四种裸子植物叶精油化学成分的研究

采用气相色谱—质谱—计算机联用仪对穗花杉、南方红豆杉、三尖杉和罗汉松叶精油化学成分的研究发现,三尖杉和穗花杉叶精油的组成特点极为相似,相同成分１３个,占各自精油组成的４８．０７％和３３．３２％．三尖杉和南方红豆杉叶精油的相同成分４个,占各自精油组成的１６．１４％和４０．５９％．在一定程度上支持三尖杉科和红豆杉科的亲缘关系接近,红豆杉科可能是通过穗花杉属和三尖杉科相联系的观点．罗汉松和穗花杉叶精油的相同成分４个,占各自叶精油组成的比例为２４．０９％和２０．８２％,比罗汉松和南方红豆杉、三尖杉之间组分的相似性要高．反映出罗汉松科和红豆杉科之间有一定联系,穗花杉属是认识红豆杉科、三尖杉科和罗汉松科之间系统关系的关键属     

从胚胎发育看穗花杉属的系统位置

穗花杉 Amentotaxus argotaenia 胚胎发育的主要特点是： 原胚在16核时形成细胞壁, 幼胚发育缓慢,并要经过一个冬季低温阶段,一直到第二年种子脱落时,它们还处于简单多胚 的选择时期, 后期胚的发育是在种子脱离母树后进行的。根据胚胎发育特点,穗花杉属在红豆杉科中的系统位置(由原始到进化的顺序)是：穗花杉属,澳洲红豆杉属,红豆杉属,白豆杉属,榧树属。     

裸子植物的生化系统学(三)——从种子蛋白多肽和针叶过氧化物酶探讨红豆杉科的系统位置

SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳揭示红豆杉属和白豆杉的种子蛋白主要多肽的分子量为31、 22和20千道尔顿(K)。穗花杉的多肽谱与上述两属相差较大,没有22K多肽,代之以一个33K 主要多肽。榧树属和穗花杉有很多共同的多肽,但没有44K这个红豆杉科多数种类共有的中 等含量的多肽,并出现一个36K主要多肽。三尖杉属一些种的多肽谱十分接近红豆杉属,竹 柏的种子蛋白与上述分类群也有一定程度的近似。 红豆杉科各属之间针叶过氧化物酶谱差别很大,但三尖杉属一些种与红豆杉属却有些类 似。 两种蛋白质资料一致说明红豆杉科内的进化趋势是从红豆杉属、经白豆杉属和穗花杉属 至榧树属。红豆杉属和三尖杉属之间蛋白质的近似,说明红豆杉科和三尖杉科之间的关系,可 能通过红豆杉属相联系的,述资料也说明红豆杉科应置于松柏目之下。     

部分裸子植物假种皮微形态特征及共分类学意义

应用扫描电镜对红豆杉科、三尖杉科和罗汉松科植物假种皮的微形态特征进行了研究,结果表明：可以把红豆杉科植物分为两类,既具规则型网状纹饰的经豆杉属和具夫规则型网状纹饰的白豆杉属、穗花杉属和榧树属。在后三属中,穗花杉属的穗花帮和白豆杉属的纹饰特征更为相近,同属厚网脊亚型。而云南穗花杉和榧树属的特征相近,属薄网脊亚型。假种皮表面纹饰特征显示不宜将红豆杉（Ｔ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）再分为两个独立的种,认为设立     

红豆杉科及相关类群rbc L基因PCR-RFLP分析

运用RFLP方法对红豆杉科及相关类群14种植物叶绿体rbcL基因PCR产物进行限制酶酶切分析,共获29个酶切变异位点。采用PHYLIP 软件包对限制位点变异数据进行极大简约法分析得到18个步长为6的最简约树并求得一致树,结果显示：（1）红豆杉科和三尖杉科属单系群;(2) 穗花杉属Amentotaxus以置于红豆杉科内为宜,不支持将穗花杉属独立成科的处理方式;(3)白豆杉应为红豆杉科内一个属Pseudotaxus;(4) 三尖杉属内篦子三尖杉地位特殊,可设篦子三尖杉组;(5) 不赞同将竹柏类从罗汉松属中分离出去成立新科;(6) 红豆杉科、三尖杉科和罗汉松科三者间,前两者的关系更为接近。     

中国特有植物穗花杉的生物学特性及其保护

穗花杉（Ａｍｅｎｔｏｔａｘｕｓ　ａｒｇｏｔａｅｎｉａ（Ｈａｎｃｅ）Ｐｉｌｇｅｒ）属于红豆杉科穗花杉属,为我国特有树种;现正处在濒危状态,已被列为国家三级保护植物。本文比较系统地综述了穗花杉的生物学特性,包括其外部形态、内部结构、化学成分、地理分布、生长特性、生态学和群落特性等。关于穗花杉的系统位置,一直争论不休,作者简述了各种分类观点后,根据上述特性分析结果,支持将稳花杉放于红豆杉科中并与榧树属同族的主张。最后,文章分析了可能引起穗花杉濒危的原因,并提出了两点保护措施。     

部分裸子植物假种皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

应用扫描电镜对红豆杉科、三尖杉科和罗汉松科植物假种皮的微形态特征进行了研究,结果表明：可以把红豆杉科植物分为两类,即具规则型网状纹饰的红豆杉属和具无规则型网状纹饰的白豆杉属、穗花杉属和榧树属。在后三属中,穗花杉属的穗花杉和白豆杉属的纹饰特征更为相近,同属厚网脊亚型。而云南穗花杉和榧树属的特征相近,属薄网脊亚型。假种皮表面纹饰特征显示不宜将红豆杉（T．chinensis）再分为两个独立的种,认为设立红豆杉和变种南方红豆杉（T．chinensisvar.mairei）的处理方式更加合理。三尖杉科（属）蓖子三尖杉（C．oliveri）假种皮纹饰的网脊、网底分化程度、细胞大小、单位面积细胞数和本届的其它植物差异很大,为建立蓖子三尖杉组提供了进一步的佐证。假种皮的微形态特征还支持把宽叶粗榧（C.sinensisvar.latifolia）上升为种C．latifolia的观点。罗汉松科假种皮纹饰类型的观察结果表明罗汉松属和陆均松属是自然分类群。尽管罗汉松属竹相组假种皮纹饰的网脊变异范围相对较大,但是变异范围仍在属内,不支持将其独立为新科的观点。假种皮的表面纹饰特征还表明三尖杉科和红豆杉科之间的联系密切。     

从幼苗形态学特征探讨红豆杉科各属间的系统演化

本文根据幼苗的形态学特征,尤其是子叶的结构、说明在红豆杉科中最原始的属是榧树属,其幼苗为留土萌发,植株粗壮;子叶肥厚,有吸收功能,叶肉不分化,其细胞中充满淀粉粒：维管束在子叶的上部或顶部为单束2条,下部合并成双束1条。其次是穗花杉属,幼苗为出土萌发,植株粗壮,下胚轴的下部肥厚;子叶稍肉质,叶肉不分化,质体淡绿,有一定的光合功能,但主要是积累淀粉,维管束双束1条,在子叶的顶端趋于分裂。最进化的是红豆杉属和白豆杉属,可能还有澳洲红豆杉属,其幼苗为出土萌发,植株纤细;子叶薄,叶状,叶肉分化成栅栏和海绵组织,维管束单束1条。本科中族的划分和属的系统排列,从原始到进化,应该是：族1．榧树族(1．榧树属);族2．穗花杉族(2．穗花杉属);族3．红豆杉族(3．澳洲红豆杉属,4．红豆杉属,5．白豆杉属)。     

红豆杉科及相关类群rbcL基因PCR—RFLP分析

运用RFLP方法对红豆杉科及相关类群14种植物叶绿体rbcL基因PCR产物进行限制酶酶切分析,共获29个酶切变异位点。采用PHYLIP软件包对限制位点变异数据进行极大简约法分析得到18个步长为6的最简约树并求得一致树,结果显示：⑴红豆杉科和三尖杉科属单系群;⑵穗花杉属Amentotaxus以置于红豆杉科内为宜,不支持将穗花杉属独立成科的处理方式;⑶白豆杉应为红豆杉科内一个属Pseudotaxus;⑷三尖杉属内篦子三尖杉地位特殊,可设篦子三尖杉组;⑸不赞同将竹柏类从罗汉松属中分离出去成立新科;⑹红豆杉科、三尖杉科和罗汉松科三者间,前两者的关系更为接近。     

红豆杉科皆美木

红豆杉科在裸子植物中较为特殊,主要是它的种子像核果或呈坚果状,包于杯状或囊状假种皮中,与松、杉、柏等科的种子生于球果中的情况大不相同。另外,该科几乎所有的种都为雌雄异株。红豆杉科共有５个属：红豆杉属、白豆杉属、穗花杉属、榧树属和澳洲红豆杉属,除后者外,其它４属中国均有分布红豆杉——树皮抗癌需保护红豆杉属（Ｔａｘｕｓ）植物又通称紫杉,共１１种,中国产４种１变种。在不久前公布的国家重点保护野生植物名录中,国产的红豆杉属树种均位居一级,引起了人们的关注和思考。“红豆杉”这个中文名称颇有诗意,这不禁使人…     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.