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微小RNA(microRNA, miRNA)是一类长度在22 nt左右的内源非编码小RNA,广泛存在于动物、植物、病毒等多种有机体中,是机体正常衰老与疾病的重要调控因子。本文对果蝇不同生长时期miRNA的表达模式、主要衰老相关信号通路以及与衰老相关的miRNA进行了综述。在果蝇的不同发育时期均有特定的miRNA发挥重要作用,其表达模式与功能相关;miRNA参与了主要衰老分子信号通路的调控,如胰岛素/胰岛素样生长因子(IIS)通路和雷帕霉素靶蛋白(TOR)通路。研究表明,miRNA通过调控衰老相关信号通路中的靶基因,进而促进或延缓果蝇衰老,如miR-34, miR-8, miR-14, miR let7和miR-277等。因此,研究参与衰老调控的miRNA,为阐明衰老机制及抗衰老药物的设计奠定了基础。 相似文献
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了解红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren复眼形态结构及其与不同性别、品级的关系,为探索其基于视觉行为习性的、有效的非化学防控措施提供新思路和依据。采用扫描电镜技术,比较研究红火蚁工蚁、有翅雌蚁、雄蚁的复眼形态差异。结果表明:(1)工蚁复眼圆形,略外凸,小眼数约110个;雌蚁复眼长椭圆形,外凸,小眼数约510个;雄蚁复眼近半球形,小眼数约805个;(2)工、雌和雄蚁复眼中心区域小眼排列较紧密,多为较规则的五、六边形,边缘区域小眼排列不紧密,多为不规则的四至六边形,且少量相邻小眼的间距较大。工蚁、雌蚁和雄蚁复眼小眼面积大小依次为500,360,348.61μm2,同品级内小眼面大小相差不大;(3)雌、雄蚁复眼中心区域近背区小眼间着生少量感觉毛,感觉毛长度和直径依次为:雌蚁17.5~90.2,2.16~4.29μm,雄蚁17.5~27.9,1.41~2.52μm。表明雌蚁、雄蚁复眼及视力较发达,工蚁则较弱,不同性别或品级个体复眼的形状、小眼数目和形状、表面被物均有较大差异和区域性分化。 相似文献
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银额果蝇自然群体分化过程中的细胞遗传学 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
对我国大陆银额果蝇的分布及其细胞遗传学进行了广泛的调查,发现了一种值得注意的新核型。该核型结构兼有早已认可的长、短两大类基本核型的特征,即核型中的两条同源4号染色体为1长1短型。含新核型的群体分布于我国大陆东南沿海一带的上海、福州、厦门和深圳。而且,这些自然群体内还出现“1长1短型”、“长型”和“短型”重叠并存的多态现象。跟踪研究表明,新核型具有不稳定的遗传性,能世代传递,它的频率随世代增长而降低,并不是突然消失。但是,在上海、福州群体内出现的“长型”至第十五代之后却全部消失。这种新核型大概是银额果蝇自然演化过程中的中间过渡核型,是该果蝇种群分化中的细胞遗传学变异的过渡表征 相似文献
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夜蛾复眼转化速度与光暗适应的时间关系 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9
夜行蛾类的复眼,随光、暗适应时间而逐步转化,这种转化是可逆的.以屏蔽色素分布范围的大小为指标来判断复眼的转化速度得以下结果:1.从亮眼到暗眼:亮眼进入暗适应后其屏蔽色素随暗适应时间的增加而逐步向远心端方向集中.屏蔽色素的移动是减速进行的.暗适应开始后的前3分钟,每分钟移动百分率为10.7,当暗到10—15分钟时每分钟移动百分率为4.6,再暗到60—150分钟时每分钟移动百分率为0.7.屏蔽色素移动的速度个体间差异较大,完成全过程大多数个体需150分钟,少数个体只需60分钟,另有个别个体经过270分钟暗适应仍尚未完成全过程.2.从暗眼到亮眼:暗眼受光后,其屏蔽色素随光适应时间的增加而向近心端方向扩散,色素移动速度随时间的增加而减缓.转化全过程约需60分钟. 相似文献
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许抗抗;乐芝君;张茂婷;杨文佳;李灿 《应用昆虫学报》2025,(2):298-307
【目的】复眼作为昆虫重要的光感受器官,在成虫定位导航中起着重要作用。Twin of eyeless (toy)基因位于视网膜决定基因网络的顶端,是昆虫复眼发育中的“主控基因”。以世界性仓储害虫烟草甲Lasioderma serricorne为对象,通过RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)技术阐明Lstoy基因在烟草甲复眼发育过程中的作用。【方法】通过烟草甲转录组数据筛选获得Lstoy基因,克隆获得其开放阅读框序列并进行生物学信息分析,利用qPCR技术检测Lstoy基因的时空表达模式,通过RNAi抑制烟草甲Lstoy的表达,观察记录沉默目的基因后试虫的发育情况,并检测视网膜决定核蛋白基因和视蛋白基因的表达量变化。【结果】烟草甲Lstoy基因(GenBank登录号:PP796794.1)的开放阅读框序列长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸残基,具有pax6蛋白特有保守结构域。Lstoy在烟草甲各发育阶段均有表达,在成虫期和蛹期高表达;Lstoy在5日龄蛹的复眼中表达量最高。Lstoy基因的RNAi对蛹期Lstoy的表达抑制率为54.73%-77.52%,注射dsLstoy的预蛹45.56%无法完成蜕皮,复眼发育畸形而死亡;42.22%虫体蜕皮延迟2-3 d,复眼色素沉积缓慢,虫体形态较小而死亡;8.89%虫体成功蜕皮至成虫,但鞘翅形成异常,头部黏有部分旧表皮且复眼缩小而死亡。敲低烟草甲Lstoy表达后5个核蛋白基因(Lseya、Lstsh、Lshth、Lsso和Lsey)和2个视蛋白基因(Lslw和Lsuv)的表达量较对照下降43.40%-96.94%。【结论】Lstoy基因在烟草甲蜕皮变态和复眼发育过程中发挥关键作用。 相似文献
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昆虫复眼结构独特、功能优异,是重要的仿生对象。仿生学家模拟复眼特性研发了人造同位复眼照相机;模拟蜻蜓复眼结构研制了相控阵雷达;从蚂蚁、蜜蜂和其他昆虫的复眼结构中得到启示,研制了偏振光导航仪;根据甲虫的视动反应机制研制出空对地速度计。科学家还对昆虫复眼的信息加工原理进行研究,研制出寻的末制导装置;法国科学家研制出仿复眼视觉导航装置及昆虫化机器人。 相似文献
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白薯天蛾Herse convolvuli L.复眼的外部形状与棉铃虫蛾Heliothis armigera Hübner眼虽较相似但其结构却明显不同,大小也不等,其长为4.28毫米,宽为3.78毫米,整个复眼大约有27,000个小眼组成。小眼密度为1177.9/毫米,约为棉铃虫蛾小眼密度的1/3。复眼不同部位上的小眼长度不等,侧部最短,背、后、前、腹依次递增。视杆长度占小眼总长的比例明显地短于棉铃虫,其侧部小眼的视杆约占小眼总长的23%,而腹部视杆仅占小眼总长的18%左右。屏蔽色素移动的幅度也较小,当充分光适应色素带最宽时才仅占屈光器加透明区总长的35%左右,同样条件下棉铃虫蛾眼的色素带可宽达80%以上。网膜细胞在透明区基部膨大,细胞核大多数在此集中。本文对小眼及小眼间16个不同水平的横切面进行了形态上的描述并根据小眼结构上的某些特征讨论了与其功能和蛾子趋光行为之间相关的一些问题。 相似文献
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龟纹瓢虫成虫的复眼形态及其显微结构 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
利用光镜、组织切片法观察了龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica(Thunberg)成虫的复眼形态及其显微结构。结果如下:(1)头正前方观,复眼外形似半球,且后方稍向内合拢。每个复眼约包括630个小眼。(2)每个小眼是由1套屈光器(1个角膜和1个晶锥)、6至8个小网膜细胞及其特化产生的视杆和基细胞等几部分组成。晶体周围及小网膜色素细胞内均含有丰富的色素颗粒。(3)小眼整体纵切显示,其上、下段色素颗粒分布相对较多,中段分布较少。(4)明、暗适应状态对小眼的色素颗粒分布有影响,性别对其分布无明显影响。明适应状态下,其色素颗粒较均匀地分布于视杆两侧上下,暗适应状态时色素颗粒则主要分布在视杆部位的上侧,显示其具有一定的重叠眼性质;而在相同的明、暗适应状态下其雌、雄成虫复眼的色素颗粒分布间无明显差异。 相似文献
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蘑菇菌丝体代谢产物对果蝇的致死效应 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
以果蝇为靶标 ,对 15种蘑菇液体培养产物的毒性进行了检测 ,发现硫磺菌红色变种Laetiporussulphureusvar miniatus和硫磺菌原变种Laetiporussulphureusvar sulphureus液体培养中产生的代谢产物对果蝇具有致死活性。气升式生物反应器 (Airlift/ff)培养条件下 ,硫磺菌红色变种和原变种培养体系的 pH值均连续下降 ,最终都降至 2 2左右。研究发现致死活性产物被分泌到细胞外 ,离子交换树脂柱层析的线性洗脱分离结果表明活性代谢产物呈酸性 ,进一步分析表明草酸是活性代谢物之一 ,而树脂静止交换表明另外一种未知色素也具有致死活性 相似文献
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Soon‐Hwan Kwon Ji‐Eun Bae Sang‐Hyup Lee Sang‐Dae Lee Kwon‐Seok Chae 《Entomological Research》2016,46(4):272-277
Geotaxis and phototaxis are movements in response to gravity and light, respectively, and are commonly observed in nature. The interactions between these two types of movement have been shown to confer ecological advantages to many taxa. Although several studies have been conducted on phototaxis and geotaxis in various organisms, reports on the interactions between positive phototaxis and negative geotaxis are lacking. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, any direct interactions that exist between positive phototaxis and negative geotaxis are yet to be determined and the ecological significance of such interactions remains unclear. In the present study, the effects of gravity on positive phototaxis in a Y‐maze were investigated using the Canton‐S wild type and gravity‐sensing‐deficient pyx3 mutant fruit flies. Gravity sensing was not necessary for horizontal positive phototaxis, but was required for vertical positive phototaxis. These results suggest that gravitoreception may selectively modulate positive phototaxis depending on the vertical and horizontal movements of the fruit flies. 相似文献
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Decades of research have established that the Earth’s magnetic field (geomagnetic field, GMF) is broadly used as a sensory cue for magnetic orientation in various animal taxa, including insects. In contrast to the investigation of the total intensity or inclination of the GMF, the effect of declination on horizontal magnetic movement has been explored in a few species, including flies, cockroaches, and dogs. However, the potential role of declination in the vertical movement in magnetosensitive organisms is yet to be reported. In this study, we provide the first evidence that declination within a natural range of change can affect static geotaxis in fruit flies, as assessed using the tube-positioning assay. In open-field measurements conducted at 22 domestic and foreign locations, the variation in declination was notably dependent upon the specific location, regardless of altitude, with similar variation in total intensity. Flies subjected to a geographic range of declination under the same total intensity and inclination exhibited remarkably different geotactic positioning scores, irrespective of GMF polarity. Notably, we observed a significant negative correlation between the geotactic score and the absolute value of declination, indicating that declination can induce negative geotaxis effects in flies. These results reveal that flies have evolved to incorporate a declination compass into their multimodal sensorimotor system and suggest that declination may be complementary to gravity in terms of environmental factor-driven negative geotaxis in flies. 相似文献
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Sang‐Hyup Lee In‐Taek Oh Maan Gee Lee Young‐Gu Ju Soo‐Chan Kim Kwon‐Seok Chae 《Entomological Research》2018,48(1):32-40
The Earth's geomagnetic field (GMF) is known to act as a sensory cue for magnetoreceptive animals such as birds, sea turtles, and butterflies in long‐distance migration, as well as in flies, cockroaches, and cattle in short‐distance movement or body alignment. Despite a wealth of information, the way that GMF components are used and the functional modality of the magnetic sense are not clear. A GMF component, declination, has never been proven to be a sensory cue in a defined biological context. Here, we show that declination acts as a compass for horizontal food foraging in fruit flies. In an open‐field test, adopting the food conditioning paradigm, food‐trained flies significantly orientated toward the food direction under ambient GMF and under eastward‐turned magnetic field in the absence of other sensory cues. Moreover, a declination change within the natural range, by alteration only of either the east–west or north–south component of the GMF, produced significant orientation of the trained flies, indicating that they can detect and use the difference in these horizontal GMF components. This study proves that declination difference can be used for horizontal foraging, and suggests that flies have been evolutionarily adapted to incorporate a declination compass into their multi‐modal sensorimotor system. 相似文献
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《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(8):1620-1623
The major sex pheromone components of Drosophila ananassae and D. pallidosa, (Z,Z)-5,25-hentriacontadiene and (Z,Z)-5,27-tritriacontadiene, respectively, were synthesized by using the Wittig olefination and sulfone coupling reactions as the C–C bond-forming steps. 相似文献
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Shigeyuki Koshikawa 《Development, growth & differentiation》2020,62(5):269-278
Fruit flies (Drosophila and its close relatives, or “drosophilids”) are a group that includes an important model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, and also very diverse species distributed worldwide. Many of these species have black or brown pigmentation patterns on their wings, and have been used as material for evo-devo research. Pigmentation patterns are thought to have evolved rapidly compared with body plans or body shapes; hence they are advantageous model systems for studying evolutionary gains of traits and parallel evolution. Various groups of drosophilids, including genus Idiomyia (Hawaiian Drosophila), have a variety of pigmentations, ranging from simple black pigmentations around crossveins to a single antero-distal spot and a more complex mottled pattern. Pigmentation patterns are sometimes obviously used for sexual displays; however, in some cases they may have other functions. The process of wing formation in Drosophila, the general mechanism of pigmentation formation, and the transport of substances necessary for pigmentation, including melanin precursors, through wing veins are summarized here. Lastly, the evolution of the expression of genes regulating pigmentation patterns, the role of cis-regulatory regions, and the conditions required for the evolutionary emergence of pigmentation patterns are discussed. Future prospects for research on the evolution of wing pigmentation pattern formation in drosophilids are presented, particularly from the point of view of how they compare with other studies of the evolution of new traits. 相似文献
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Simone Zuccotti Camillo Rosano Matteo Ramazzotti Donatella Degl'Innocenti Massimo Stefani Giampaolo Manao Martino Bolognesi 《Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Structural Biology》2004,60(6):1177-1179
Analysis of the Drosophila melanogaster EST database led to the discovery and cloning of a novel acylphosphatase. The CG18505 gene coding for a new enzyme (AcPDro2) is clearly distinct from the previously described CG16870Acyp gene, which also codes for a D. melanogaster acylphosphatase (AcPDro). The putative catalytic residues, together with residues held to stabilize the acylphosphatase fold, are conserved in the two encoded proteins. Crystals of AcPDro2, which belong to the trigonal space group P3121, with unit‐cell parameters a = b = 45.8, c = 98.6 Å, γ = 120°, allowed the solution of the protein structure by molecular replacement and its refinement to 1.5 Å resolution. The AcPDro2 active‐site structure is discussed. 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of an extremely low‐frequency 50 Hz magnetic field (ELFMF) on the oviposition and development of Drosophila melanogaster. The results show that exposure of D. melanogaster females of generation P and all the development stages of generation F1 to an ELFMF weakened the oviposition of these insects in their subsequent generations. Bioelectromagnetics 30:687–689, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献