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准确定量描述植物气孔对环境的响应是了解植物光合作用机理、预测植物生产力及其大气-植被-土壤系统中水分和热量交换的关键。利用松嫩平原盐碱化草地羊草光合生理特征的野外观测数据,分析了羊草叶片气孔导度对环境因子的反应,结果表明:羊草叶片气孔导度对环境因子变化敏感,尤其对瞬时光合有效辐射(PAR)、叶片与空气间的水汽压亏损(VPD)和空气温度(Ta)反应十分明显。依据野外实测资料对国际上两类代表性气孔导度 相似文献
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气孔导度是衡量植物和大气间水分、能量及CO2平衡和循环的重要指标,探讨气孔导度与环境因子的关系及其模拟,以及气孔导度在叶片、冠层及区域尺度间的尺度转换及累积效应,对更好地认识植被与大气间的水热运移过程,合理评价植被在陆面过程中的地位和作用都具有重要意义。从植物气孔导度与环境因子的关系、气孔导度模拟以及尺度扩展三个方面,对前人的研究成果进行了概括总结。从叶片和冠层两个尺度出发,归纳总结了前人对于不同植物气孔导度与环境因子关系的研究成果,发现由于不同植物的遗传特性、测定时的环境、时间尺度的不同,以及未考虑各个环境因子的相互作用对气孔导度的影响,由此得到的气孔导度与环境因子之间的关系也不尽一致。对各单一环境因子与气孔导度的关系,给出了生理学解释,从根本上说明了环境因子变化对气孔导度的影响,而研究环境因子对气孔导度的综合影响时,应对各环境因子进行系统控制与同步观测。模拟计算植物气孔导度的模型主要有Jarvis模型和BWB模型两类,这些模型的模拟能力随着研究对象、试验区域、环境条件的改变而存在一定的差异,在具体使用时应结合实际情况选择最优模型进行模拟。除上述常用模型外,还总结了其他学者分别从不同角度提出的新的模型,对现有气孔导度模型进行了全面的总结。从叶片-冠层、冠层-区域两个方面归纳总结了前人关于气孔导度尺度扩展的研究成果,发现叶片-冠层的尺度扩展研究较成熟而冠层-区域的尺度扩展在模拟精度的验证方面存在困难。针对以下几个方面提出了今后气孔导度的研究重点:(1)结合研究对象所在的区域及环境条件,选择最优模型进行模拟;(2)综合考虑环境因子之间的相互作用及其对气孔导度的累积影响;(3)BWB模型与光合模型的耦合;(4)提高大尺度范围内的气孔导度模拟精度。 相似文献
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气孔调节功能是陆地生态系统碳-水耦合过程中最重要的环节。与即时的气孔导度测量相比, 气孔导度斜率能有效地反映气孔导度对CO2浓度、饱和水汽压亏缺和光合作用的敏感性, 包含了环境因子对光合作用和临界水分利用效率等的综合影响, 为研究全球变化下陆地生态系统碳-水耦合关系提供了一个简明且综合的框架。气孔导度模型从经验模型、半经验模型发展到机理模型, 经过很多学者的改进, 但是模型参数的生物学意义和变化规律还不明确。鉴于气孔导度斜率方面研究的重要性和研究的不足, 为了加强对气孔导度调节规律的认识, 并减少气孔导度模拟的不确定性, 该文主要综述了长期以来国内外关于最优气孔行为理论和气孔导度模拟方面的研究成果, 其中包括广泛使用的气孔导度模型及参数意义, 讨论影响气孔导度斜率的主要因素以及气孔导度机理模型的应用, 并对最优气孔行为理论和气孔导度模拟方面的研究做了简单展望。 相似文献
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海南红豆(Ormosia pinnata)夏季叶片气体交换,气孔导度和水分利用效率的日变化 总被引:32,自引:1,他引:32
对野外海南红豆叶片的气体交换、气孔导度和水分利用效率及其相应环境因子的日变化进行测定的结果表明:夏季7月叶片净光光合速率和蒸腾速率的日变化曲线呈双峰型,前者的变化主要受光控制,与气温、叶温和湿度的关系不明显;后者与光、气温和叶温成正相关,与湿度成负相关,气孔导度对湿度的敏感性比对光和温度明显很多。分析结果显示,气孔导度和光合速率受环境因子的响应是相对独立的,海南红豆的水分利用效率最高值出现在上午较 相似文献
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在晴天有时有云天,水稻剑叶的最大光合速率出现在午前9:00左右。中午前后,无论光合量子通量(PPF)等于或略低于9:00前后,净光合率(Pn)及Pn/PPF比值均较低。RObi8CO&化活力有明显的日变化,无论以单位面积计算或以该酶蛋白为基数计算,其总活力和初始活力均呈日出前最低,中午最高,傍晚又下降的单峰曲线。中午Pn下降期间,Pn与Ci有极显著正相关,与RObisCO初始活力无相关;而早晚,瞬时人工光照下Pn与Ruisco初始活力呈直线正相关,与Ci呈直线负相关。这表明中午光合下降来自气孔限制,而晚低光合主要由低Rubisco初始活力所致。 相似文献
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叶片气孔是植物进行水汽交换的通道, 影响着植物的蒸腾和光合作用。然而叶片气孔行为受环境条件和树种类型的影响, 不同树种冠层气孔导度对环境因子响应的差异性, 以及在生长季不同时期叶片气孔对冠层蒸腾的调节作用是否会发生改变, 仍不清楚。该研究目的是通过探究各环境因子对不同树种冠层气孔导度的相对贡献率以及叶片气孔对冠层蒸腾的调节作用, 为深入了解植物水分利用状况和山区森林经营提供参考依据。于2018年生长季以北京八达岭国家森林公园内的58年生油松(Pinus tabuliformis)和39年生元宝槭(Acer truncatum)为研究对象, 利用热扩散技术对其树干液流进行连续监测, 并同步监测环境因子。利用彭曼公式计算冠层气孔导度(Gs)。主要结果: (1)油松和元宝槭日间Gs在日、月时间尺度上存在明显差异。5-7月油松和元宝槭日动态Gs均随饱和水汽压差(VPD)和太阳辐射(GR)的增加呈上升趋势, 上升持续时间比8月和9月长; 在月尺度上, 随着VPD、GR的降低和土壤湿度(VWC)的升高, Gs从5月到9月整体上升。(2)利用增强回归树法分析得到VWC和VPD对Gs的贡献率最大, 其次是GR、气温和风速。VWC和VPD对油松Gs的贡献率分别为66.4%和17.4%, 对元宝槭Gs的贡献率分别为54.8%和21.0%。(3)油松和元宝槭的dGs/dlnVPD值与参考冠层气孔导度之间的斜率均显著高于0.6, 气孔调节作用相对较强。综上所述, 气孔对环境因子的响应在树种以及生长季不同时期之间存在差异, 为防止水分过度散失, 两树种在不同土壤水分条件下均通过严格的气孔调节控制蒸腾量。 相似文献
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麦田冠层气孔导度的分层研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
小麦灌浆期和乳熟期冠层各层叶片上、下表面的气孔导度之间呈正相关关系;冠层不同层的叶片气孔导度从早到傍晚有平行变化的趋势,数值上存在较大的差异,一般从冠层上到下递减。经分析,这主要与冠层叶片接受的光强自上而下递减有关,且这时所对应的叶片水势自冠层上到下递增的幅度大。测算结果表明,冠层气孔导度白天亦呈明显的日变化,灌浆期的值大于乳熟期的值。 相似文献
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大豆光合日变化过程中气孔限制和非气孔限制的研究 总被引:10,自引:2,他引:10
研究了在典型高温低湿天气下大豆光合日变化过程中气孔限制和非气孔限制的效应。大豆叶片在中午表现出严重的气孔关闭伴随着光合速率的大幅度下降,但中午光合速率下降期间,大豆叶片细胞间隙的CO_2浓度不但没有下降反而有所增加,同时气孔限制值也在下降。实验结果表明,大豆叶片的光合午休现象主要是因为大豆叶片的羧化效率、光合能力,RUBP再生能力的下降以及CO_2补偿点升高造成的。大豆叶片在中午时气孔导度的下降不是造成光合午休的原因,而是在特定环境中实现水分利用最优的一种对策。 相似文献
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本文对生长在可控环境温室中的花生气孔扩散传导率进行了实验研究,揭示了单个植株之间、上下表面之间、叶片不同部位以及冠层垂直方向上气孔扩散传导率的变异性。同时以气孔扩散传导率与环境条件的测定值为基础,对传导率对环境因子的反应进行了分析,植株顶部叶片气孔扩散传导率与太阳总辐射和空气饱和差有关系;冠层传导率与冠层截留辐射和空气饱和差有相关关系。 相似文献
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本文对生长在可控环境温室中的花生气孔扩散传导率进行了实验研究,揭示了单个植株之间、上下表面之间、叶片不同部位以及冠层垂直方向上气孔扩散传导率的变异性。同时以气孔扩散传导率与环境条件的测定值为基础,对传导率对环境因子的反应进行了分析,植株顶部叶片气孔扩散传导率与太阳总辐射和空气饱和差有关系;冠层传导率与冠层截留辐射和空气饱和差有相关关系。 相似文献
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Objectives
The aim of our study was to investigate the circadian and weekly variation and assess the influence of environmental variables on the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).Methods
Our study population consisted of 2983 consecutive patients admitted with AMI between January 2006 and May 2008. Data were abstracted from hospital records and partially from an electronic database. In patients with a known time of onset of AMI, circadian variation was analysed. In all patients, weekly variation of onset of AMI was analysed. Information on daily mean temperature, sunny hours, rainy hours, maximal humidity and mean atmospheric pressure was obtained from the KNMI database and the influence of these environmental variables on the incidence of AMI was analysed.Results and conclusion
Incidence of AMI shows a circadian pattern with an increase in occurrence during daylight. AMI occurs equally on each day of the week and no relation was found between environmental variables and the occurrence of AMI. 相似文献14.
Summary Steady-state and dynamic stomatal and assimilation responses to light transients were characterized in sun- and shade-acclimated plants of Piper auritum, a pioneer tree, and Piper aequale a shade-tolerant shrub from a tropical forest at Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México. Despite essentially identical steady-state responses of stomatal conductance to PFD of P. aequale and P. auritum shade plants, the dynamic responses to lightflecks were markedly different and depended on the growth regime. For both species from both growth environments, the increase in stomatal conductance occurring in response to a lightfleck continued long after the lightfleck itself so that the maximum stomatal conductance was not reached until 20–40 min after the lightfleck. Closing then occurred until stomatal conductance returned to near its original value before the lightfleck. Plants that were grown under light regimes similar to those of their natural habitat (high light for P. auritum and shade for P. aequale) had large maximum excursions of stomatal conductance and slower closing than opening responses. Plants grown under the opposite conditions had smaller excursions of stomatal conductance, especially in P. auritum, and more symmetrical opening and closing. The large and hysteretic response of stomatal conductance of P. aequale shade plants to a lightfleck was shown to improve carbon gain during subsequent lightflecks by 30–200%, depending on lightfleck duration. In contrast the very small stomatal response to lightflecks in P. auritum shade plants, resulted in no significant improvement in use of subsequent lightflecks. 相似文献
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The thermal response of gas exchange varies among plant species and with growth conditions. Plants from hot dry climates generally reach maximal photosynthetic rates at higher temperatures than species from temperate climates. Likewise, species in these environments are predicted to have small leaves with more-dissected shapes. We compared eight species of Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) selected as phylogenetically independent contrasts on leaf shape to determine whether: (1) the species showed plasticity in thermal response of gas exchange when grown under different water and temperature regimes, (2) there were differences among more- and less-dissected leafed species in trait means or plasticity, and (3) whether climatic variables were correlated with the responses. We found that a higher growth temperature led to higher optimal photosynthetic temperatures, at a cost to photosynthetic capacity. Optimal temperatures for photosynthesis were greater than the highest growth temperature regime. Stomatal conductance responded to growth water regime but not growth temperature, whereas transpiration increased and water use efficiency (WUE) decreased at the higher growth temperature. Strikingly, species with more-dissected leaves had higher rates of carbon gain and water loss for a given growth condition than those with less-dissected leaves. Species from lower latitudes and lower rainfall tended to have higher photosynthetic maxima and conductance, but leaf dissection did not correlate with climatic variables. Our results suggest that the combination of dissected leaves, higher photosynthetic rates, and relatively low WUE may have evolved as a strategy to optimize water delivery and carbon gain during short-lived periods of high soil moisture. Higher thermal optima, in conjunction with leaf dissection, may reflect selection pressure to protect photosynthetic machinery against excessive leaf temperatures when stomata close in response to water stress. 相似文献
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在对半干旱区3种植物进行生理生态特性测定的基础上,应用两种气孔导度模型进行参数的非线性拟合,BBL模型平均可以解释77.6%的结果,Gao模型平均可以解释59.3%的结果。但Gao模型作为一个机理性的模型,其参数具有明确的物理意义。模型的行为和敏感性分析结果说明,用BBL计算的气孔导度一般大于Gao模型。BBL模型对于干旱胁迫下的土壤水分亏缺没有响应, 因而不适合用作干旱半干旱区的植物生理生态学分析和生态系统模拟。而Gao模型可以描述在各种水分条件下植物气孔导度的响应。Gao模型的结果说明,与油松 (Pinus tabulaeformis) 和中间锦鸡儿 (Caragana intermedia) 比较,小叶杨 (Populus simonii) 具有最小的抗旱和耐旱能力,油松具有最好的叶片水平的耐旱和抗旱特性,但其气孔导度对土壤水分的不敏感意味着在干旱条件下维持光合作用的同时,也可能会导致过多的水分损失。中间锦鸡儿具有很强的耐旱性,且其气孔导度对土壤水分的变化敏感,二者相结合,中间锦鸡儿可以在土壤水分条件较好的情况下,维持较大的气孔导度以满足光合作用的需要,但在土壤水分胁迫严重的时候能迅速降低气孔导度以保持土壤水分。 相似文献
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Leaf carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) varies with the balance between net photosynthesis (A) and stomatal conductance (g
s
). Inferences that can be made with Δ13C are limited, as changes could reflect variation in A and/or g
s
. Investigators have suggested that leaf δ18O enrichment above source water (Δ18O) may enable differentiation between sources of variation in Δ13C, as leaf Δ18O varies with transpiration rate (E), which is closely correlated with g
s
when leaves experience similar leaf to air vapor pressure differences. We examined leaf gas exchange of Salix arctica at eight sites with similar air temperatures and relative humidities but divergent soil temperatures and soil water contents
near Pituffik, Greenland (76°N, 38°W). We found negative correlations at the site level between g
s
and Δ18O in bulk leaf tissue (r
2 = 0.62, slope = −17.9‰/mol H2O m−2 s−1, P = 0.02) and leaf α-cellulose (r
2 = 0.83, slope = −11.5‰ mol H2O m−2 s−1, P < 0.01), consistent with the notion that leaf water enrichment declines with increasing E. We also found negative correlations at the site-level between intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) and Δ13C in bulk leaf tissue (r
2 = 0.65, slope = −0.08‰/μmol CO2 /mol H2O, P = 0.02) and leaf α-cellulose (r
2 = 0.50, slope = −0.05 ‰/[μmol CO2 /mol H2O], P = 0.05). When increasing Δ13C was driven by increasing g
s
alone, we found negative slopes between Δ13C and Δ18O for bulk leaf tissue (−0.664) and leaf α-cellulose (−1.135). When both g
s
and A
max increased, we found steeper negative slopes between Δ13C and Δ18O for bulk leaf tissue (−2.307) and leaf α-cellulose (−1.296). Our results suggest that the dual isotope approach is capable
of revealing the qualitative contributions of g
s
and A
max to Δ13C at the site level. In our study, bulk leaf tissue was a better medium than leaf α-cellulose for application of the dual
isotope approach. 相似文献
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Summary The uptake of air pollutants depends both on pollutant concentration and on stomatal conductance. This paper deals with the uptake of ozone (O3) from the air into the needles of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] under ambient climatic conditions. Regulation of O3 uptake by the stomata is shown and also the difference between the physiologically active O3 concentration and the O3 concentration of the ambient air. Data from the sun and shade crown of spruce trees at 1000 m a.s.l. are presented. Analysis of data from three vegetation periods has shown that at low ambient O3 concentrations the O3 uptake is largely regulated by stomatal conductance. Water vapour pressure deficit (VPD) of the atmosphere is the climatic factor which showed the highest positive correlation with O3 concentration. However, a high leaf-air VDP led to stomatal closure, thus reducing the O3 uptake in the needles despite high O3 concentrations in the ambient air. The potential O3 stress caused by high O3 concentrations can be strongly mitigated by this natural closing of the stomata and the simultaneous occurrence of moderate drought stress. 相似文献

