中国水杉引种研究

水杉(Metasequoia glyptostrobodies Hu & Cheng)是国家一级保护植物。水杉的发现是中国近代植物学界最值得自豪的一件大事,为中国植物学走向世界开辟了道路,被公认为是我国乃至世界二十世纪植物界的重大发现,它不仅对于中国有重要价值,也具有世界意义。水杉引种过程可以说是新中国植物引种过程的一个缩影,在发现50年后成功引种至26个省、市、区和特别行政区以及世界50多个国家和地区,成为我国重要的用材林树种、沿海防护林树种、农田防护林树种、城市绿化树种以及世界上著名的风景景观树种。水杉既为新中国林业的发展提供了重要实证,又是科学技术在林业及社会发展中的重要体现,同时水杉的发展也是我国林学界最值得骄傲的一件大事,是我国科技工作者集体智慧的结晶。该文仅对我国水杉引种学进行系统的论述,对水杉的引种阶段进行了划分,简述26个省、市、区和特别行政区的引种现状,分析了水杉在中国引种区的适生状况和原因。有关在国外的引种及迁地保护情况将另文发表。     

水杉的未尽事宜

主要阐述与水杉有关的三个问题: 首先是水杉研究的教训, 特别是从编辑、作者和学者的角度; 其次讨论水杉研究的不明之处, 包括王战的标本是如何到达吴仲伦之手而转送给郑万钧的, 薛纪如和华敬灿谁先打听到小河的原产地, 三木茂的论文是如何到达中国而胡先骕又是如何得到的; 并讨论了水杉的栽培及栽培品种的注册以及水杉原产地的资源保护、旅游开发及宣传; 最后建议成立水杉博物馆, 编写中国植物采集史, 编写东亚植物分类学文献目录新续编。     

水杉的未尽事宜

主要阐述与水杉有关的三个问题：首先是水杉研究的教训,特别是从编辑、作者和学者的角度;其次讨论水杉研究的不明之处,包括王战的标本是如何到达吴仲伦之手而转送给郑万钧的,薛纪如和华敬灿谁先打听到小河的原产地,三木茂的论文是如何到达中国而胡先辅又是如何得到的;并讨论了水杉的栽培及栽培品种的注册以及水杉原产地的资源保护、旅游开发及宣传;最后建议成立水杉博物馆,编写中国植物采集史,编写东亚植物分类学文献目录新续编。     

水杉未解之谜的初探

通过广泛的文献考证和调研,系统而又深入地对国内外一直存在的有关水杉的争议：水杉是谁发现的,水杉的种子是如何引入美国的,水杉的英文名字用什么,水杉的第一份标本采集时间及保护现状等进行了探讨;并提出：水杉是中国植物学家集体发现的,其关键人物是王战,郑万钧,胡先Su;水杉引种美国是中美两国学者合作的,中方是胡先Su,郑万钧,及种子采集者华敬灿;美方主要是哈佛大学阿诺德树木园和E．D．Merrill;水杉的英文名字最好采用“water fir”或其拉丁文名,即Metasequoia;水杉的第一份标本是王战1943年7月21日采的,至今仍存在一个国内外均未注册且长期无人管理的“标本室”,亟待妥善保管。     

水杉的保护历程和存在的问题

水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)的保护过程在某种程度上可以说是新中国成立50年来中国珍稀植物保护过程的一个缩影。2003年,以保护水杉为主要目的而建设的湖北省国家级星斗山自然保护区是我国水杉保护和发展中的里程碑,对于这一过程的了解有助于今后正确地制订就地和迁地保护计划和采取有效的行动。本文对水杉保护历程进行了全面回顾,针对水杉原产地的保护现状和存在的问题,提出四条具体的保护措施：(1)加强以水杉保护为主要目的的国家级自然保护区建设,建设重点应放在对水杉原生母树及其生境的保护。保护水杉原生母树及其生境要有长远的规划,机构的设置和功能以及人员的素质和经费要能支持水杉原生母树及其生境保护和发展的需要;(2)要把有关水杉保护的法规和措施落到实处;(3)建立基因保存林,对现有水杉原生母树基因进行全面保存;(4)积极协调环保、林业、科学院以及其他教育科研单位的关系,加强在这一领域的分工协作,开展科学研究,加强学术交流,共同促进水杉的保护和利用。     

水杉的叶是羽状复叶吗?

贵刊1986年第4期第46页“生物印相书签的制作方法”一文中的“水杉的羽状复叶”的说法不妥。水杉是松柏纲杉科水杉属植物,落叶乔木,条形叶对生。显然,水杉叶是单叶。但是,由于水杉叶柄扭转在一个平面上,呈羽状着生在小枝上,以及叶和侧生小枝一起脱落,往往给     

8个栽培水杉居群遗传多样性的等位酶分析

水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)是我国特有的活化石植物,有50多年的栽培历史。栽培水杉在多大程度上涵盖了野生水杉的遗传多样性,是评价水杉保育策略成功与否的关键所在。为了评估水杉栽培居群的遗传变异水平,作者采用超薄平板微型聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦电泳方法对水杉的8个人工栽培居群的等位酶变异和遗传多样性进行了研究。对9个酶系统23个酶位点的检测结果表明: 有8个酶位点的等位基因频率分布差异非常显著, 在2个居群中存在稀有等位基因;平均等位基因数Ａ=1.375,多态位点百分率PPL=33.15,平均预期杂合度H_e=0.161。与孑遗居群相比,　栽培水杉的遗传变异水平偏低,表明栽培居群的遗传多样性不能完全涵盖孑遗居群。将采于潜江的9个丛枝水杉（Metasequoia glyptostroboides var.caespitosa）样品与分别采自潜江、武汉和上海的各9个水杉样品的等位酶资料进行了UPGMA单株聚类分析,并将丛枝水杉作为一个居群与其他8个水杉居群作UPGMA聚类分析,其结果不支持将丛枝水杉作为水杉的一个变种的分类处理。     

水杉扦插法

水杉扦插法水杉（Ｍ．ｇｌｙｐｔｏｓｔｒｏｂｏｉｄｅｓ）是我国特产、一级保护植物,是一种多年生杉科的落叶乔木。雌雄同株。现仅存一种,有“活化石”之称。水杉高大挺直,木质轻软,优良,生长快,是制造多种木质器具的理想木材和著名的庭园绿化树种。水杉于１９４２...     

水杉一新变种

水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng)是孑遗的稀有珍贵树种。从中生代的白垩纪到新生代的更新世,冰期以前的整整一亿年的时间内,水杉属曾广布于北半球,由已发现的水杉化石得知,达十种之多,但经过冰期以后,仅在我国发现一种活树,即水杉。     

水杉发现的经过

珍贵的古树——水杉,常被人们说成是“活化石”,在我国发现的经过是: 1941年冬,原中央大学教授干铎由鄂西去重庆,路过磨刀溪,发现路旁水杉大树一株,因当时已落叶,故未采标本。干铎教授到万县时,托万县农校教务主任杨隆兴代采水杉标本。1942年杨托人采到一枝水杉标本(无花果),但遗失了。1943年当时的中央林业实验所王战先生去鄂西神农架考察森林,路过万县经杨隆兴介绍,转道磨刀溪时采到水杉枝叶果实标本。1946年,郑万钧教授托原中央大学森林系薛纪如去磨刀溪采集水杉标本,薛采到的是水杉枝叶幼果标本。经胡先骗与郑万钧共同研究,确定其与日本古植物学家三木茂1941年发表的两种化石同为一属植物,1948年正式发表水杉学名为Metasequota glyptostrobides     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.