全氟辛酸的污染状况及环境行为研究进展

作为一种新型的持久性有机环境污染物,全氟辛酸（PFOA）及其盐类所造成的全球性生态系统污染已成事实,并成为持久性有机污染物研究的又一个新热点.动物实验表明, PFOA能引起肝脏、生殖、发育、遗传和免疫等毒性.美国国家环保局科学顾问委员会有关报告将PFOA描述为“可能的（likely）致癌物”,美国国家环保局已制订了有关计划促使生产企业主动削减PFOA物质在产品中含量, 以削减PFOA及其母体物质在环境中的排放.此外,欧美等发达国家也正在推进PFOA及其相关物质的风险评价研究,并积极寻求较为安全的替代产品.本文简要概述了PFOA的理化特性、环境来源及其在环境中的迁移转化、归宿及污染现状,并展望了今后PFOA的研究趋势.     

科尔沁沙地刺榆群落的结构特征

对科尔沁沙地刺榆（Hemiptelea davidii）群落的种类组成及其生态类型结构进行了调查.结果表明：研究区刺榆林不存在灌木层;其乔木层可划分为2个亚层,上、下层高度分别为4.05~7.86和2.05~3.20 m;林下共有32种草本植物,隶属13科27属,以禾本科、豆科和菊科为主;研究区有11个植被分布区型,其中,蒙古-东北-兴安-华北分布区型种类最多（34.38%）,其次为东北-华北分布区型（12.5%）.在3个水分生态类型中,中生植物最多,占59.37%,中旱生类型和旱生类型分别占25%和15.63%.在6个生活型中,地面芽植物最多（31.25%）. 刺榆群落具有温带草原的典型生活型特征.     

Research progress in avian dispersal behavior

Dispersal, defined as a linear spreading move-ment of individuals away from others of the population is a fundamental characteristic of organisms in nature. Dispersal is a central concept in ecological, behavioral and evolutionary studies, driven by different forces such as avoidance of inbreeding depression, density-dependent competition and the need to change breeding locations. By effective dispersal, organisms can enlarge their geo-graphic range and adjust the dynamic, sex ratio and gen-etic compositions of a population. Birds are one of the groups that are studied intensively by human beings. Due to their diurnal habits, diverse life history strategies and complex movement, birds are also ideal models for the study of dispersal behaviors. Certain topics of avian dispersal including sex-biased, asymmetric dispersal caused by differences in body conditions, dispersal pro-cesses, habitat selection and long distance dispersal are discussed here. Bird-ringing or marking, radio-telemetry and genetic markers are useful tools widely applied in dispersal studies. There are three major challenges regard-ing theoretical study and methodology research of dis-persal: (1) improvement in research methodology is needed, (2) more in-depth theoretical research is neces-sary, and (3) application of theoretical research into the conservation efforts for threatened birds and the manage-ment of their habitats should be carried out immediately.     

禽流感与禽流感病毒研究进展

对禽流感的症状、传播、感染、流行规律、疾病发生历史、流行监测、诊断、防治以及禽流感病毒的分类地位、命名、病毒粒子形态结构、病毒基因组结构、病毒复制、病毒变异的研究进展作了综合评述,并对该领域的研究热点和方向作了探讨。     

Influential factors for natal dispersal in an avian island metapopulation

Dispersal is a key parameter in evolutionary, demographic and conservation theory, but the factors influencing dispersal between populations are rarely known, and the contribution of immigrants to population stability remains uncertain. Using dispersal data from nine island populations of song sparrows, we show that female and male immigrants responded differently to population structure: in females, immigration varied with adult sex ratio; whereas immigration by males was more influenced by population density. These patterns are consistent with the hypothesis that intra-sexual competition for breeding resources influenced recruitment patterns. Immigrants often constituted a substantial fraction of local population size, and in six cases immigration by females prevented the extirpation of that sex from the island. Breeding vacancies and extirpations may have been more likely in females because their apparent survival was lower than in males. Local recruitment and immigration varied markedly among islands, perhaps as consequence of island size and isolation. Overall, our results suggest that immigration varied with local demography in a sex-specific way, stabilized population numbers and reduced extinction rates in the smallest populations.     

Research progress in human infection with avian influenza H7N9 virus

Since the identification of the novel reassortant avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in China in 2013, until Jun 30, 2017, the virus has caused five epidemic waves leading to a total of 1,552 human infections, with a fatality rate of about 40%. In the spring of 2017, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 virus emerged and has caused 25 human infections. The HPAI H7N9 virus has some biological differences from the LPAI one, such as its multiple basic amino acid residues on HA leading to its independence on trypsin for replication. The pathogenicity of the HPAI H7N9 virus to experimental animals or humans is still unclear. A(H7N9) vaccine development for pandemic preparedness is ongoing, including the reassortment (H7N9/PR8) reverse genetic based vaccine, the virus like particle (VLP) vaccine, the intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), the non-adjuvant Vero cell culture-derived inactivated whole-virus vaccine, the MDCK culture-derived vaccine, the H7 DNA vaccine and the recombinant replicative H7N9 virus (H7N9-53TM) vaccine. Five neuramidinase resistant sites of A(H7N9) virus isolated from patients have been reported. Some alternative drugs have been studied, such as DAS181 (Fludase), ribavirin, troglitazone and minocycline. Persistent surveillance and enhanced global control are essential to fight against human infections with A(H7N9) virus.     

Fruit size in wild olives: implications for avian seed dispersal

1. The response of frugivorous birds to an enlargement of fruit size, and the consequences for both birds and plants, are analysed for the interaction between avian seed dispersers and olives ( Olea europaea) .
2. The enlargement of fruit size promotes a shift in frugivorous birds' feeding behaviour, from swallowing fruits whole to pecking pieces of pulp. The relative frequency of olive consumption using each feeding behaviour was assessed by combining field data on frequency of appearance of olive pulp and seeds with data from laboratory trials.
3. Sardinian Warblers ( Sylvia melanocephala ) and European Robins ( Erithacus rubecula ) were mainly peckers both on cultivated and wild olives. Blackcaps ( Sylvia atricapilla ) consumed wild olives mainly by swallowing but consumed cultivated olives (larger than the wild ones) primarily by pecking. Song Thrushes ( Turdus philomelos ) were primarily swallowers of both types of fruits.
4. Laboratory trials with Song Thrushes, Blackcaps and European Robins showed that: (a) all were able to peck fruits; (b) fruit size determined a shift from swallowing to pecking, as pecking frequency increased with the enlargement of the fruit size; (c) all the species had an increased fruit handling failure rate when trying to swallow increasingly large fruits; and (d) from the birds' perspective, small shifts in fruit size may have important consequences on fruit profitability.
5. Pecking on olives turns the mutualistic fruit–frugivore interaction into a fruit-pulp predator interaction, thus arising a conflict between the plant and frugivorous birds.
6. This study shows that heavy dependence on fruit is not always simply related to seed dispersal. The same frugivorous bird species can act as a seed disperser or a pulp predator for the same plant species. The threshold between these roles is highly influenced by the ratio gape size/fruit size.     

贡嘎蝠蛾初孵幼虫迁移行为观察

在实验室内对贡嘎蝠蛾Hepialusgonggaensis的初孵幼虫迁移行为进行了初步观察。结果表明 ,该初孵幼虫迁移与其习性、虫口密度、环境湿度、栖居场所、食料等因素均有关。     

复合种群中扩散的研究进展

复合种群理论是近年来景观生态学和保护生物学研究的热点之一,但有关复合种群的野外试验研究大多集中在面积和隔离度等方面,对影响复合种群动态因子的具体报道较少。事实上,复合种群的影响因子还有很多,如连通性、扩散和生境质量等。本文就复合种群中扩散进行了综述,主要包括以下的几个方面:(1)扩散的影响因子。生境质量、斑块连通性和种群自身密度等;(2)扩散方向与测定。扩散的方向是有选择的,在其方向的测定中微卫星标记(microsatellitemarker)得到了较广泛的应用;(3)扩散距离与测定。扩散的距离除受到物种自身特性的影响外,还受到踏脚石等生境因素的影响;(4)扩散对复合种群的影响。扩散受到复合种群空间结构以及生境质量等自身条件的影响,同时又反作用于复合种群的动态变化,在以后物种保护工作中必须加以重视。