共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
大叶杨的受精作用和胚胎发育 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
用细胞化学方法研究了大叶杨(Populus lasiocarpa Oliv.)的受精作用和胚胎发育。结果表明:柱头在授粉期有蛋白质和多糖性质的分泌物。花粉在授粉后6小时大量萌发。授粉后6天开始出现双受精作用。次生核受精完成较卵核受精完成为早,精卵融合为有丝分裂前型。受精作用消耗大量淀粉粒。核型胚乳于授粉后开始细胞化。胚乳主要成分为蛋白质,游离核形成后不出现淀粉粒。胚乳在胚的发育中被吸收。休眠期的合子经历液泡消失、合子皱缩、液泡再出现、合子伸长等极性化过程。胚胎发生类型为茄型。授粉后44天,胚相继发育成熟。成熟胚直立,具2枚相互包裹的子叶。根冠原中具类根冠柱结构。 相似文献
2.
3.
番茄受精作用及其间隔期的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用常规石蜡切片法研究了番茄受精作用的全过程,具体研究结果为:(1)授粉后2 h,花粉粒在柱头上萌发;约2~4 h,花粉管长入柱头,且末端膨大;约8 h后,生殖细胞进入分裂期;并于约两小时后,分裂为两个精细胞。(2)约14 h,花粉管进入子房腔;约18~24 h,花粉管进入胚囊,破坏一个助细胞,并在其珠孔端释放两个精子;随后被释放的精子移到卵细胞与次生核附近。(3)授粉后约30 h精核进入卵细胞;约34 h,精核与卵核融合,并在卵核内出现分散的雄性染色质,进而出现雄性核仁;44~50 h,雌、雄性核仁融合,形成合子;合子的休眠期为10 h左右。60 h之后,合子分裂形成二细胞原胚。(4)约26 h,另一个精子的精核与次生核核膜相贴伏,随后与之融合;约30~34 h,次生核内出现分散的雄性染色质,随之出现雄性核仁;约38~42 h,雌、雄性核仁融合,形成初生胚乳核。约44 h后,初生胚乳核进行有丝分裂,形成两个胚乳细胞。番茄胚乳发育属于细胞型。初生胚乳核无休眠期。(5)精子与次生核的融合比与卵核的融合快。(6)番茄的受精作用属于有丝分裂前配子融合类型。 相似文献
4.
银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)是最古老裸子植物之一,其传粉受精过程表现出许多特殊的原始性状和特征,在种子植物的系统演化上具有重要研究价值;同时,银杏种实经济价值高,但栽培上由于授粉受精不良而导致落花落果现象严重,因此了解银杏传粉生物学特性对于其种实的优质高产具有实际意义.本文从银杏雌雄株开花物候学、雌雄花形态结构特征、花粉和胚珠发育进程、花粉和胚珠生物学特性、传粉机制及花粉在胚珠内萌发生长进程等方面,对银杏传粉生物学相关研究进行综述,为银杏的系统演化、授粉受精和种实发育研究提供参考. 相似文献
5.
6.
7.
8.
本文对四川省都江堰市青城山境内的穗花杉群落进行了初步研究,首次揭示了穗花杉群落和种群的基本特征.穗花杉种群具明显的增长型特征,处于良好的发育状态,其空间分布格局为集群型,其生态习性为显著的耐阴性和岩生性.穗花杉植物群落植物区系成分表现为古老性、残遗性和特有性的有机融合,群落内有维管束植物111种.其中热带区系成分占优势.生活型话以常绿高位芽植物为主.而其中又以常绿小高位芽和常绿中高位芽植物占优势.群落中植物叶的性质亦与常绿阔叶林相似。由于常绿针叶植物穗花村在群落中居优势地位,因此作者认为该群落是亚热带常绿阔叶林中的一类特殊群落类型。 相似文献
9.
10.
三尖杉属的精原细胞有一类似银杏生毛体的星状体结构,它分裂产生的2个精子,在大小与形态上都基本相同,而且在精子细胞质中具有拟核仁颗粒存在。上述结构是三尖杉属的重要特点之一。本属植物的成熟卵细胞特别长,细胞质中有丰富的拟核仁结构,卵核下方具2—3团浓稠的细胞质团,这些结构很像穗花杉的卵细胞。三尖杉属的受精作用,属于有丝分裂后类型,这种类型只在松科和三尖杉科中发现。受精后,卵细胞发生强烈的极性分化,上部细胞质变成高度液泡化;相反,下部细胞质则聚集大量蛋白泡和拟核仁颗粒。 相似文献
11.
The present investigation was conducted during 1980–1982, and mater- ials collected from Jin-Fo shan (Golden Buddha Mountain), at a height of 1400-1600 m, Sichuan province, China. Pollination of Amentotaxus argotaenia began to proceed last week of May, and came into bloom the first week of June. The male strobiles were almost entirely wilting at June 12–15. Thus, florescence of Amentotaxus spread over a period of 3 weeks. While the pollen grains approaching to maturity, most of the microspores divide to form a larger tube cell and a smaller antheridial initial. In this case the mature pollen grains of Amentotaxus consist of two cells. Then pollen grains are attracted down into the pollen chamber in the apex of the nucellus after pollination. The pollen chamber of Amentotaxus in longitudinal section looks like a flask in shape and is very much similar to that of Ginkgo biloba. As pollen grains at pollen chamber begin to germinate, the antheridial initials divide again to give rise to a spermatogenous cell and a sterile cell. At first, the spermatogenous cell is of a size only 11–13 μ in diameter. When the pollen tube reaches the middle part of the nucellus, the spermatogeneous cell is of a size about 30 μ. In the middle of July, pollen tube approaches the top of the female gametophyte. In this time, the spermatogenous cell has already been mature enough and is of 58–85 μ in diameter. The nuclei of spermatogenous ceils, 30–36 μ in size, are usually lying in the lateral side of the cytoplasm at its micropylar end. From the middle to the end of July, spermatogenous cells divide to form two unequal sperms, one of which is larger than the other and is the functional one. The large sperm is almost round in shape and about 56 μ in diameter. The small sperm is elliptic in shape, non-functional, and about 33 μ in diameter. The nuclei of the large and small sperms are about 40 μ and 26 μ, respectively. In some cases there are lateral pollen tube and sperms in the ovules of Amentotaxus, or the pollen tube even grows toward the lower part of female gametophyte in the chalazal end and there are well developed sperms in such a case. In the middle of July, nucleus of the central cell divides to form a ventral canal nucleus and an egg nucleus. The former then breaks down quickly and the latter continues to develope and moves toward the central part of the egg cell gradually. It is interesting to note that there are a number of nucleolus-like grains in the cytoplasm of the egg cell in Amentotaxus. The large nueleolus-like grains contain a larger central vacuole with several smaller vacuoles surrounding it. These grains show a positive reaction and blue colour by PAS and aniline blue black or coomassie brilliant blue, respectively. The above facts show that the nucleolus-like grains contain not only po- lysaccharides, but also protein. Similar grains may also found in the developing pollen tube. This is a unique feature in Amentotaxus and even in Gymnosperms. Otherwise, there are often two groups of the dense cytoplasm under the egg nucleus in Amentotaxus. Fertilization of Amentotaxus took place around July 20–29 (1980–1982). Interval between pollination and fertilization was about two months. After male nucleus fuses entirely with the female nucleus, the zygote begins to divide by mitosis. During fertilization, in addition that the large sperm enters the egg cell and fuses with the egg nucleus, the small sperm, tube nucleus, and sterile cell are often delivered into the egg cell. But they are disintegrated gradual]y and eventually. It is worthy to note that the nucleolus-like grains and the starches in pollen tube are also released into the egg cell. Then enlargement, fusion, and budding in the nucleolus-like grains may be found within the cytoplasm of the egg cell after fertilization. The history of investigating Amentotaxus found in 1883 has been lasting a long period of 100 years. But researches in sex production has never been studied before. The present work has shown that fertilization in Araentotaxus is very much similar to that in Taxus, Pseudotaxus, and Torreya. In other words, they all belong to the same type, that is, mitosis of zygote taking place after fusion of the two sexual nuclei. This condition constitutes one of the features of Taxaceae. But fertilization in Cephalotaxaceae is different from that of Taxaceae in having mitosis taking place before fusion of the two sexual nuclei. Pollination of Amentotaxus is similar to that of Cephalotaxus with dual-cell pollen grains at shedding stage. On the other hand, interval between pollination and fertilization in Austrotaxus lasts for 13.5 months, and this is the longest one in Taxaceae, and it is similar to that of Cephalotaxus proceeding for 14 months. To sum up, from the point of view of pollination, fertilization, and embryogenesis, Amentotaxus could be considered a primitive type in Taxaceae. Perhaps an order of systematic position of the genera belonging to Taxaceae can be arranged thus: Amentotaxus, Austrotaxus, Taxus, Pseudotaxus, and Torreya. And Cephalotaxaceae may be related to Taxaceae by way of Amentotaxus. 相似文献
12.
Cytological and histological studies of seeds from three facultative apomictic Citrus cultivars show that adventive embryos develop, as a rule, from the first few cell layers of the nucellus adjacent to the embryo sac in the micropylar half and occasionally from the chalazal end. The adventive embryos initiated in nucellar tissue away from the embryo sac and most of those initiated from the chalazal end of the nucellus do not develop beyond the one-celled stage. When two or more embryos are developing in the same seed, the successful development of a given embryo depends on its location in relation to access to nutrients from the endosperm. The presence of a zygote and triploid endosperm in seeds with adventive embryos, the abortion of seed when endosperm degenerates, and the lack of seed set without pollination indicate that pollination and fertilization are essential for in vivo adventive embryogenesis. 相似文献
13.
中国鹅掌楸传粉生物学研究 总被引:12,自引:1,他引:12
对中国鹅掌楸(Liriodendronchinense)的不育现象已有了许多的研究。与自然传粉和杂交控制传粉相比,自花传粉常常导致较低的结实率。经过传粉以后,仅落在柱头上的花粉才有可能得到正常发育,并对植物的结实率产生影响。研究结果表明:中国鹅掌楸不同花期开放的各个花朵,所接收到的花粉量是不一致的,在中期开放的花朵接收花粉量较多。在多数情况下,花的下部位柱头接收了较多的花粉,中部位的柱头次之,而上部位接收的花粉较少。通过比较分析,认为有必要对落在柱头上的花粉来源和花粉纯度及这些指标与结实率之间的关系做进一步研究。 相似文献
14.
10种百合属植物的传粉生物学 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
对百合属(Lilium)10种植物的自花传粉和中间传粉进行了初步观察分析,结果为:轮叶百合、有斑渥丹、王百合及毛百合自花不孕。川百合和条叶百合同株异花授粉和亲和性好于同花授粉的亲和性。在常规授粉条件下,种间授粉亲和性与形态学亲缘关系不完全一致。在13组杂交组合中,同是卷瓣组的细叶百合和垂花百合,正反交分别得到16%和25%的有胚种子;同为钟花组的毛百合和有斑渥丹,正反交均不座果;卷瓣组的条叶百合× 相似文献
15.
Pollination, fertilization and ovule abortion were studied in Oxalis magnifica (Rose) Knuth, a strongly self-incompatible herb that regularly matures only a fraction of its ovules. Examination of cleared ovules indicated that among 9 individuals the average number of ovules fertilized ranged from 48–92%. The remaining ovules either failed to produce female gametophytes, or more commonly contained unfertilized female gametophytes, despite large numbers of compatible pollen grains that were placed on stigmas. Abortion of fertlized ovules could be detected first by the flattened and enlarged appearance of the endosperm nuclei, followed by visible deterioration of the embryo. Among individuals the rate of embryo abortion varied from 3.4–47.9%. At lower levels of pollination an almost one-to-one relationship existed between the number of pollen grains placed on stigmas and the number of seeds matured in the capsule. No threshold number of pollen grains necessary for successful pollen tube growth and fertilization could be demonstrated. Reduction in seed number through embryo abortion provides an opportunity for selection among developing seeds. The potential for this form of selection varies widely among individuals of Oxalis magnifica, which showed a 14-fold variation in the average percentage of aborted ovules. 相似文献
16.
17.
滇西北马先蒿属传粉生物学的初步研究 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
对云南西北部的中甸和德钦高山地区4种马先蒿属(PedicularisL.)植物的传粉生物学进行了观察。晚夏开花的马先蒿与传粉熊蜂(BombusLatr.)的出现在物候上有一定的相关性。其中短管、无喙、无蜜腺的肉根马先蒿(P.royleiMaxim.)和茨口马先蒿(P.tsekouensisBonati)是由熊蜂工蜂震动花粉、背触式传粉,这与其花冠类型的较原始性有关;长管、具喙、无蜜腺的斑唇马先蒿(P.longifloravar.tubiformis(Klotz.)Tsoong)和云南长管马先蒿(P.siphonanthaDon.var.delavayi(Franch.)Tsoong)通过熊蜂工蜂震动花粉、腹触式传粉。长管类马先蒿在植株相对矮小的情况下,通过较长的花冠管具喙向外伸出以实现授粉,这可能是与其传粉熊蜂协同进化的结果。 相似文献
18.
甜叶菊的受精作用及胚和胚乳的早期发育 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
成熟胚囊被珠被绒毡县包围,由卵器、具次生核的中央细胞以及数目为1至6个反足细胞组成。传粉后6小时左右,雌、雄性核融合。配子融合同精核与次生核的融合几乎同时发生;精核与次生核融合速度快于配子融合。甜叶菊受精作用属于有丝分裂前类型。传粉后8小时左右,初生胚乳核分裂,其分裂方向可与胚囊长轴平行或垂直,从而形成最初的两个胚乳细胞。胚乳细胞前5次分裂是同步的。心形胚阶段,胚乳细胞呈现被消化吸收的迹象。胚乳发育属细胞型。传粉后10小时左右,合子第一次分裂,为横分裂。胚胎发育属紫菀型。 相似文献
19.
经免疫亲和层析系统纯化后,用间接竞争ELISA 法测定了烟草(Nicotiana tabacum )生殖器官在传粉前后细胞分裂素(t-ZR,iPA)含量的变化. 开花前5 d,花药和花丝中的细胞分裂素(CTK)含量均达到最高值,以后随雄蕊发育逐渐下降. 授粉使花柱CTK 含量急剧上升,授粉后1 d 达到高峰,未经受粉的花柱CTK 开花后下降.授粉后2 d,子房中的CTK 开始上升,在授粉后4 d 达到最高值,而未受精的子房CTK 含量开花后下降. 传粉后雌蕊中CTK含量随花粉管生长而有规律地增加,CTK 积极参与植物的传粉和受精过程 相似文献