Entomological Research： Progress and Prospects

Because of their economic importance, ancient evolutionary history, and extensive diversity, insects are of great interest to humans. As a result of their economic importance and scientific values, entomology, a branch of science that deals with insects in various aspects, has been advancing rapidly, especially in the past two decades. Coincidentally during the same period, numerous young Chinese scientists have been abroad to pursue advanced studies as graduates or to conduct research as scholars in various entomological fields. Most of them have made great achievements in their areas due to their strong commitment and diligent work. This can be evidenced by a huge number of their publications in highly ranked scientific journals. As a result of their outstanding contributions, many of them have been promoted to faculty positions in universities, government agencies, and other institutions around the world. Armed with rich research experience, modern technologies, and comprehensive expertise, these overseas entomologists want to make contributions to accelerate entomological research in China. The book Entomological Research： Progress and Prospects is one of their strides in this direction.     

Rice Research： Past, Present and Future

Rice （Oryza sativa L.） is a major crop in the world and provides the staple food for over half of the world＇s population. From thousands of years of cultivation and breeding to recent genomics, rice has been the focus of agriculture and plant research.     

Society for Mycotoxin Research—News and announcements

Society for Mycotoxin Research – News and Announcements

Society for Mycotoxin Research—News and announcements     

Genome Editing—Principles and Applications for Functional Genomics Research and Crop Improvement

Genome editing technologies are powerful tools for studying gene function and for crop improvement. The technologies rely on engineered endonucleases to generate double stranded breaks (DSBs) at target loci. The DSBs are repaired through the error-prone non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR) pathways in cells, resulting in mutations and sequence replacement, respectively. In the widely used CRISPR/Cas9 system, the endonuclease Cas9 is targeted by a CRISPR small RNA to DNA sequence of interest. In this review, we describe the four available types of genome editing tools, ZFN, TALEN, CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR/Cpf1, and show their applications in functional genomics research and precision molecular breeding of crops.     

“Bioethics in Action” and Human Population Genetics Research

Recent disputes about human population genetics research have been provoked by the field's political vulnerability (the historic imbalance of power between the geneticists and the people they study) and conceptual vulnerability (the mismatch between scientific and popular understandings of the genetic basis of collective identity). The small, isolated groups often studied by this science are now mobilizing themselves as political subjects, pressing sovereignty claims, and demanding control over the direction and interpretation of research. Negotiations between the geneticists and the people asked to donate DNA have resulted not only in explicit bioethics protocols but also in diffuse anxiety over the incommensurability between expert and non-expert views about genetic evidence for identity claims. This article compares two disputes over genetics research: the Human Genome Diversity Project and the use of genetics to prove identity claims among the Melungeons of Tennessee. The case studies illustrate “bioethics in action”: how particular controversies and interests drive the production of bioethics discourses and techniques (such as informed consent protocols). They also illustrate some limits on the usual apparatus of bioethics in overcoming this science's multiple vulnerabilities.     

AIDS Research and Its Role in China＇s AIDS Prevention and Control Policies

By the end of 2005, the estimated number of HIV infected people in China was 650,000. The seriousness of the epidemic calls for effective control measures to tackle the problems in order to avoid the tragedy in Africa from happening in China. ＂Prevention First＂ is the cornerstone of the country＇s health policy. On 2003 World AIDS Day, Premier Jiabao Wen announced a new national AIDS control policy, ＂Four Frees and One Care＂. This policy clearly shows that the Chinese government has once again taken full responsibility to solve public health problems and has profound impact far beyond the AIDS field. In early 2006, the central government put scientific and technology innovation as a national priority and set the target to build an innovative China by year 2020. Since then, the government has been increasing investment in science and technology with major emphasis on both infectious diseases control and new drug research and development. For the first time, development of 100 new drugs and control of major infectious diseases （AIDS, HBV, TB and other emerging infectious diseases） have been selected as national key scientific projects. China＇s best minds in related fields will be pooled to work together in order to remove the technical barriers blocking efficient control of the major infectious disease in China. Knowledge on molecular epidemiology, immunology, pathogenesis, HAART, as well as HIVDR strains will certainly provide urgently needed scientific information for China＇s AIDS control program. Only evidence-based strategy from good research will provide long-term effective control of AIDS.     

Dentists’ Dietary Perception and Practice Patterns in a Dental Practice-Based Research Network

Background

Dental caries are largely preventable, and epidemiological evidence for a relationship between diet and oral health is abundant. To date, however, dentists’ perceptions about the role of diet and dentists’ practice patterns regarding diet counseling have not been clarified.

Objective

The purposes of this study were to: (1) examine discordance between dentists’ perception of the importance of diet in caries treatment planning and their actual provision of diet counseling to patients, and (2) identify dentists’ characteristics associated with their provision of diet counseling.

Design

The study used a cross-sectional study design consisting of a questionnaire survey in Japan.

Participants

The study queried dentists working in outpatient dental practices who were affiliated with the Dental Practice-Based Research Network Japan (JDPBRN), which aims to allow dentists to investigate research questions and share experiences and expertise (n = 282).

Measurement

Dentists were asked about their perceptions on the importance of diet and their practice patterns regarding diet counseling, as well as patient, practice, and dentist background data.

Results

The majority of participants (n = 116, 63%) recognized that diet is “more important” to oral health. However, among participants who think diet is “more important” (n = 116), only 48% (n = 56) provide diet counseling to more than 20% of their patients. Multiple logistic regression analysis suggested that several variables were associated with providing diet counseling; dentist gender, practice busyness, percentage of patients interested in caries prevention, caries risk assessment, and percentage of patients who receive blood pressure screening.

Conclusions

Some discordance exists between dentists’ perception of the importance of diet in caries treatment planning and their actual practice pattern regarding diet counseling to patients. Reducing this discordance may require additional dentist education, including nutritional and systemic disease concepts; patient education to increase perception of the importance of caries prevention; or removing barriers to practices’ implementation of counseling.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01680848","term_id":"NCT01680848"}}NCT01680848     

Nanotechnology Nexus—Intersection of Research,Science, Technology,and Regulation

Not a day passes where nanotechnology does not make headlines in the popular press, scientific journals, as well as in the regulatory arena. Environmental and public health activists are voicing a growing concern and focus on the risks potentially posed by nanotechnology and the ability of the government to regulate these new and exciting technologies. Whereas such concerns state the need for stringent, precautionary, and almost exclusionary approaches to the regulation of nanotechnology, many entities believe that a voluntary approach to these often novel materials and technologies is the appropriate and sensible path. In this editorial, we discuss the importance of nanotechnology, who cares, and the available options for approaching the regulation of this often novel technology. We focus on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and its voluntary regulatory data submission program as the preferred alternative. ^{2 2}Comments are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their employers. View all notes