内质网应激与帕金森病

内质网是细胞内最重要的细胞器之一,内质网功能与细胞状态密切相关。异常蛋白在内质网的堆积、胆固醇代谢异常、钙代谢紊乱等均能引起内质网应激。内质网应激在细胞生理病理中发挥重要作用。研究表明:内质网应激与神经退行性疾病,如帕金森病密切相关。该文简单概述了内质网应激与帕金森病之间的关系。     

内质网应激与心血管疾病

内质网存在于除哺乳动物成熟的红细胞外的各种真核细胞中,是蛋白质合成折叠、Ca2+储存和脂质合成的重要场所。多种因素刺激引起的内质网内稳态的失衡会导致未折叠蛋白、错误折叠蛋白堆积,即内质网应激。通过激活未折叠蛋白反应,细胞发生适应或凋亡。内质网应激参与了多种心血管疾病的病理过程,是研究心血管疾病发病机制和治疗干预的新途径。     

内质网应激与疾病

内质网是蛋白质合成与折叠、维持Ca²⁺动态平衡及合成脂类和固醇的场所。遗传或环境损伤引起内质网功能紊乱导致内质网应激,激活未折叠蛋白反应。未折叠蛋白反应是一种细胞自我保护性措施,但是内质网应激过强或持续时间过久可引起细胞凋亡。因此,内质网应激与众多人类疾病的发生发展密切相关。最近研究证明,癌症、炎症性疾病、代谢性疾病、骨质疏松症及神经退行性疾病等有内质网应激信号传递参与。然而内质网应激作为一个有效靶点参与各种疾病发挥作用的功能和机制仍然有待进一步研究。在近年来发表的文献基础上对内质网应激与疾病的关系,以及其可能的作用机制进行综述。     

内质网应激调控细胞自噬和凋亡

内质网是真核细胞中蛋白质合成、折叠与分泌的重要膜性细胞器。当内源或外源性的刺激导致内质网的蛋白质折叠功能发生紊乱时,内质网腔内累积大量未折叠或错误折叠的蛋白质,并引起一系列后续反应称为内质网应激。此时,细胞启动未折叠蛋白反应,以清除未折叠蛋白并恢复内质网稳态。当内质网应激持续时,未折叠蛋白反应并不足以清除越积越多的未折叠蛋白,也无法去除受损伤的细胞器,细胞自噬被激活。当内质网应激过强或持续时间过长时,过度激活的自噬最终引起细胞死亡。该文就近年来内质网应激调控细胞自噬和细胞凋亡机制的研究进行综述,以期为相关领域的研究者提供新的思路。     

内质网应激

内质网应激表现为内质网腔内错误折叠与未折叠蛋白聚集以及Ca^2 平衡紊乱,可激活未折叠蛋白反应、内质网超负荷反应和caspase-12介导的凋亡通路等信号途径,既能诱导糖调节蛋白(glucose-regulated protein 78kD,GRP78)、GRP94等内质网分子伴侣表达而产生保护效应,亦能独立地诱导细胞凋亡。内质网应激直接影响应激细胞的转归,如适应、损伤或凋亡。     

内质网应激与心血管疾病关系的研究进展

内质网是蛋白质折叠、转录后修饰和转运的重要细胞器,对维持细胞稳态具有重要作用。多种内外环境刺激能够引起内质网内错误折叠或未折叠蛋白的积累,即形成内质网应激。内质网应激激活未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response,UPR),进而启动一系列下游信号以维持内质网稳态。但持续或过度的内质网应激激活的UPR最终导致细胞凋亡和疾病。近年来,大量研究证据表明,内质网应激参与多种心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease, CVD)的发生和发展,包括缺血性心脏病、糖尿病性心肌病、心力衰竭、动脉粥样硬化、血管钙化、高血压和主动脉瘤等,是治疗多种CVD的重要靶点。本文就内质网应激激活UPR在多种常见CVD中的调控机制以及内质网应激与CVD关系的研究进展作一简要综述。     

转录激活因子6：潜在的抗2 型糖尿病药物新靶点

真核细胞中的内质网是蛋白质合成、翻译和转运的场所,当内质网稳态被打破,出现蛋白质折叠障碍或错误折叠,并导致蛋白质过度积累时,便会引发内质网应激反应,即未折叠蛋白反应。大量的研究表明,内质网应激与2 型糖尿病的病理特征有一定的关系,而转录激活因子6 通路作为未折叠蛋白反应中3 条信号通路之一,调控着蛋白质的重折叠过程,对缓解内质网应激以及在糖脂代谢和胰岛素敏感性方面起着重要作用。简介内质网应激反应及相关信号通路和转录激活因子6,着重综述转录激活因子6 在肝脏糖脂代谢和胰岛素抵抗中的作用及相应机制,探讨其成为抗2 型糖尿病药物新靶点的可能性,为抗2 型糖尿病药物的研发提供新思路。     

内质网应激偶联炎症反应与慢性病发病机制

内质网是合成细胞内分泌蛋白和膜蛋白并进行蛋白折叠的主要细胞器。新近研究证明,当内质网蛋白质合成与折叠的负担增加、非折叠或错误折叠蛋白质堆积,可激活内质网的几组特定信号转导通路,将这些应激信号传递到细胞浆和细胞核,引起未/错误折叠蛋白反应。这对维持细胞动态平衡和生物体的发育具有重要意义。更为重要的是,未/错误折叠蛋白反应能够与细胞内炎症反应信号转导通路偶联,是非感染性致病原引发炎症反应的主要原因。因此,内质网应激-未/错误折叠蛋白反应-炎症反应在特定的细胞发生偶联是许多炎症疾病的发病机制。本文综述该领域的研究进展,并介绍了内质网应激信号和炎症反应偶联参与一些慢性病发病的分子细胞机制。这些研究不仅加深人们对这些慢性病发病机制的了解,也有助于对调节内质网应激-炎症反应的药物的研发。     

血管内皮细胞内质网应激

内质网是调控细胞内膜型/分泌型蛋白质合成、钙稳态和细胞凋亡的重要细胞器,多种因素影响内质网稳态、触发内质网应激。适当的内质网应激通过激活未折叠蛋白反应促进内质网紊乱的恢复,但过度内质网应激触发内质网相关凋亡途径,参与多种疾病的发生。血管内皮细胞具有高度发达的内质网,对内质网应激非常敏感,本文综述血管内皮细胞内质网应激反应及其在血管损伤相关疾病中的作用。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.