THE SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON MESOZOIC TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS AND BIOTAS WAS HELD IN BEIJING

TheSixthSymposiumonMesozoicTerrestrialEcosystemsandBiotaswasheldinBejing,August1-4,1995.TheSymposiumwasconvenedbyProfsChuankuiLiandAilingSun.IVPP(TheInstituteofVertebratePaleontologyandPaleoanthropology,theChineseAcademyofSciences)succeededinwarmlyhosting67participants,including45foreignattendants.TheprogrammeoftheSymposiumconsistsofthreeparts:fieldexcursions(Pre-conferenceexcursionstoYunnanandSichuanProvinces;Post-conferenceexcursionstoXinjiang),lecturesandcitysightseeing.Totally…     

SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION FOR FLOWER COLOR IN THE DESERT ANNUAL LINANTHUS PARRYAE: WAS WRIGHT RIGHT?

Understanding the evolutionary mechanisms that contribute to the local genetic differentiation of populations is a major goal of evolutionary biology, and debate continues regarding the relative importance of natural selection and random genetic drift to population differentiation. The desert plant Linanthus parryae has played a prominent role in these debates, with nearly six decades of empirical and theoretical work into the causes of spatial differentiation for flower color. Plants produce either blue or white flowers, and local populations often differ greatly in the frequencies of the two color morphs. Sewall Wright first applied his model of "isolation by distance" to investigate spatial patterns of flower color in Linanthus. He concluded that the distribution of flower color morphs was due to random genetic drift, and that Linanthus provided an example of his shifting balance theory of evolution. Our results from comprehensive field studies do not support this view. We studied an area in which flower color changed abruptly from all-blue to all-white across a shallow ravine. Allozyme markers sampled across these regions showed no evidence of spatial differentiation, reciprocal transplant experiments revealed natural selection favoring the resident morph, and soils and the dominant members of the plant community differed between regions. These results support the hypothesis that local differences in flower color are due to natural selection, not due to genetic drift.     

PERSPECTIVE: SEX,RECOMBINATION, AND THE EFFICACY OF SELECTION—WAS WEISMANN RIGHT?

The idea that sex functions to provide variation for natural selection to act upon was first advocated by August Weismann and it has dominated much discussion on the evolution of sex and recombination since then. The goal of this paper is to further extend this hypothesis and to assess its place in a larger body of theory on the evolution of sex and recombination. A simple generic model is developed to show how fitness variation and covariation interact with selection for recombination and illustrate some important implications of the hypothesis: (1) the advantage of sex and recombination can accrue both to reproductively isolated populations and to modifiers segregating within populations, but the former will be much larger than the latter; (2) forces of degradation that are correlated across loci within an individual can reduce or reverse selection for increased recombination; and (3) crossing-over (which can occur at different places in different meioses) will create more variability than having multiple chromosomes and so will have more influence on the efficacy of selection. Several long-term selection experiments support Weismann's hypothesis, including those showing a greater response to selection in populations with higher rates of recombination and higher rates of recombination evolving as a correlated response to selection for some other character. Weismann's hypothesis is also consistent with the sporadic distribution of obligate asexuality, which indicates that clones have a higher rate of extinction than sexuals. Weismann's hypothesis is then discussed in light of other patterns in the distribution of sexuality versus asexuality. To account for variation in the frequency of obligate asexuality in different taxa, a simple model is developed in which this frequency is a function of three parameters: the rate of clonal origin, the initial fitness of clones when they arise, and the rate at which that fitness declines over time. Variation in all three parameters is likely to be important in explaining the distribution of obligate asexuality. Facultative asexuality also exists, and for this to be stable it seems there must be ecological differences between the sexual and asexual propagules as well as genetic differences. Finally, the timing of sex in cyclical parthenogens is most likely set to minimize the opportunity costs of sex. None of these patterns contradict Weismann's hypothesis, but they do show that many additional principles unrelated to the function of sex are required to fully explain its distribution. Weismann's hypothesis is also consistent with what we know about the mechanics and molecular genetics of recombination, in particular the tendency for chromatids to recombine with a homolog rather than a sister chromatid at meiosis, which is opposite to what they do during mitosis. However, molecular genetic studies have shown that cis-acting sites at which recombination is initiated are lost by gene conversion as a result, a factor that can be expected to affect many fine details in the evolution of recombination. In summary, although Weismann's hypothesis must be considered the leading candidate for the function of sex and recombination, nevertheless, many additional principles are needed to fully account for their evolution.     

Ultrastructure of meiosis in the hollyhock rust fungus,Puccinia malvacearum I. Prophase I — Prometaphase I

Summary A thoroughly documented account of the ultrastructure of the meiotic spindle pole body (SPB) cycle in a rust (Basidiomycota, Uredinales) is presented for the first time. The three-dimensional structure of the SPB and spindle during meiosis in the hollyhock rust fungusPuccinia malvacearum is analyzed from serial sections of preselected stages. This paper covers prophase I to prometaphase I. At late prophase I, the nucleolus disperses and does not reappear until the end of meiosis. The SPB at late prophase I consists of two, 4-layered discs, 0.8–1.0 m in diameter, connected by a middle piece (MP). The SPB is associated with a differentiated region of the nuclear envelope and nucleoplasm. At late diplotene to diakinesis, each disc generates a half spindle as it inserts into an otherwise intact nuclear envelope. The MP connecting the interdigitating half spindles elongates and eventually splits transversely during subsequent spindle elongation. Each half MP, which is attached to a SPB disc, becomes inserted in a sheath-like extension of the nuclear envelope. The intranuclear late prometaphase I spindle always becomes oriented perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis and sagittal plane of the metabasidium. There are 200–290 spindle microtubules (MTs) at each SPB at late prometaphase. The nonkinetochore MTs form a coherent central spindle around which the kinetochore MTs and bivalents are spread. A metaphase plate is absent. The results are compared with SPB behavior and spindle structure in early meiosis of other basidiomycetes and ascomycetes.     

可动性I型内含子

真核生物绝大多数基因初始转录物的后加工过程涉及内含子(intron,亦称间插序列IVS)的切除和外显子(exon)的连接。自从Kruger和Cech等人首次发现嗜热四膜虫(Tetrahymena thermophila)大亚基rRNA的间插序列能够催化自身切除和外显子连接以来,自我剪接内含子(self splicing intron)及其他有催化功能的RNA的例子在不断增多.RNA催化功能的发现强     

云木香化学成分研究I

从云南丽江产云木香（ＳａｕｓｓｕｒｅａｌａｐｐａＣ．Ｂ．Ｃｌａｒｋｅ）的根中分离得到了１４个倍半萜化合物,它们的结构通过波谱和化学的方法得到鉴定,其中化合物２被鉴定为是一新化合物,化合物４,１２和１４为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Plant Development: Should I Stop or Should I Grow?

Plant growth is tightly controlled through the integration of environmental cues with the physiological status of the seedling. A recent study now proposes a model explaining how the plant hormone ethylene triggers opposite growth responses depending on the light environment.     

IκBL：IκB家族的成员之一？

IκB家族是一组能够与转录因子NF-κB直接结合并调节NF-κB活力的蛋白.IκB蛋白结构上的普遍特点是拥有负责与NF-κB结合的多个锚蛋白(ankyrin)重复序列.IκBL包含ankyrin的重复序列并且能够抑制LPS诱导的NF-κB激活.然而,IκBL与NF-κB能否直接结合仍不确定.本文综述了IκB家族成员结构和功能上的特点,并分析了IκBL是否应被视为IκB家族成员之一.     

Partial sequencing of Reissner’s fiber glycoprotein I (RF-Gly I)

The bulk of the secretion of the subcommissural organ is formed by glycoproteins that appear to be derived from two precursor forms of 540 and 320 kDa. Upon release into the ventricle, these glycoproteins aggregate to form Reissner’s fiber. We report the isolation of three cDNA clones from a cDNA library prepared from bovine subcommissural organ RNA, by using an anti-Reissner’s fiber serum for immunoscreening. Inserts of 0.7, 1.2, and 2.5 kb were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, subcloned into pUC18 vector, and sequenced. Although restriction mapping of the three inserts initially suggested that all of them were derived from the same mRNA, sequence analysis showed that a short non-homologous region was present in the 0.7-kb insert when compared with the 1.2-kb and 2.5-kb inserts, suggesting that they corresponded to two different, although highly homologous, mRNAs. Northern analyses showed a single mRNA species of approximately 9.5 kb present in the subcommissural organ and missing in the choroid plexus, brain cortex, and liver. In situ hybridization confirmed that the expression of the RNA was restricted to cells of the bovine subcommissural organ. Polyclonal antibodies raised against a synthetic peptide, whose amino-acid sequence was deduced from the 2.5-kb cDNA, reacted specifically with the bovine and rat subcommissural organ-Reissner’s fiber complex. In immunoblots of bovine subcommissural organ, this antibody revealed the precursor 540-kDa form and its putative processed form of 450 kDa. It is concluded that the cloned cDNA encodes for the major constitutive glycoprotein of Reissner’s fiber, here designated as RF-Gly I. The sequenced region of RF-Gly I displays a high degree of homology with some regions of the von Willebrand factor and certain mucins; it also displays two motifs homologous with repeats present in proteins of the spondin family and other proteins. A core sequence of the RF-Gly I repeats suggests that this molecule displays protein-binding properties.     

BsaH I对猪激素敏感脂肪酶基因外显子I的PCR-RFLP分析

以华北野猪、东北野猪和山西黑猪、长白猪、大白猪、马身猪共计287头猪作为研究对象,对其HSL基因外显子I区域进行了PCR-RFLP多态性研究,发现不同品种猪间存在多态性.瘦肉型大白猪、长白猪全部表现为GG基因型;山西黑猪表现为AA、AG和GG三种基因型;脂肪型地方猪种马身猪为单一的AA基因型;华北杂种野猪、东北纯种野猪及杂种野猪表现为AG和GG两种基因型.等位基因A、G及三种基因型的频率在不同猪种中不同.该研究首次对华北及东北野猪HSL基因进行了多态性研究,丰富了国内外对野猪的分子生物学研究,为野猪遗传资源的合理开发利用提供了依据.     

限制性内切酶Bgl I与Pst I的提取和纯化

斯托氏变形杆菌印rovidencia stuartii）含 有一种限制性内切酶Pst I，其切割位点是 CTGCAG^[1]；球芽抱杆菌（Bacillus globiggi）含 有两种不同的限制性内切酶Bgl I和Bgl I,) Bgl I的识别位点是GCCNNNN}NGGC, Bgl II的识别位点是A杏GATCT^[1]。这些限制性内 切酶在DNA重组、基因的结构与功能的研究 中都是常用的工具酶。本文参照Greene等121的 方法分离和纯化了Bgl I和Pst I酶。在所采 用的球芽抱杆菌的菌株中，Bgl II的含量似乎 较少，未能得到较好结果。现简略报道如下。