贵州青岩油杉种群年龄结构和动态的研究

研究了青岩油杉种群年龄结构的类型,动态规律及其与群落演替和环境之间的相互关系。结果表明,青岩油杉种群年龄结构有增长型,稳定型,始衰型和中衰型4类,存活曲线呈现凹型,凸型,间断型和散点型,随着群落的发育和演替,青岩油杉种群年龄结构的变化趋势为增长型→稳定型→衰退型→残留型。青岩油杉本身的生物生态学特性,群落内阔叶树的发展,地理隔离,人为干扰等是影响青岩油杉种群年龄结构及其动态变化的重要因素。     

山西云蒙山油松种群的年龄结构和动态特征

本文用样方法研究了山西云蒙山油松种群的年龄结构、存活曲线和数量动态规律,并且讨论了油松种群数量动态和群落演替的关系,结果表明:油松种群具有增长型和衰退型的动态特征,影响油松种群数量的内在机制主要是种内光资源的竞争。尽管大多数油松种群处于不断衰减状态,但其群落结构及性质在较长时期内将不会发生显著的变化。     

棉蚜与其天敌种群分布格局的关系

对棉蚜与其多种天敌在数、时、空方面关系的研究表明,龟纹瓢虫与棉蚜种群数量极相关,两者发生数量高峰期和低谷期均是同步的,龟纹瓢虫对棉蚜种群有明显的控制作用,龟纹瓢虫、草间小黑株及棉蚜种群的三维空间格乙为聚集型,棉蚜和草间小黑蚜个体间互相吸引,龟纹瓢虫个体间互相排斥。     

不同类型棉田棉蚜种群动态研究

根据华北棉区8种不同时空类型棉蚜种群密度调查结果,分析和比较了不同播种时间、间套作及免耕措施对棉蚜种群密度的影响。     

陕西不同地区栓皮栎种群年龄结构动态模型的研究

栓皮栎种群动态模型能阐明其自然种群动态的规律,揭示种群的内在机制和对种群行为进行预测。矩阵模型是一种i状态分布方法,依靠矩阵形式来处理种群的特征分布,可以模拟和预测种群中各个年龄组的数量动态和年龄结构的变化,它能够从目前已知的年龄结构及种群的生存率和生育率,来推测种群的未来年龄结构。在研究栓皮栎种群动态时,也借用该模型对栓皮栎种群各年龄组的结构和数量动态作出预测。Leslie矩阵模型就是该模型中的一种,利用该模型的理论和方法,对栓皮栎种群的自然变化过程进行了模拟和预测。结果发现,从分布中心到分布边缘,随着生境的差异,栓皮栎种群产生幼苗的年龄级、内禀增长率、生育力和幼苗的数量都发生变化,预测结果与实际反映的情况基本一致,表明Leslie矩阵模型是一种较为理想的反映种群动态的模型。模型表达形式简单,参数生态学意义确切,应用精度高,从而达到准确预测栓皮栎种群动态的目的。     

广东内伶仃岛猕猴种群年龄结构及发展趋势

根据1997年1月至2000年12月的野外观察,对内伶仃岛猕猴种群年龄结构及发展趋势进行了研究,结果表明（1）内伶钉岛猕猴种群雄性比为1：98,各年龄组性比幼年组为1：1．07,青年组为1L0．93,中壮年组为1：0．6,中老年组为1：0．57,老年组为1：1．14;（2）列出了猕猴种群年龄结构图,确定了年增长率为6．9％,种群数量的动态公式是Nt=200e^0.069t;(3)预测了未来10a的猕猴种群的数量和发展,种群数量从2001年到2010年增长到1200头左右;（4）内伶仃岛猕猴种群发展的最适容纳量为900－1100头（平均1000头）。     

斑苦竹(Pleioblastus maculata)无性系种群的数量和年龄结构动态

依据Ｈａｒｐｅｒ（１９７７）提出的构件生物种群理论,将源于同一地下根茎的每一竹子个构件。把斑苦竹竹子构件无性系种各的生活史小循环划分为８个阶段,用Ｌｅｓｌｉｅ矩阵表 预测了四川晋云山该种群的数量和年龄结构变化趋势。结果表明,用Ｌｅｓｌｉｅ矩阵来预测靠无性繁殖来扩大种群数量的竹类植物的年龄结构和数量动态,具有较高的可靠性。     

转基因棉田棉蚜种群动态及相关影响因子分析

以3个转基因棉花品种和2个对照棉花品种为研究材料,在棉花苗期组建了棉蚜连续3个世代的自然种群生命表。结果表明：3个转基因棉花品种田棉蚜的种群趋势指数在第1代和第2代均高于对照,第3代则略低于对照;从连续3个世代的棉蚜种群累积增长趋势指数分析,转基因棉“国抗22”上的种群累积增长指数为5.40,比对照“泗棉3号”上的高1.21%,转基因棉“苏抗103”和“中抗310”上的种群累积增长指数较对照“苏棉12”上的也分别增加49.54%和65.79%。比较各作用因子的控制指数,发现3个转基因棉花品种田寄生性天敌的控制指数大多数小于各自的对照棉田,而天敌捕食等其他一些作用因子的控制指数在常规对照棉田与转基因棉花品种间差异不大。     

陕西凤县驯养林麝的种群动态、性比和年龄结构

林麝是濒危资源动物,林麝驯养是保育濒危林麝资源及可持续利用麝香的有效方式。基于对2001至2012年间的陕西凤县林麝驯养的监测和调查,分析了其种群动态、性比和年龄结构。结果表明,陕西凤县的林麝驯养在近10余年获得了快速发展,全县共有150余个麝场,麝场数呈指数式增长,增长率达27.33%,但其平均驯养规模无明显增长,平均存栏种群仅为16.38头。凤县的驯养麝种群总体增长近似指数式增长,增长率达27.22%,目前存栏种群已达3712头。区分性别和年龄,各亚群的增长均呈指数式增长,幼年麝的增长率(30.30%)高于成年麝(27.16%),雄麝的增长率(28.30%)高于雌麝(27.78%)。在2001至2012年间,幼麝种群的雌雄性比((102.64±3.15)%,n=12)和成年麝种群的雌雄性比((100.85±2.585)%,n=10)均显著偏雌(P0.01),但幼麝、成年麝种群间的性比差异不显著(P0.05)。在2005年及2010—2012年间,幼麝(0.5岁龄)占种群的比例为31.91%,亚成体麝(1.5岁龄)占种群的比例为21.11%,成麝(2.5—12.5岁龄)比例为42.72%,老年麝(13.5岁龄及以上)仅占种群的4.26%。合并年龄分析,育龄前个体(幼麝和亚成体麝)的平均比例为53.02%,表明凤县驯养林麝属快速增长种群,其增长潜力较大。在林麝驯养实践中,管理部门可制定准入制度或适当重组现有麝场,促进较大的驯养种群构建,并建立通畅的麝香交易渠道,控制林麝种源的过热交易,以利于林麝驯养种群的性比平衡及可持续的繁育、增长。     

棉蚜在棉株上数量动态的初步研究

棉蚜(Aphis gossypii)是棉花苗期至花铃前期的主要害虫之一。长期以来,由于大量使用化学药物,其抗药性不断增加。为了掌握棉蚜种群数量消长的一般规律,给寻找其他有效的防治方法提供依据,本文对棉蚜实验种群的数量动态与其宿主棉株的关系进行了初步探讨。现将结果报道如下。     

Factors influencing parasitism of Trichogramma dendrolimi on eggs of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis

Laboratory studies were made to determine the capacity of Trichogramma dendrolimi to parasitize eggs of Ostrinia furnacalis, as affected by the rearing host species, substrate of host eggs, host age, original locality of host populations, and cold storage of host eggs. Wasps reared from eggs of Antheraea pernyi showed parasitic capacity on eggs of O. furnacalis on average twice as high as that of the wasps reared from eggs of Corcyra cephalonica. When the age of O. furnacalis eggs at 26 °C increased from 0–6 h to 18–24 h, the proportion of wasps that successfully parasitized host eggs, the number of host eggs parasitized, and the rate of parasitization all decreased by >50%. The number of O. furnacalis eggs parasitized per female T. dendrolimi increased with the number of host eggs available, and reached 22.9 in a 24 h period. However, the parasitic capacity of female T. dendrolimi on eggs of O. furnacalis laid on plant leaves was similar to that of O. furnacalis eggs laid on wax paper. Levels of parasitism of O. furnacalis eggs from two widely separated localities, i.e. Changchun (43.50° N, 125.20° E) and Hangzhou (30.18° N, 120.07° E), were similar. Cold storage of O. furnacalis eggs at 4 °C for 5 days did not affect parasitization. Results obtained in this study indicate that although O. furnacalis is a less preferred and less suitable host than many other hosts, such as Dendrolimus punctatus, Actias selene ningpoane, Philosamia cynthia, A. pernyi, C. cephalonica, within the host-species range of T. dendrolimi, the parasitoid has the potential to achieve 50–60% or even higher rates of parasitization of O. furnacalis eggs in corn fields under suitable conditions, and could be used in the biological control of the pest.     

温度对棉蚜繁殖速度的影响

作者于1981—1983年在棉花苗龄一致、棉蚜试验基数一致、隔离天敌动物及有翅蚜条件下,利用4—7月份的棉田不同温、湿度条件,研究了棉田温度对棉蚜繁殖速度的影响。结果证明:棉田五日平均温度(以下简称温度)17.6—24.0℃,棉蚜繁殖速度最快,五日内繁殖21.9—46.0倍;温度低于和高于此范围,达12.7℃和25.0—31.2℃时,棉蚜繁殖速度减慢,同期分别繁殖4.2倍和6.3—19.2倍。同时证明:在伏期7月份当温度在上述适温范围内时,棉蚜繁殖速度快,而当温度高至26.7—30.9℃处于适温范围以外时,其繁殖速度同样减慢,同期繁殖4.5—19.2倍。由此说明,确利于棉蚜繁殖的适温范围大体为17—24℃;棉蚜繁殖在5月份苗期和7月份伏期的适温范围基本一致。     

玉米螟赤眼蜂在甜玉米地寄生率和扩散规律的研究

调查研究了玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen在甜玉米地的年消长动态、日活动规律,以及对不同甜玉米品种和不同防治类型地亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee)卵的寄生率。玉米螟赤眼蜂田间扩散规律为：在苗期,按每点2000头的蜂量相距32m左右释放玉米螟赤眼蜂,即可达到50％以上的寄生率;在穗期,按每点2000头的蜂量相距24m左右释放玉米螟赤眼蜂,可达到80％以上的寄生率。     

Ecdysone metabolism in the host-parasitoid-system Trichoplusia ni/Chelonus sp

In unparasitized 4th and 5th-instar larvae of Trichoplusia ni and in 4th-instar larvae parasitized by Chelonus sp. 20-hydroxyecdysone, 20,26-dihydroxyec-dysone, and 20-hydroxyecdysonoic acid were the predominant metabolites formed 2 h after injection of [³H]ecdysone. Other unidentified metabolites were seen, but none seemed to be specific for either parasitized or unparasitized larvae. The major difference between parasitized and unparasitized larvae was seen with respect to the quantity of apolar (unidentified) and polar metabolites (20-hydroxyecdysonoic acid and unidentified ones), which were produced to a greater extent in parasitized larvae. Ecdysone was rapidly converted into 20-hydroxyecdysone and the other polar metabolites in all stages investigated, and the parasitoid seemed not to affect the conversion of ecdysone into 20-hydroxyecdysone. When analyzing the fate of [³H]ecdysone in host and parasite separately, at a stage when the parasite drinks hemolymph of its host, we observed that 10–20% of the radioactivity was recovered from the parasitoid. Analysis of the parasitoid's ecdysteroids revealed that ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone represented only a small proportion of the recovered labeled ecdysteroids, the majority being apolar and polar metabolites. Our data suggest that the parasitoid takes up ecdysteroids from its host, converts them, and to some extent releases apolar metabolites into the host.     

Is the parasitization capacity of Trichogramma cordubensis influenced by the age of the females?

We investigated the parasitization capacity of Trichogramma cordubensis Vargas & Cabello (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) females aged 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, 120 h, and 144 h, using Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs as hosts. Wasps were held without hosts during the period of ageing, therefore being increasingly time-limited with respect to parasitization as they got older. The total number of parasitized hosts decreased as the age of the parasitoid increased. However, the proportion of lifetime parasitism carried out on the first day increased with wasp age, up to 120-h old females. These results show that the parasitization capacity of ageing T. cordubensis females changes as they become time-limited. The consequences of such changes for biological control programs are discussed.     

BIONOMICS OF MICROPLITIS MEDIATOR (HYM: BRACONIDAE) PARASITIZING PSEUDALETIA SEPARATA (LEP: NOCTUIDAE)*

Abstract This paper deals with the bionomics of Microplitis mediator parasitizing Pseudaletia separata. There were some stings (ca. 3. 1%) in which female wasps oviposited more than one eggs and about 4. 6% stings that there was no egg laid into a host. A negative correlation existed between the host age and percentage of parasitization. When the host suffered more stings by the parasitoid wasps, the percentage of parasitization was higher. But there was no correlation between the parasitoid sex ratio and the host age or the frequency of stings by the parasitoids. The host age is not the major factor affecting the offspring sex ratio of the parasitoid. Some putative sex determinant factors in the parasitoid are discussed and the 2nd instar of the host is recommended as a suitable host age in which parasitization could be performed for the purpose of the parasitoid mass culture.