The Hippo Pathway Regulates Homeostatic Growth of Stem Cell Niche Precursors in the Drosophila Ovary

The Hippo pathway regulates organ size, stem cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in adult organs. Whether the Hippo pathway influences establishment of stem cell niche size to accommodate changes in organ size, however, has received little attention. Here, we ask whether Hippo signaling influences the number of stem cell niches that are established during development of the Drosophila larval ovary, and whether it interacts with the same or different effector signaling pathways in different cell types. We demonstrate that canonical Hippo signaling regulates autonomous proliferation of the soma, while a novel hippo-independent activity of Yorkie regulates autonomous proliferation of the germ line. Moreover, we demonstrate that Hippo signaling mediates non-autonomous proliferation signals between germ cells and somatic cells, and contributes to maintaining the correct proportion of these niche precursors. Finally, we show that the Hippo pathway interacts with different growth pathways in distinct somatic cell types, and interacts with EGFR and JAK/STAT pathways to regulate non-autonomous proliferation of germ cells. We thus provide evidence for novel roles of the Hippo pathway in establishing the precise balance of soma and germ line, the appropriate number of stem cell niches, and ultimately regulating adult female reproductive capacity.     

Hippo信号通路调控免疫细胞的功能

Hippo信号通路最初是在果蝇(Drosophila)中被发现的,是在进化上高度保守并能调控器官大小的信号转导通路。在哺乳动物多种组织器官中,Hippo信号通路的关键激酶MST1和MST2(果蝇Hippo激酶的同源分子)通过抑制下游的转录共激活分子YAP(果蝇中为Yorki)的活性来实现对细胞增殖和凋亡的调控。在这些组织器官中条件性敲除Mst1和Mst2或过表达Yap大都会造成细胞过度增殖或肿瘤的发生。近年来,随着研究的不断深入,Hippo信号通路不依赖于YAP的非经典功能也逐渐被发现。其中,Hippo信号通路多个成员在免疫系统中的调控功能逐渐成为该领域的研究热点,特别是在免疫细胞发育分化、机体自身免疫性疾病及应对病毒和细菌入侵等过程中所发挥的调控作用。本文重点阐述了Hippo信号通路在T淋巴细胞中发育、分化、活化和迁移等方面及在部分天然免疫细胞抗感染过程中的功能和调控。     

Src controls tumorigenesis via JNK‐dependent regulation of the Hippo pathway in Drosophila

Cell–cell interactions within the tumour microenvironment have crucial roles in epithelial tumorigenesis. Using Drosophila genetics, we show that the oncoprotein Src controls tumour microenvironment by Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK)‐dependent regulation of the Hippo pathway. Clones of cells with elevated Src expression activate the Rac‐Diaphanous and Ras‐mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which cooperatively induce F‐actin accumulation, thereby leading to activation of the Hippo pathway effector Yorkie (Yki). Simultaneously, Src activates the JNK pathway, which antagonizes the autonomous Yki activity and causes propagation of Yki activity to neighbouring cells, resulting in the overgrowth of surrounding tissue. Our data provide a mechanism to explain how oncogenic mutations regulate tumour microenvironment through cell–cell communication.