训练专一性对无氧阈测定的影响

本文对以上肢训练为主的15名优秀皮划艇运动员和以下肢训练为主的14名优秀中长跑运动员在两种常规负荷方式下的无氧阈及最大吸氧量进行了测定分析,以探讨训练专一性对无氧阈测定的影响。采用踏车式功量计和活动平板方式逐级递增负荷,通过与Apple Ⅱ_E辅助联机的Jaeger EOS自动分析系统,以通气和气体交换指标的变化,无创性地测定无氧阈和最大吸氧量。结果表明,训练专一性会影响无氧阈测定结果。欲测得最高的无氧阈值,实验室测试手段就应当尽量模拟训练时的运动形式。此外,能敏感地反映出运动训练专一性适应的是无氧阈时的吸氧量绝对值(1/min),而不是无氧阈的相对值(％Vo_2max)。     

高原青少年最大有氧能力的研究

采用自行车递增负荷运动试验,对青海西宁地区(海拔2260m)86名13～16岁男女中学生的最大摄氧量,无氧阈以及血氧饱和度等指标进行了测定。结果表明,高原青少年的最大摄氧量较低,而无氧阈则较高。血氧饱和度随负荷增加逐渐降低,在接近极限负荷时迅速下降,提示高原低氧是限制最大运动能力的主要因素。无氧阈较高说明高原青少年组织细胞利用氧的能力提高,这是对高原低氧环境长期适应的结果。     

高原（2260m）女子公路自行车运动员的通气无氧阈,乳酸阈和最大氧…

采用实验室递增负荷运动试验和运动现场血乳酸的测定,研究了高原（２２６０ｍ）女子公路自行车运动员的通气无氧阈,乳酸阈及最大氧耗量,结果发现,通气无氧阈时的氧耗量为２．０３１／ｍｉｎ,功率为１３１．４Ｗ乳酸阈（以运动速度表示）为３３．０ｋｍ／ｈ。通气无氧时对应的心率（１３７次／ｍｉｎ）低于乳酸阈的心率（１５３次／ｍｉｎ）。最大氧耗量的绝对值（２．８１／ｍｉｎ）和相对值（４７．４ｍｌ／ｋｇ．ｍｉｎ）分别     

高原（2260m）女子公路自行车运动员的通气无氧阈、乳酸阈和最大氧耗量的研究

采用实验室递增负荷运动试验和运动现场血乳酸的测定,研究了高原（２２６０ｍ）女子公路自行车运动员的通气无氧阈、乳酸阈及最大氧耗量。结果发现,通气无氧阈时的氧耗量为２．０３ｌ／ｍｉｎ,功率为１３１．４Ｗ;乳酸阈（以运动速度表示）为３３．０ｋｍ／ｈ。通气无氧阈时对应的心率（１３７次／ｍｉｎ）低于乳酸阈的心率（１５３次／ｍｉｎ）。最大氧耗量的绝对值（２．８ｌ／ｍｉｎ）和相对值（４７．４ｍｌ／ｋｇ．ｍｉｎ）分别比平原运动员低２２．２％和２２．９％,但与平原运动员高原训练期间的测试值（２．８ｌ／ｍｉｎ）比较,高原与平原运动员最大氧耗量的差异消失。在相同氧耗量（２．８ｌ／ｍｉｎ）条件下运动时,高原运动员完成的功率（２５１Ｗ）低于平原运动员（２７４Ｗ）。     

评价心肺功能的两种运动试验方案比较

运动试验用于评价心肺功能及手术或药物的疗效日渐增多,但方案各异。本研究运用两种不同方案、即1min及5min递增功率的方案观察11例正常人,以比较两者最大摄氧量、无氧阈、最大运动通气量等各项指标的差异。结果发现二者间各项指标均无显著性差异。     

急性低氧对耐力运动员无氧代谢阈值的影响

通过观察急性低氧对耐力运动员无氧代谢阈值的影响,探讨了急性低氧对耐力运动员体力活动能力的影响,并分析与上述影响强弱有关的若干可能因素。18名青年耐力运动员分别吸入21％O_2(常氧对照)和12.8％O_2(急性低氧),进行逐级递增体力负荷运动,直至最大耐受量。观察运动期间每分通气量、氧耗量、二氧化碳排出量、动脉血氧饱和度、心率和氧脉搏,并测定无氧代谢阈值。结果表明,急性低氧使耐力运动员的无氧代谢阈值明显降低。各个体无氧代谢阈值的降低程度分别与该个体动脉血氧饱和度以及氧脉搏的降低程度呈正相关。急性低氧下无氧代谢阈值降低提示了体力活动能力的削弱,而低氧下心肺代偿功能较弱以及动脉血氧饱和度较低者,其体力活动能力的削弱较明显。     

相同运动负荷下踏车速率与运动耗氧量相关性研究

在四个不同的测试日中,１０名非运动员的健康男性,随机以４０,６０,８０和１００ｒ／ｍｉｎ做极限水平递增负荷运动试验。结果显示：于运动负荷为４５,９０,１３５,１８０和２２５Ｗ时,踏车速率与Ｖ·Ｏ２分别呈抛物线样二项式相关关系。自４５Ｗ起,ｒ分别为０．９３,０．９１,０．８９,０．９２和０．９１（均Ｐ＜０．０１）。不同运动负荷下,最佳代谢踏车速率分别为５１．３,５４．６,５８．３,７２．３和８０．４ｒｐｍ,并与运动负荷呈高度直线相关（ｒ＝０．９３,Ｐ＜０．０１）。不同运动负荷下,１０名受试者的自选踏车速率分别为８４±６．５８,８３±５．８７,９２±５．１７,８０±７．４５和８３±９．７ｒ／ｍｉｎ,与最佳代谢踏车速率和运动负荷间无相关（ｒ为－０．１７和－０．３２,均Ｐ〉０．０５）。结果提示：在相同运动负荷下,踏车速率与Ｖ·Ｏ２间存在抛物线样相关关系。最佳代谢踏车速率随运动负荷的增加而增加。自选踏车率与运动负荷及最佳代谢踏车速率间无明确关系。     

Fatmax和AT强度运动干预对中老年糖尿病前期人群糖和骨质代谢的影响

为探究最大脂肪氧化强度(fatmax)和无氧阈强度(AT)运动干预对糖尿病前期人群糖和骨质代谢的影响,本研究选取73名中老年糖尿病前期人群为受试者进行随机分组,分别分为最大脂肪氧化强度运动组(F组,25人)、无氧阈强度运动组(A组,25人)、对照组(C组,23人),并对所有受试者进行前测(身体成分,骨密度,生长激素分泌指标,骨质代谢指标,胰岛素敏感性指标),前测结束后24 h内分别对F组进行最大脂肪氧化强度测试;对A组进行无氧阈强度测试,前测结束48 h后开始为期36周的运动干预,运动干预结束后再对所有受试者进行后测。研究发现,以C组作为参照,F组、A组经过36周两种强度运动干预后,体重指数(BMI)、体脂率、腰臀比、葡萄糖耐量(OGT)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、抵抗素(resistin)水平的后测数据显著低于前测数据(p0.05);血清生长激素(GH)水平、类胰岛素一号增长因子(IGF-1)水平、血清骨钙素(BGP)水平的后测数据显著高于前测数据(p0.05)。相比C组,A组经过36周无氧阈强度运动干预后,股骨颈骨密度、大转子骨密度、Ward's三角区骨密度、腿部肌力的后测数据显著高于前测数据(p0.05);F组经过36周最大脂肪氧化强度运动干预后,股骨颈骨密度、大转子骨密度、Ward's三角区骨密度、腿部肌力后测数据高于前测数据但是未达到显著性差异(p0.05)。研究数据表明长期采用最大脂肪氧化强度或无氧阈强度运动均可有效改善中老年糖尿病前期人群的糖和骨质代谢,并且无氧阈强度运动对骨质代谢具有更好的改善效果。     

不同功率递增速率对正常人心肺运动试验整体功能的影响Ⅱ——亚极限运动相关指标的影响

目的:观察健康志愿者不同功率递增速率完成症状限制性极限心肺运动试验(CPET)对CPET亚极限运动相关核心指标的影响。方法:选择12名健康志愿者在一周内不同工作天随机完成中等适度程度(30 W/min)及比较低(10 W/min)和比较高(60 W/min)3种不同功率递增速率CPET。按标准方法比较12名志愿者CPET亚极限运动相关核心指标:无氧阈(AT)、单位功率摄氧量(■)、摄氧通气有效性峰值平台(OUEP)、二氧化碳通气当量平均90 s最低值(■)、二氧化碳通气当量斜率(■)及截距(intercept)和无氧阈时的摄氧通气效率值(V4O2/V4E@AT)和无氧阈时的二氧化碳通气当量值(■)。对三组不同功率递增速率下各个指标的差异组间两两比较。结果:中等适度功率递增速率组与比较低和比较高功率递增速率组相比摄氧通气有效性峰值平台(42.22±4.76 vs 39.54±3.30 vs 39.29±4.29)和二氧化碳通气当量平均90 s最小值(24.13±2.88vs 25.60±2.08vs 26.06±3.05)明显好,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);比较低、比较高功率递增速率组与中等适度功率递增速率组相比,单位功率摄氧量显著升高和降低((8.45±0.66 vs 10.04±0.58 vs 7.16±0.60)ml/(min·kg)),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);无氧阈值没有发生明显改变((0.87±0.19 vs 0.87±0.19 vs 0.89±0.19)L/min),差异无统计学意义(P0.05);结论:比较低、比较高功率递增速率可以明显改变摄氧通气有效性、二氧化碳排出通气有效性、单位功率摄氧量等CPET亚极限运动相关指标;选择比较低和比较高的功率递增速率和适度功率递增速率CPET相比明显降低了健康个体的摄氧通气有效性和二氧化碳排出通气有效性。CPET规范化操作要求选择适合受试者的功率递增速率,这样得到的CPET亚极限相关指标才最能反应受试者的真实功能状态。     

递增负荷运动对不同海拔高原人群通气量与心率变化的影响*

目的: 分析不同海拔高原人群在递增负荷运动情况下的通气量与心率的变化特征,探讨其作为高原体力劳动强度分级评价指标的可行性。方法: 选取高原习服男性青年军人88名,平均年龄21.7±1.6。其中3 000 m 30人,3 700 m 30人,4 300 m 28人,进行递增负荷踏车运动,运动负荷从30 W开始,每5 min增加30 W,直到不能坚持则停止运动。采用COSMED K5运动肺功能仪测量每一运动负荷的肺通气量,POLAR V800心率表测量每一运动负荷的运动心率。结果: 不同海拔递增负荷运动中完成最大负荷的人数具有显著差异(P＜0.05),海拔越高,完成人数越少。同一海拔,不同负荷之间,随着负荷的增加,通气量与心率明显增大(P＜0.05),且无上限值;同一负荷,随海拔增加,通气量与心率也明显增大(P＜0.05)。结论: 通气量与心率具有作为高原体力劳动强度分级评价指标的可行性。     

Mean myoglobin oxygen tension during exercise at maximal oxygen uptake.

Changes in intracellular Po2 in myoglobin containing skeletal muscle during exercise were estimated in normal nonathlete subjects from measurements of shifts of CO between blood and muscle under conditions where the total body CO stores remained constant. Exercise was performed on a bicycle ergometer. In 1.5-2 and 6-7 min runs at Vo2 max with the subject breathing 21% O2, mean MbCO/HbCO increased 146 +/- 7 and 163 +/- 11% of resting values, respectively (P less than 0.05). With the subjects breathing 13-14% O2, in 1.5-2 and 6-7 min runs, Vo2 max fell an average of 4.3 +/- 5.1% and 12.0 +/- 5.2%, respectively, and mean MbCO/HbCO increased to 233 +/- 18% and 210 +/- 52% of resting value, respectively (P less than 0.05). These findings suggest that mean myoglobin Po2 fell during exercise at Vo2 max, with the subjects breathing 21% O2 and the decrease in mean myoglobin Po2 was greater with the subject breathing 13-14% O2. There was considerable variability in different subjects and in some, the data were not consistent with intracellular O2 availability limiting aerobic metabolism. The data support a postulate that there are several limiting factors for the aerobic capacity, including intracellular O2 availability.     

Arm crank ergometer is reliable and valid for measuring aerobic capacity during submaximal exercise

Measuring physical fitness becomes more important. Yet most instruments depend upon the function of the lower extremities. Hence, we investigated whether an adapted submaximal arm crank test on an ergometer for the upper body is reliable to use, and if the submaximal test for the arm crank ergometer is valid compared to the test on the bicycle ergometer. Different types of reliability measures of the adapted submaximal test on an arm crank ergometer were assessed in healthy volunteers, such as test-retest, interobserver, interergometer, and between arm crank and bicycle ergometer. A crossover design was used. The measurements were proportionally distributed over 30 volunteers. Based on the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the magnitude of within-person differences, we revealed a good reliability of the submaximal test. For the test-retest reliability, the ICC was 0.76, the interobserver reliability was 0.82, and the interergometer reliability 0.63. In addition, the criterion validity was also tested by comparing the calculated VO2max during the submaximal test on the arm crank ergometer and on the bicycle ergometer. Between VO2max on the arm crank and bicycle ergometer, an ICC of 0.64 was found. The results of the submaximal test on the arm crank ergometer are reliable and valid as compared with those on the bicycle crank ergometer. We showed that the submaximal test on the arm crank ergometer is suitable for measuring physical fitness in healthy people. We expect that disabled people can use this submaximal test on the arm crank ergometer for measuring their physical fitness, also.     

Time-of-day effect on cardiac responses to progressive exercise

This study was designed to examine time-of-day effects on markers of cardiac functional capacity during a standard progressive cycle exercise test. Fourteen healthy, untrained young males (mean?±?SD: 17.9?±?0.7 yrs of age) performed identical maximal cycle tests in the morning (08:00-11:00?h) and late afternoon (16:00-19:00?h) in random order. Cardiac variables were measured at rest, submaximal exercise, and maximal exercise by standard echocardiographic techniques. No differences in morning and afternoon testing values at rest or during exercise were observed for oxygen uptake, heart rate, cardiac output, or markers of systolic and diastolic myocardial function. Values at peak exercise for Vo(2) at morning and afternoon testing were 3.20?±?0.49 and 3.24?±?0.55?L min(-1), respectively, for heart rate 190?±?11 and 188?±?15?bpm, and for cardiac output 19.5?±?2.8 and 19.8?±?3.5?L min(-1). Coefficients of variation for morning and afternoon values for these variables were similar to those previously published for test-retest reproducibility. This study failed to demonstrate evidence for significant time-of-day variation in Vo(2)max or cardiac function during standard progressive exercise testing in adolescent males.     

Effect of changes in arterial oxygen content on circulation and physical performance.

To evaluate the effect of different levels of arterial oxygen content on hemodynamic parameters during exercise nine subjects performed submaximal bicycle or treadmill exercise and maximal treadmill exercise under three different experimental conditions: 1) breathing room air (control); 2) breathing 50% oxygen (hyperoxia); 3) after rebreathing a carbon monoxide gas mixture (hypoxia). Maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2 max) was significantly higher in hyperoxia (4.99 1/min) and significantly lower in hypoxia (3.80 1/min) than in the control experiment (4.43 1/min). Physical performance changes in parallel with Vo2 max. Maximal cardiac output (Qmax) was similar in hyperoxia as in control but was significantly lower in hypoxia mainly due to a decreased stroke volume. A correlation was found between Vo2 max and transported oxygen, i.e., Cao2 times Amax, thus suggesting that central circulation is an important limiting factor for human maximal aerobic power. During submaximal work HR was decreased in hyperoxia and increased in hypoxia. Corresponding Q values were unchanged except for a reduction during high submaximal exercise in hyperoxia.     

Reduced exercise arteriovenous O2 difference in Type 2 diabetes.

Maximal O(2) consumption (Vo(2 max)) is lower in individuals with Type 2 diabetes than in sedentary nondiabetic individuals. This study aimed to determine whether the lower Vo(2 max) in diabetic patients was due to a reduction in maximal cardiac output (Q(max)) and/or peripheral O(2) extraction. After 11 Type 2 diabetic patients and 12 nondiabetic subjects, matched for age and body composition, who had not exercised for 2 yr, performed a bicycle ergometer exercise test to determine Vo(2 max), submaximal cardiac output, Q(max), and arterial-mixed venous O(2) (a-v O(2)) difference were assessed. Maximal workload, Vo(2 max), and maximal a-v O(2) difference were lower in Type 2 diabetic patients (P < 0.05). Q(max) was low in both groups but not significantly different: 11.2 and 10.0 l/min for controls and diabetic patients, respectively (P > 0.05). Submaximal O(2) uptake and heart rate were lower at several workloads in diabetic patients; respiratory exchange ratio was similar between groups at all workloads. Vo(2 max) was linearly correlated with a-v O(2) difference, but not Q(max) in diabetic patients. These data suggest that a reduction in maximal a-v O(2) difference contributes to a decreased Vo(2 max) in Type 2 diabetic patients.     

Comparative study of field and laboratory tests for the evaluation of aerobic capacity in soccer players

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the maximal oxygen uptake (Vo(2)max) values in soccer players as assessed by field and laboratory tests. Thirty-five elite young soccer players were studied (mean age 18.1 +/- 1.0 years, training duration 8.3 +/- 1.5 years) in the middle of the playing season. All subjects performed 2 maximal field tests: the Yo-Yo endurance test (T(1)) for the estimation of Vo(2)max according to normogram values, and the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test (T(2)) using portable telemetric ergospirometry; as well as 2 maximal exercise tests on the treadmill with continuous (T(3)) and intermittent (T(4)) protocols. The estimated Vo(2)max values of the T(1) test (56.33 ml.kg(-1).min(-1)) were 10.5%, 11.4%, and 13.3% (p < or = 0.05) lower than those of the T(2) (62.96 ml.kg(-1).min(-1)), T(3) (63.59 ml.kg(-1).min(-1)) and T(4) (64.98 ml.kg(-1).min(-1)) tests, respectively. Significant differences were also found between the intermittent exercise protocols T(1) and T(3) (p < or = 0.001) and the continuous exercise protocols T(2) and T(4) (p < or = 0.001). There was a high degree of cross correlation between the Vo(2)max values of the 3 ergospirometric tests (T(2) versus T(3), r = 0.47, p < or = 0.005; T(2) versus T(4), r = 0.59, p < or = 0.001; T(3) versus T(4) r = 0.79, p < or = 0.001). It is necessary to use ergospirometry to accurately estimate aerobic capacity in soccer players. Nevertheless, the Yo-Yo field tests should be used by coaches because they are easy and helpful tools in the training program setting and for player follow-up during the playing season.     

A new non-exercise-based Vo2max prediction equation for aerobically trained men

The purposes of the present study were to (a) modify previously published Vo(2)max equations using the constant error (CE = mean difference between actual and predicted Vo(2)max) values from Malek et al. (28); (b) cross-validate the modified equations to determine their accuracy for estimating Vo(2)max in aerobically trained men; (c) derive a new non- exercise-based equation for estimating Vo(2)max in aerobically trained men if the modified equations are not found to be accurate; and (d) cross-validate the new Vo(2)max equation using the predicted residual sum of squares (PRESS) statistic and an independent sample of aerobically trained men. One hundred and fifty-two aerobically trained men (Vo(2)max mean +/- SD = 4,154 +/- 629 ml.min(-1)) performed a maximal incremental test on a cycle ergometer to determine actual Vo(2)max. An aerobically trained man was defined as someone who had participated in continuous aerobic exercise 3 or more sessions per week for a minimum of 1 hour per session for at least the past 18 months. Nine previously published Vo(2)max equations were modified for use with aerobically trained men. The predicted Vo(2)max values from the 9 modified equations were compared to actual Vo(2)max by examining the CE, standard error of estimate (SEE), validity coefficient (r), and total error (TE). Cross-validation of the modified non-exercise-based equations on a random subsample of 50 subjects resulted in a %TE > or = 13% of the mean of actual Vo(2)max. Therefore, the following non-exercise-based Vo(2)max equation was derived from a random subsample of 112 subjects: Vo(2)max (ml.min(-1)) = 27.387(weight in kg) + 26.634(height in cm) - 27.572(age in years) + 26.161(h.wk(-1) of training) + 114.904(intensity of training using the Borg 6-20 scale) + 506.752(natural log of years of training) - 4,609.791 (R = 0.82, R(2) adjusted = 0.65, and SEE = 378 ml.min(-1)). Cross-validation of this equation on the remaining sample of 40 subjects resulted in a %TE of 10%. Therefore, the non-exercise-based equation derived in the present study is recommended for estimating Vo(2)max in aerobically trained men.     

A prediction equation for indirect assessment of anaerobic threshold in male distance runners

The predictability of anaerobic threshold (AT) from maximal aerobic power, distance running performance, chronological age, and total running distance achieved on the treadmill (TRD) was investigated in a sample of 53 male distance runners, 17-23 years of age. The dependent variable was oxygen uptake (Vo2) at which AT was detected (i.e. Vo2 @ AT). A regression analysis of the data indicated Vo2 @ AT could be predicted from the following four measurements with a multiple R = 0.831 and a standard error of the estimate of 2.66 ml . min-1 . kg-1: Vo2max (67.9 +/- 5.7 ml . min-1 . kg-1), 1,500-m running performance (254.5 +/- 14.2 s), TRD (6.82 +/- 1.13 km), and age (19.4 +/- 2.2 years). When independent variables were limited to Vo2max (X1) and 1,500-m running performance (X2) for simpler assessment, a multiple R = 0.806 and a standard error of the estimate of 2.76 ml . min-1 . kg-1 were computed. A useful prediction equation with this predictive accuracy was considered to be Vo2 @ AT = 0.386X1 - 0.128X2 + 57.11. To determine if the prediction equation developed for the 53 male distance runners could be generalized to other samples, cross-validation of the equation was tested, using 21 different distance runners, 17-22 years of age. A high correlation (R = 0.927) was obtained between Vo2 AT predicted from the above equation and directly measured Vo2 @ AT. It is concluded that the generalized equation may be applicable to young distance runners for indirect assessment of Vo2 @ AT.