透明质酸生产菌的诱变选育

以马链球菌为出发菌株, 通过紫外线和60Co-γ射线辐照诱变, 得到一株无溶血性菌株NC1150, 并在此基础上继续用60Co-γ射线辐照诱变得到产量较高的菌株NC168, 使透明质酸产量与出发菌株NC1150相比提高了101%, 相对分子量为0.55×106 D, 突变株经过多次传代, 透明质酸产量和相对分子量保持稳定, 溶血性无回复突变现象。     

原生质体诱变选育高产异抗坏血酸菌株

以灰黄青霉菌(Penicillium griseofulvum HL)为出发菌株,试验得到灰黄青霉原生质体制备的优化条件为:菌体培养48h,用0.7mol/L的NaC1溶液作为渗透压稳定剂,用0.5％的蜗牛酶+0.5％的纤维素酶,在pH为6,30℃条件下酶解3h,所得原生质体数最多,达到3.14×107/ml.原生质体再生的最佳条件为采用双层平板培养法,在用0.7mol/L的蔗糖溶液配制的改进察氏培养基上其再生率最高,达到24.93％.灰黄青霉原生质体经过紫外线诱变,DES诱变,紫外线-DES诱变复合诱变,紫外线-氯化锂复合诱变选育异抗坏血酸高产菌株,通过对再生平板上长出的诱变菌株进行初筛和摇瓶复筛,最终获得一株异抗坏血酸产量较高的菌株ZD4,其产量为5.28mg/ml,提高到出发菌株产量(1.08 mg/ml)的488.9％,且连续传代6代遗传稳定.     

微波诱变选育井冈霉素高产菌

采用微波诱变方法对井冈毒素生产菌株（Streptomyces hygroscopicus var.Jinggangensis Yen)进行诱变处理,挑取单个菌落摇瓶初筛,复筛,测定化学效价,获得4株平均效价比出发菌株分别高出17．5％、15％、20％、21．7％的突变株。沙土管保存10个月后,取沙土管孢子接种斜面连续传代4次,测定化学效价,代间效价差异不明显,遗传性能稳定。     

高产马杜霉素产生菌的诱变选育

研究马杜拉放线菌的筛选,比较代表5类不同诱变剂UV,EMS,LiCl+UV和NTG的处理效果,经摇瓶验证,用NTG处理后经过初筛、复筛得到摇瓶效价比对照菌株高91.5％的诱变菌株348＃,稳定性考查后,在2.5m~3和50m~3发酵罐上进行试生产,效果显著,菌种代谢速度加快,效价比对照罐高60％,主要组分A组分的含量由91％增长到96.5％,提高了经济效益。     

高产磷酯酶C菌株的诱变选育

在前面进行的高产磷酯酶C(PLC)菌株筛选、分类鉴定及其抗血小板功能研究的基础上,对选育出的高产PLC菌株BacilluscereusShenZhen7541进行了紫外线和Co60γ射线诱变处理,以期提高其产PLC的水平,从而有利于PLC的纯化制备。B.cereus7541经过三次紫外线照射及两次Co60γ射线辐射诱变处理,通过分离与卵黄琼脂杯碟法及NPPC法酶活检验筛选,最终获得了三株高产PLC突变菌株9287、9289和5612,其产PLC酶活水平分别达到14.878±1.428u/mL、16.450±0.793u/mL、16.400±0.967u/mL,较原始出发菌株B.cereus7541产酶水平(5.803±0.793u/mL)分别提高了2.879、3.236和3.226倍。经t值检验,三株菌产PLC水平与7541差异均达极显著(P<0.001)。     

透明质酸产生菌SH-2发酵条件的优化

对经紫外诱变,筛选出的突变菌株马疫链球菌SH-2,进行发酵条件的优化实验,通过单因素实验确定最佳摇瓶条件是种龄14-16h,初始pH7.6,发酵温度37℃,发酵时间44h;通过多因素正交实验摸索出营养培养基的最佳配比为:葡萄糖5%,酵母粉6.67%,牛肉膏3.33%,MgSO4·7H2O0.1%,MnSO4·4H2O0.02%,NaHCO30.3%,Na2HPO40.15%,NaCl0.3%,UTP0.05%,异甘草素0.08‰。     

酸奶生产菌株的诱变选育

通过诱变选育高产酸力菌株;首先采用紫外线和亚硝基胍对乳酸菌进行单因素诱变,确定紫外线照射剂量为150s,并得到一株产酸力为57.85°T的菌株,比原菌株产酸力提高了3.05%;NTG的诱变剂量是0.3mg/mL,处理时间为60min,得到产酸力为58.02°T的菌株,较出发菌株提高了6.52%。接着以紫外线和NTG对高产酸菌株进行了2轮复合诱变,最终得到产酸力达83.66°T的诱变株,较出发菌株产酸力提高了30.64%。     

复合诱变黑曲霉选育β—葡萄糖苷酶高产菌株

对黑曲霉原生质体进行紫外、ＬｉＣｌ复合诱变,观察诱变后原生质体再生菌落,发现了孢子色变异较大的菌株,且其变化与酶产量相关。经发酵筛选,获得β－葡萄糖苷酶活较高菌株,其酶活由出发菌株的１０ｕ／ｍｌ提高到１４．７ｕ／ｍｌ。再对高产突变株进行氮离子注入,酶活又提高２０％（达１７ｕ／ｍｌ）。     

空间诱变在微生物菌种选育上的研究进展

空间诱变是一种新型有效的微生物育种手段。本主要综述国内外微生物空间条件诱发微生物突变的特点、生物学、细胞学、当代生理损伤效应、突变的机理以及育种中已取得的进展,并提出了存在的问题和今后研究的发展方向。     

复合诱变在青霉高产菊粉酶菌株选育中的应用

以Penicillium sp．B01为出发菌株,经吖黄素或DES（硫酸二乙酯）分别与^60Co-γ射线对其孢子悬液进行复合诱变。经过初筛和复筛,在30μg／mL吖黄素诱变时间2h,剂量率为4．11Gy／min的^60Co-γ射线辐射使累计剂量为20．55Gy复合诱变的条件下,筛选出一株菊粉酶活比出发菌株高32％的突变菌株B01-A13-Co31。经同工酶电泳验证,变异株与出发菌株相比酶带有所变化。将此菌种连续传代6次进行产酶性能的稳定性测定,表明此菌株具有良好的遗传稳定性。     

马疫链球菌SH-5生产透明质酸营养条件的研究

对Streptococcus equiSH-5生产透明质酸的营养条件进行了研究,摇瓶发酵实验表明该菌株的适宜氮源为酵母膏和牛肉膏以2∶1组成的混合氮源,在碳氮比为2∶1时有利于透明质酸的合成和菌体的生长;通过正交实验摸索出营养培养基的最佳配比为葡萄糖5%,酵母粉6.67%,牛肉膏3.33%,MgSO4.7H2O 0.1%,MnSO4.4H2O 0.02%,NaHCO30.3%,Na2HPO40.5‰,尿嘧啶0.08‰;添加0.05‰异甘草素对产酸有利。     

Development of an in vivo Himar1 transposon mutagenesis system for use in Streptococcus equi subsp. equi

Streptococcus equi subsp. equi is the causative agent of the equine disease strangles. In this study we describe the development of an in vivo Himar1 transposon system for the random mutagenesis of S. equi and, potentially, other Gram-positive bacteria. We demonstrate efficient and random transposition of a modified mini-transposon onto the chromosome by Southern blot analysis and insertion site sequencing. Non-haemolytic mutants were isolated at a frequency of 0.2%, and acapsular mutants at a frequency of 0.04%. Taken together, these data demonstrate that in vivo Himar1 mutagenesis can be used for genomic-scale mutational analysis of S. equi, and is likely to be applicable to the study of other streptococci.     

马链球菌马亚种IgG结合蛋白的原核表达和免疫原性

为研究马链球菌马亚种IgG结合蛋白(EAG)免疫原性和保护力,评价其作为马链球菌疫苗抗原的价值。采用PCR法扩增马链球菌马亚种EAG基因,将测序正确的EAG扩增产物与原核表达载体pET-28a(+)连接构建重组质粒,对转化后的大肠杆菌进行诱导表达,用诱导纯化后的重组蛋白作免疫原免疫小鼠,分析重组蛋白免疫小鼠后的抗体水平及对小鼠的免疫保护力。结果表明,诱导后可得到26 kDa的EAG重组蛋白,且该蛋白可与该菌阳性血清发生特异性反应。间接ELISA检测免疫小鼠的抗体效价可达1∶8 100,重组蛋白免疫后对小鼠保护力可达90%。该结果表明,表达的EAG蛋白具有良好的抗原性,可有效提高小鼠的体液免疫水平及免疫保护力。     

IdeE, an IgG-endopeptidase of Streptococcus equi ssp. equi

Streptococcus equi ssp. equi is the causative agent of strangles, a highly contagious and serious disease in the upper respiratory tract of horses. The present study describes the characterization of IdeE, a homolog of the secreted IgG-specific protease IdeS/Mac of Streptococcus pyogenes. The activity of IdeE is compared with the activity of IdeZ, the corresponding enzyme of the closely related S. equi ssp. zooepidemicus. A study of the proteolytic activity of recombinant IdeE and IdeZ on IgG from a selection of mammals shows that only antibodies containing the substrate site of IdeS/Mac are cleaved, indicating that the specificities of these enzymes are similar. Interestingly, IgG from horse is less effectively cleaved than IgG from e.g. dog or humans, as the dominating IgG isotype in horse sera (IgG4) lacks a distinct substrate site for IdeE/IdeZ. IgG-degradation is observed when S. equi ssp. equi is grown in the presence of horse serum, but not when grown with purified IgG. As the fraction of degraded IgG contains IgG4, the observed activity might be due to the expression of an unknown enzyme rather than IdeE. In a similar assay, no proteolysis of IgG was detected in the growth media of S. equi ssp. zooepidemicus.     

Neither the A- nor B-repeat regions of the fibrinogen-binding protein of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi are essential for fibrinogen binding

The major cell wall-associated protein (FgBP) of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi possesses two internal blocks of repeated sequence (A and B) and binds horse fibrinogen (Fg) avidly through residues located in the N-terminal half of the molecule. In the present study, we investigated the roles of the two repeats blocks in Fg binding through construction of recombinant FgBP proteins containing defined internal deletions of sequence. Ligand binding experiments clearly showed that neither repeat is essential for Fg binding. However, residues within the B repeats seem to play a major role in the aberrant mobility observed for FgBP following sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.     

Two novel IgG endopeptidases of Streptococcus equi

Streptococcus equi ssp. equi causes strangles, a highly contagious and serious disease in the upper respiratory tract of horses. Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus , another subspecies of this genus, is regarded as an opportunistic commensal in horses. The present study describes the characterization of two novel immunoglobulin G (IgG) endopeptidases of these subspecies, IdeE2 and IdeZ2. Both enzymes display sequence similarities with two previously characterized IgG endopeptidases, IdeE of S. equi ssp. equi and IdeZ of S. equi ssp. zooepidemicus . IdeE2 and IdeZ2 display high substrate-specificity in comparison with IdeE and IdeZ, as they both completely cleave horse IgG, while the activity against IgG from mouse, rabbit, cat, cow, sheep and goat is low or absent. The potential use of IdeE and IdeE2 as vaccine components was studied in a mouse infection model. In this vaccination and challenge study, both enzymes induced protection against S. equi ssp. equi infection.     

Molecular detection of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi in face flies (Musca autumnalis) collected during a strangles outbreak on a Thoroughbred farm

The objective of this study was to detect Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi) (Lactobacillales: Streptococcaceae) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in flies collected from a farm with a documented outbreak of strangles. A total of 1856 face flies [Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae)] were collected using conventional fly traps. The flies were processed for nucleic acid purification and tested for the presence of S. equi by qPCR. A total of 10/1856 flies (0.54%) tested qPCR-positive for S. equi. The results may implicate the presence of face flies as a risk factor for the transmission of S. equi and highlight the need to institute proper husbandry measures, biosecurity protocols and fly control in order to reduce the potential for infection in at-risk horses.     

Production of Hyaluronic Acid by Mutant Strains of Group C Streptococcus

This study addresses the influence of upstream region sequence on the strength of has operon promoter in highly encapsulated S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus (SEZ). For this purpose, seven different strains were constructed. Each strain carries a point mutation in one of the following positions upstream of the has promoter: ?43, ?44, ?49, and ?50 bp. To facilitate measuring of the recombinant promoter relative strength, ß-glucuronidase gene was used as a reporter gene. Three mutations located in positions ?49 and ?50: AT, GT, and AG, positively impacted has promoter strength when compared to the wild type sequence GG. Conversely, two other mutations: TG and TT, exhibited a slight inhibitory effect. Further, three different strains carrying chromosomal mutations in the has promoter region were constructed. In two cases, the has operon is under the control of a stronger promoter and in the third strain the has operon is controlled by a weaker promoter. The laboratory fermenter scale cultivations confirmed the increase of hyaluronan yields for SEZPhasAG and SEZPhas2G, resulting 116 and 105 %, respectively. As expected, the yield of the hyaluronic acid of SEZPhas2B strain fell to 41 %.     

Production of Monoclonal Anti-Idiotype Antibodies Which Mimic an M-Like Protein of Streptococcus equi

Rat monoclonal anti-idiotype antibodies (mAb2) were raised against two mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAb1), 1D10 and 2A6, with specificity for the M-like protein of Streptococcus equi. The capacity of the mAb2 to inhibit the binding between the corresponding mouse mAbl against which the mAb2 were raised and the M-like protein was investigated in an inhibition EIA. One of the ten mAb2 examined, namely 5D1 (anti-mAb1 1D10), was able to inhibit this binding. The mAb2 5D1 bound to the mAb1 1D10 in such a way as to completely inhibit the subsequent binding of the M-like protein antigen to the paratope of the mAb1 1D10. The mAb2 5D1 is likely to represent a true image of the M-like protein antigen and may thus be described as an Ab2β anti-idiotype antibody.