共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Douglas Medin Norbert Ross Douglas Cox Scott Atran 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(3):315-329
There is a continuing controversy over Native American fishing and hunting rights. We show that Native American (Menominee)
and European American fish experts have a common knowledge base and share values and attitudes associated with fishing practices
(though organized around different ethical principles). Nonetheless, perceived group differences are dramatic (especially European American perceptions of Native Americans). Cultural differences in models
of nature and associated inference processes appear to mediate these stereotypes and may hold the key to reducing intergroup
conflict over resources.
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Douglas MedinEmail: |
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Monica Ogra 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2009,37(2):161-177
Understanding local attitudes towards human–wildlife conflict (HWC) is key to developing successful conflict mitigation strategies.
In this paper, in-depth interview and questionnaire data about resolution of HWC in Uttarakhand, India are examined from both
qualitative and quantitative approaches (n = 70). Responses are differentiated between and within three subgroups: gender, literacy status, and relative wealth. Overall,
the plurality of respondents said that fencing is the best solution, that the Forest Department should take leadership, and
that villagers would be willing to participate in a cooperative management institution. However, cooperative action was only
actively supported by 27.4% of respondents, suggesting that comanagement of this protected area will require significant capacity
building and trust building activities. Intragroup differences show that all three factors are significant, and underscore
the importance of addressing gender differences in attitudes about HWC in particular. Women were less likely than men to support
compensation, more likely to prefer that the village take leadership, and less willing to participate in a cooperative management
institution. The study illustrates the value of mixed-method research, and suggests a number of specific entry points for
action.
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Monica OgraEmail: |
4.
Understanding food web interactions in native or agricultural ecosystems is an important step towards establishing sustainable
pest management strategies. While the role of generalist predators as biological control agents is increasingly appreciated,
the study of trophic interactions between individual predator species and their prey provides practical difficulties. Recently,
different approaches have been suggested to determine prey items from predator guts using molecular methods. Macrolophus caliginosus is a generalist predator active in herbaceous agro-ecosystems. We developed a system to identify the DNA of its prey after
ingestion, using Myzus persicae as a model. Esterase (MpEST) and cytochrome oxidase I (MpCOI) genes were targeted in the aphid, while M. caliginosus COI gene was used as control for predator DNA. Real time PCR proved to be specific and sensitive enough to detect prey DNA upon
ingestion after feeding experiments. The system provided a linear amplification response with only 10 fg of prey genomic DNA
as template. The detection system of MpCOI gene was more sensitive than MpEST, while the detection period was similar for both genes. Possibilities for using the system in ecological and biosafety studies
with regard to sustainable pest management are discussed.
相似文献
Salvatore ArpaiaEmail: |
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6.
Frank R. Thomas 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(2):179-194
Focusing on contemporary shellfish exploitation among several atoll communities in Kiribati, Micronesia, this paper examines
the relationship between human foragers and their invertebrate prey via the prey choice or diet breadth model derived from
optimal foraging theory. Shellfish, like many other reef organisms, are relatively sedentary and predictable, but these characteristics
make them susceptible to over-harvesting. The research reveals that shellfish gatherers are foraging in a manner that matches
the predictions of optimal foraging theory. The work adds to our understanding of optimal foraging decisions in atoll settings
by critically evaluating the depiction of atoll dwellers as conservationists.
相似文献
Frank R. ThomasEmail: Email: |
7.
This paper introduces a threshold policy with hysteresis (TPH) for the control of one-predator one-prey models. The models studied are the Lotka–Volterra and Rosenzweig–MacArthur
two species density-dependent predator–prey models and the Arditi–Ginzburg nondimensional ratio-dependent model. The proposed
policy (TPH) changes the dynamics of the system in such a way that a bounded oscillation is achieved confined to a region
that does not allow extinction of either species. The policy can be designed by a suitable choice of so called virtual equilibrium
points in a simple and intuitive manner.
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Amit Bhaya (Corresponding author)Email: |
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A key point in the analysis of dynamical models of biological systems is to handle systems of relatively high dimensions.
In the present paper we propose a method to hierarchically organize a certain type of piecewise affine (PWA) differential
systems. This specific class of systems has been extensively studied for the past few years, as it provides a good framework
to model gene regulatory networks. The method, shown on several examples, allows a qualitative analysis of the asymptotic
behavior of a PWA system, decomposing it into several smaller subsystems. This technique, based on the well-known strongly
connected components decomposition, is not new. However, its adaptation to the non-smooth PWA differential equations turns
out to be quite relevant because of the strong discrete structure underlying these equations. Its biological relevance is
shown on a 7-dimensional PWA system modeling the gene network responsible for the carbon starvation response in Escherichia coli.
相似文献
Laurent Tournier (Corresponding author)Email: |
Jean-Luc GouzéEmail: |
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Machado RR Lima Filho ES Jardim DF Ferreira MA de Faria CG Duarte RS Lesche B 《European biophysics journal : EBJ》2008,38(1):111-119
An interferometer that measures the refractive index changes due to bacterial metabolism is described. The apparatus permits
simultaneous and real time measurement of bacterial growth in several samples of slowly growing mycobacteria. The error sources
are discussed and the sensitivity of the apparatus is tested. For the species Mycobacterium bovis BCG and M. smegmatis, a relation between refractive index change and bacterial concentration is determined experimentally and the time constant
of bacterial growth is measured.
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B. LescheEmail: |
12.
Coral reef marine protected areas (MPA) are widely distributed around the globe for social and ecological reasons. Relatively
few of these MPAs are well managed. This review examines the governance of coral reef MPAs and the means to improve coral
reef MPA management. It highlights common governance challenges, such as confused goals, conflict, and unrealistic attempts
to scale up beyond institutional capacity. Recommendations, based on field experience and empirical evidence from around the
world, are made for best practices at various stages of MPA implementation.
相似文献
A. T. WhiteEmail: |
13.
Sub-Antarctic Marion Island has had a permanent research station for 50 years and the islands Wandering Albatrosses have been intensively studied for 20 years. The reactions of breeding birds to approaches by a human on foot were recorded. Three response variables were calculated: intensity of vocal reaction (IVR), intensity of non-vocal reaction (INR) and overall response index (ORI). At 5 m from the nest, twice as many birds stood and/or vocalised as at 15 m. Nearest neighbour distance, age and gender did not explain individual variability of responses. Study colony birds had higher IVR scores than non-study colony birds; birds at colonies closest to the station had the highest ORI scores. A better breeding record was associated with lower IVR and ORI scores, but a causative relationship remains to be demonstrated. A minimum viewing distance of 25 m is recommended for breeding Wandering Albatrosses.
相似文献
Marienne S. de VilliersEmail: Fax: +27-21-6503434 |
John CooperEmail: |
Peter G. RyanEmail: |
14.
James G. Abbott Lisa M. Campbell Clinton J. Hay Tor F. Næsje John Purvis 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(5):559-574
This paper examines small-scale fish vending in a southern African floodplain from two perspectives: as a link between natural
resource use and consumption, and as a livelihood in itself. We used a combination of observation, surveys and semistructured
interviews in a market in Katima Mulilo, Namibia, to determine sources of fish, preferences and constraints to vending, average
investment and profit, as well different routes into fish vending and perceptions regarding vending. Most vendors come from
fishing households, but their stock is often an accumulation of purchases from other fishers. There is little evidence of
formal arrangements between fishers and vendors, yet most adapt to the highly variable natural and social environments of
the region. Although all vendors ranked selling fish as their most important livelihood activity, a wide range of investment
and profit exists among individuals. Our findings indicate that fisheries management proposed for the area must be developed
with a careful understanding of how changes in access and use will affect vending livelihoods.
相似文献
John PurvisEmail: |
15.
Peter Olofsson 《Biology & philosophy》2008,23(4):545-553
The explanatory filter is a proposed method to detect design in nature with the aim of refuting Darwinian evolution. The explanatory filter borrows
its logical structure from the theory of statistical hypothesis testing but we argue that, when viewed within this context,
the filter runs into serious trouble in any interesting biological application. Although the explanatory filter has been extensively
criticized from many angles, we present the first rigorous criticism based on the theory of mathematical statistics.
相似文献
Peter OlofssonEmail: |
16.
Methanogens growing on C-1 substrates synthesize 2-carbon acetyl groups in the form of acetyl-CoA for carbon assimilation
using the multienzyme complex acetyl-CoA decarbonylase/synthase (ACDS) which contains five different subunits encoded within
an operon. In species growing on acetate ACDS also functions to cleave the acetate C-C bond for energy production by methanogenesis.
A number of species of Methanosarcina that are capable of growth on either C-1 compounds or acetate contain two separate ACDS operons, and questions have been
raised about whether or not these operons play separate roles in acetate synthesis and cleavage. Methanosarcina thermophila genomic DNA was analyzed for the presence of two ACDS operons by PCR amplifications with different primer pairs, restriction
enzyme analyses, DNA sequencing and Southern blot analyses. A single ACDS operon was identified and characterized, with no
evidence for more than one. MALDI mass spectrometric analyses were carried out on ACDS preparations from methanol- and acetate-grown
cells. Peptide fragmentation patterns showed that the same ACDS subunits were present regardless of growth conditions. The
evidence indicates that a single form of ACDS is used both for acetate cleavage during growth on acetate and for acetate synthesis
during growth on C-1 substrates.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at
相似文献
David A. Grahame (Corresponding author)Email: |
Edward DeMoll (Corresponding author)Email: |
17.
Conflict is inherent to development, but the intensity of conflicts over small-scale projects is often severely underestimated.
Effectively managed conflict can strengthen relationships and enhance productivity, but unresolved conflict undermines relationships,
morale and projects. This paper examines conflict management during the development of ten South African outreach nurseries
situated within communities experiencing high levels of poverty. Sources of conflict included: (1) Contestations over scarce
or limited resources, or (2) ownership; (3) Disputes over accountability; (4) Struggles over social boundaries or (5) individual
or collective identities; (6) Deteriorating interpersonal relationships; (7) Power struggles between community participants
and (8) Structural imbalances between implementing organisations and community stakeholders. Conflicts spiraled into violence
or near-violence in two cases, with threats of violence in two others. Fostering cooperative relationships and operational
environments requires concerted effort from the outset, including the development of effective institutions. Development fundamentals
cannot be exchanged for expediency; adequate time, staff, and resources have to be allocated to projects.
相似文献
J. BothaEmail: |
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19.
Mitigation of seabird mortality on factory trawlers: trials of three devices to reduce warp cable strikes 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
B. J. Sullivan P. Brickle T. A. Reid D. G. Bone D. A. J. Middleton 《Polar Biology》2006,29(9):745-753
Experimental trials were conducted onboard a stern trawler to identify the relative efficacy of three emerging mitigation measures (tori lines, warp scarer and Brady baffler) designed to reduce seabird mortality caused by warp cable strikes. The use of mitigation measures was clearly shown to substantially reduce seabird mortalities from collisions between seabirds and warp cables. Based on an established significant relationship between contact rate and seabird mortality, when using contact rate as an index of mortality there was a clear performance hierarchy of the three measures. Tori lines and the warp scarer were significantly more effective at reducing contacts than the Brady Baffler, whilst tori lines represent a smaller, but still significant, improvement on the warp scarer. While further testing would be required under local environmental and operational conditions, our findings are likely to have application for many trawl fisheries around the world.
相似文献
B. J. SullivanEmail: |
20.
The recent contribution by Jarmila Kukalová-Peck on Hennigian phylogenetics and hexapod limb evolution is critically evaluated.
相似文献
Michael S. Engel (Corresponding author)Email: |