in the world. Early-flowering cultivars are required to produce quality chrysanthemum flowers with a lower cost of production. To shorten the vegetative growth phase of chrysanthemum, three AP1-like genes from Asteraceae were constitutively overexpressed in 80 independent transgenic chrysanthemum lines. All lines were characterized by PCR and RT-PCR and demonstrated that overexpression of compositae AP1-homologs in transgenic chrysanthemum under long-day conditions had no effect on plant development compared to non-transgenic controls. Conversely, under short-day conditions, transgenic plants commenced bud initiation 2 wk earlier than non-transgenic chrysanthemum plants. Subsequently, transgenic chrysanthemum flowers showed color earlier and resulted in full opening of inflorescences 3 wk prior to non-transgenic control plants. These results open new possibilities for genetic improvement and breeding of chrysanthemum cultivars.     

利用回交结合Wx基因分子标记培育部分糯性小麦

颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶Ⅰ(GBSSI,Waxy蛋白)是小麦胚乳中直链淀粉合成的关键酶。小麦基因组中存在3个Waxy基因(Wx-A1、Wx-B1、Wx-D1)。在白火麦中Wx-D1位点的突变(Wx-D1b)引起Wx-D蛋白的缺失,导致直链淀粉含量下降,其面粉表现出部分糯性。与目前生产上推广品种相比,白火麦的农艺性状较差,产量非常低。为了培育农艺性状优良的部分糯性小麦,我们将白火麦与具有优良农艺性状的小麦品种PH85-16、济南17和烟农15(轮回亲本)分别进行杂交,后代分别与相应的三个轮回亲本回交五代,在每代中均选择农艺性状与轮回亲本相近并含有Wx-D1b的后代。在第六代自交后选择具有Wx-D1b的纯合体,选出的单株连续自交三代。获得了六个农艺性状与轮回亲本相似的品系,它们均携带纯合的Wx-D1b位点。研究表明采用回交的方法并结合基于Wx基因序列的分子标记技术,是培育优良部分糯性小麦的一种非常有效的方法。本研究培育出的部分糯性小麦品系可以直接用于大田生产。     

Age-dependent transformation frequency in elite wheat varieties.

Wheat is a major world crop and as such is a primary target for improvement of agronomic characteristics via genetic engineering. Optimization of transformation is essential in order to overcome the relatively low transformation frequencies encountered with wheat. Transformation of elite wheat varieties is not always successful due to variability in regeneration and transformation frequencies between varieties. In this work, two elite wheat varieties with a relatively high embryogenic capacity were transformed by particle bombardment. A strong correlation between transformation frequency and the age of wheat donor plants was observed in both varieties. The mean transformation frequency rose from 0.7% to 5% when using immature embryos from old and young donor plants, respectively. This was observed in both varieties, the best bombardments achieving up to 7.3% frequency. Using explants at an optimal developmental stage from donor plants grown under environmentally-controlled conditions has improved the reproducibility of transformation efficiency of elite wheat varieties and leads to the production of apparently phenotypically normal, fertile, transgenic plants.     

Field evaluation and agronomic performance of transgenic wheat

Seven transgenic lines of wheat have been evaluated under field conditions during 2 agonomic years. Four lines contained the transgenes for beta-glucuronidase ( uidA), herbicide resistance ( bar) and for one high-molecular-weight (HMW) subunit, and three lines contained only one transgene for one HMW glutenin subunit and no marker genes. Agronomic traits and yield components were studied in transgenic lines and compared with the non-transgenic parent and null segregant lines. Although phenotypic differences for many traits have been found, only heading date and the number of spikelets per spike showed clear genotypic differences for both field trials. All transgenic lines had a longer heading date than parent lines whereas the number of spikelets per spike in transgenic lines was around that for L88-31 and higher for L88-6 than the corresponding parent lines. No differences were found between lines constitutively expressing the uidA and bar genes from those which only expressed the HMW genes. We conclude that differences between transgenic lines and their parents are small, and could be eliminated by backcrossing transgenic lines with their parents and selecting for the wanted genotype.     

Risk assessment of transgenic apomictic tetraploid bahiagrass,cytogenetics, breeding behavior and performance of intra-specific hybrids

Pollen-mediated gene transfer from stress tolerant or herbicide-resistant transgenic plants may cause environmental or agronomic problems. Apomictic seed production found in some bahiagrass cultivars may serve as a natural transgene containment system. Under greenhouse conditions, the average gene transfer frequency from an herbicide-resistant apomictic tetraploid to a population of sexual diploid bahiagrass genotypes or apomictic tetraploid bahiagrass was 0.16% when the transgenic pollen donor was placed at 0.5–1.5 m distance from the non-transgenic pollen receptors. The herbicide-resistant hybrids were characterized for transgene integration, expression and ploidy, by Southern blot analysis, immuno-chromatography and flow cytometry, respectively. Hybrids resulting from open pollination of non-transgenic diploid female plants with transgenic tetraploid male plants were triploids or near-triploids, with 2n = 26–34. These hybrids displayed a wide range of phenotypic variability, including some non-persistent or non-flowering dwarf-type hybrids with good vigor, or hybrids with vegetative growth similar to non-transgenic plants, but with significantly reduced seed set. Non-flowering aneu-triploids with good vigor/field performance will provide the highest level of transgene containment. Embryo sac analysis of pollinated spikelets confirmed a high proportion of aborted ovules. An apospory-linked RFLP marker was detected in 13 of the 15 near-triploid hybrids. All flowering aneuploid hybrids displayed significantly reduced seed set, and none of the sexual near-triploid hybrids produced any seeds. All tetraploid gene transfer events carried the apospory-linked RFLP marker, suggesting that despite the presence of the aposporus locus, a low degree of sexuality co-exists in apomictic tetraploid cultivars. Thus, tetraploid apomictic bahiagrass does not provide complete transgene containment, although intra-specific gene transfer is drastically reduced compared to sexually reproducing perennial grasses.     

转基因玉米HGK60在不同遗传背景下抗虫性鉴定及农艺性状分析

为研究转基因玉米HGK60在不同遗传背景下遗传稳定性和抗虫效果,利用转Bt cry1Ah基因的转基因玉米HGK60为供体,通过回交转育的方式将cry1Ah基因分别导入玉米自交系郑58、昌7-2、lx05-4、lx03-2,获得转基因玉米自交系HGK60-郑58、HGK60-昌7-2、HGK60-lx03-2、HGK60-lx05-4,并杂交获得HGK60-郑单958（HGK60-郑58 × HGK60-昌7-2）和HGK60-鲁单9066（HGK60-lx05-4 × HGK60-lx03-2）,转化体特异性PCR证明cry1Ah基因已转入不同遗传背景玉米中,ELISA检测不同遗传背景转基因玉米叶片中Cry1Ah蛋白表达情况,结果表明在不同遗传背景玉米自交系和杂交种中Cry1Ah蛋白表达没有显著差异;田间人工接虫和室内玉米螟抗虫性鉴定结果表明,不同遗传背景的转基因玉米高抗玉米螟,室内接虫后4 d幼虫死亡率达到100%;对不同遗传背景转基因玉米HGK60进行农艺性状分析,结果显示与受体对照玉米相比,两者之间农艺性状没有显著差异,转基因玉米HGK60可用于抗虫玉米品种的选育。     

Overexpression of the Arabidopsis 14-3-3 protein GF14 lambda in cotton leads to a "stay-green" phenotype and improves stress tolerance under moderate drought conditions

The Arabidopsis gene GF14 lambda that encodes a 14-3-3 protein was introduced into cotton plants to explore the physiological roles that GF14 lambda might play in plants. The expression level of GF14 lambda under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter varied in transgenic cotton plants, and lines that expressed GF14 lambda demonstrated a "stay-green" phenotype and improved water-stress tolerance. These lines wilted less and maintained higher photosynthesis than segregated non-transgenic control plants under water-deficit conditions. Stomatal conductance appears to be the major factor for the observed higher photosynthetic rates under water-deficit conditions. The stomatal aperture of transgenic plants might be regulated by GF14 lambda through some transporters such as H(+)-ATPase whose activities are controlled by their interaction with 14-3-3 proteins. However, since 14-3-3 proteins interact with numerous proteins in plant cells, many metabolic processes could be affected by the GF14 lambda overexpression. Whatever the mechanisms, the traits observed in the GF14 lambda-expressing cotton plants are beneficial to crops under certain water-deficit conditions.     

Somaclonal variation in the progeny of transgenic barley

 Somaclonal variation (SCV) in transgenic plants may slow the incorporation of introduced genes into commercially competitive cultivars. Somaclonal variation in transgenic barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was assessed in one experiment by comparing the agronomic characteristics of 44 segregating transgenic lines in the T₂ generation to their non-transformed parent (‘Golden Promise’). A second experiment examined the agronomic characteristics of seven transgenic-derived, null (non-transgenic) segregant lines in the T₂ and T₄ generations. Compared to their uncultured parent, Golden Promise, most of these lines were shorter, lower yielding, and had smaller seed, and the variability among individual plants was higher. The frequency and severity of the observed SCV was unexpectedly high, and the transformation procedure appeared to induce greater SCV than tissue culture in the absence of transformation. Attempts to understand the sources of SCV, and to modify transformation procedures to reduce the generation of SCV, should be made. Received: 26 June 1997 / Accepted: 31 October 1997