木本植物对大气重金属污染物耐性的研究

本文在污染现场调查研究、试验研究和单一毒物接触试验的大量数据基础上,论述了木本植物对大气重金属污染物一一铅、镉、铜、锌的耐性。查明了大气重金属污染物引起叶片可见伤害症状需要很高的剂量。糖槭以2000ppm硝酸铅溶液浸泡涂抹枝叶,三天后出现轻度可见伤害症状,叶中铅积累量高达802ppm。旱柳以500ppm氯化镉溶液浸泡涂抹枝叶,叶中积累量达66ppm,十天内未出现可见症状。大气重金属污染物——铅、镉、铜、锌对叶片造成的急性伤害症状是相似的,而与土壤中相同污染物引起的急性伤害具有差别。木本植物对大气重金属污染物的耐性很强,在以大气重金属污染为主的复合污染现场,一些幼龄树木的叶片吸铅量达500—800ppm,超过背景浓度的120倍;吸镉量10—18ppm,超过背景浓度的139倍,吸铜量100—239ppm,超过背景浓度的5—12倍,吸锌量500—700ppm,超过背景浓度的9—20倍只出现较轻的受害症状。在相对清洁区,对幼树叶片进行单一毒物接触试验,一些主要绿化树木的叶片吸铅量达200—600ppm,吸镉量20—60ppm并不出现可见症状。木本植物对大气重金属污染物具有较强的耐性,因而为生物防治大气重金属污染开辟了广阔的前景。     

Uptake of six heavy metals by oat as influenced by soil type and additions of cadmium,lead, zinc and copper

Summary The influence of heavy metal additions on availability and uptake of cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, manganese and iron by oat was studied. The experiments were carried out as pot experiments using sandy loam, sandy soil and organic soil. Selective extractants were used to remove metals held in different soil fractions.Lead and copper were preferently bound by organics and oxides, zinc by oxides and inorganics, and cadmium by inorganics and organics.Addition of cadmium to the soils resulted in higher cadmium concentrations in all plant parts but lower concentrations of lead, zinc, copper, manganese and iron, and the accumulation indexes of these metals were also lower when cadmium was added to the soil.Addition of cadmium plus lead, zinc and copper resulted in higher cadmium concentrations in leaves and straw of plants grown in sandy loam and sandy soil, but lower concentrations when plants were grown in organic soil as compared with the results when cadmium was added separately. The transfer of cadmium, lead, zinc and copper from soil to plant was greatest from sandy soil, and zinc and cadmium were more mobile in the plant than were lead and copper.Cadmium concentrations in leaves correlated significantly with CaCl₂ and CH₃COOH extractions in sandy loam and sandy soil and with CH₃COOH extractions in organic soil.Generally, the total metal uptake was lowest from organic soil.     

Distribution of extractable heavy metals in different soil fractions

Abstract

Due to the difficulties of precisely characterizing environmentally contaminated soil, the effects of heavy metals on plants are studied using uncontaminated soil spiked with known quantities of heavy metals. One problem in using spiked soils is how accurately the distribution of metals mimics stabilized natural soils. We studied the distribution of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc in soil fractions after application in soluble form. The soil samples included a control (an uncontaminated Typic Argiudoll) and two samples spiked with either a moderate or high heavy metal concentration). After application of the salts the soils were subjected to wet/dry cycles over the course of three months. The soils were fractionated using a sequential chemical extraction procedure employing: (1) CaCl₂,(2) NaOH, (3) Na₂EDTA and (4) HNO₃, HCl, and HF. Soil physical separation was carried out by ultrasonic dispersion. The heavy metal levels were determined using ICP-AES. Each heavy metal displayed a unique behavior when added to soil in the form of soluble salts. Cadmium and zinc remained in the soluble fraction, indicating that no equilibrium was attained, while nickel primarily appeared in the insoluble fraction. Chromium, copper and lead were distributed among various soil chemical fractions. The highest levels of all metals appeared in the clay fraction except lead which was mainly present in the silt fraction.     

Toxicity of heavy metals to Egyptian soil fungi

Changes in the composition of the soil mycoflora after soil treatment with 500, 2000 and 5000 ppm of mercury, zinc, lead, copper, nickel and cadmium, were determined on Czapek's glucose agar at intervals up to 15 weeks. Treatment of soil with mercuric chloride and lead nitrate significantly reduced the fungal population counts for soil treated with zinc or copper sulphate, and with nickel or cadmium chloride counts were increased on some treatments and reduced on others. When heavy metals were incorporated into the isolation medium, they depressed the total count of fungi, as well as affecting individual species.     

The influence of heavy metals upon the growth of sitka-spruce in South Wales forests

Summary Experiments on sitka-spruce seedlings grown in acidic peaty gley soils under green-house conditions, where the soils where doped with increasing amounts of Cd, Cu and Pb up to maximum levels of metal added of 16 ppm, 32 ppm and 400 ppm respectively, showed that the levels of Cd and Pb in shoots and roots increased with increasing levels in the soil, whereas levels of copper appeared to be independent. The addition of these three metals to the soils did not influence the uptake of other heavy metals, or of the nutrients potassium or calcium. Increases in the shoot cadmium levels significantly reduced the yields of the plant shoots. However, the plant yields were only affected by the highest level of lead that was added to the soil (400 ppm Pb) and unaffected by all the copper treatments (0–32 ppm Cu in the soil). The lengths of the sitka-spruce roots were reduced when cadmium and lead levels in the soil exceeded certain threshold concentrations (2.5 ppm total Cd, where 0.3 ppm was extractable with 0.5 M acetic acid; and 48 ppm total Pb, where 1.7 ppm was extractable). However, root lengths were not reduced by copper. This was probably related to the fact that copper appears to be relatively unavailable in the type of soil used, as only 1.1. ppm Cu was extractable from a total of 32 ppm Cu added. Root branching was apparently reduced by increases in the soil levels of cadmium, copper and lead. The roots of some control plants had symbiotic mycorrhizal associations (4 out of 19 plants), whereas the roots of all the plants grown in the soils with added heavy metals did not develop these.     

Enhancement of trace-element content of cabbages grown in urban areas

Summary Significantly higher contents of boron, molybdenum and zinc were observed in cabbages in urban than in rural areas. The levels of extractable boron, copper, lead, nickel and zinc were markedly enhanced in the urban soils but there was no corresponding enhancement of the levels of copper, lead and nickel in the cabbages.     

土壤中镉、铅、锌及其相互作用对作物的影响

通过作物盆栽模拟试验(砂壤质褐土、pH值8.2)揭示：土壤中分别施入镉(CdCl2)、铅[Pb(CH3COO)2]或锌(ZnSO4)其影响表现为,植物各器官镉的含量超过对照植物的数倍至500倍。土壤镉浓度<5ppm和<10ppm分别造成某些蔬菜和水稻的污染。铅主要积累在植物根部,土壤铅污染对作物的影响较小。锌主要积累在植物叶片和根部,对水稻产生生长抑制的土壤锌浓度临界值不大于200ppm,此浓度对旱作无影响。土壤中同时施入镉和铅,植物对镉的吸收增加。而土壤中镉的增加却减少了植物体内铅的含量。土壤中由于镉、锌或铅、锌相互作用的结果,水稻对它们的吸收都有增加。在旱地土壤锌浓度的增高,降低了植物对镉、铅的吸收。镉、铅、锌同时施入土壤由于相互作用的结果,除锌之外,植物对镉、铅的吸收有明显下降。评价土壤重金属污染,不仅要看它们的含量及其存在形态,而且要分析它们之间的相互作用(促进或拮抗)特点。     

青海锡铁山矿区铅、锌的植物地球化学特征及其与矿的关系

 通过青海锡铁山铅、锌矿区植物群落和植物中铅,锌含量特征的调查研究表明：该区植被为荒漠植被类型。矿带上的植物群落与非矿带上的相比较,群落中种属数目更少,覆盖度更低,植物生长更低矮。植物灰分中的锌含量(平均)为125.9—1144ppm。膜果麻黄(Ephedra przewalskii)含量最高,变化范围最大,为86.11—5871.88ppm。植物中的铅含量为31.32—1129.6ppm。黑柴(Sympegma regelii)含量较高,变化最大,平均为746ppm,极值为14.3—5561.70ppm。在矿带上含量最高,非矿带对照区含量最低。植物及其生长的土壤中金属元素含量之间的关系,无论是铅还是锌含量都有很好的线性关系。膜果麻黄、黑柴、优若藜(Eurotia ceratoides)和中亚紫菀木(Asterothamnus centrali-asiaticus)等植物相关系数均达显著相关水平(α≤0.05)。 这在植物地球化学勘探上是非常有用的。例如中亚紫菀木和琵琶柴(Reaumuria soongorica)中铅的植物地球化学异常,准确地圈出了铅、锌矿的位置,衬度高,异常范围与矿化区基本吻合。     

Using tree leaves and barks collected from contaminated and uncontaminated areas as indicators of air metallic pollution

Abstract

The aim of this study was to show the usefulness of woody species in assessing air pollution by cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc. For this, washed leaves, unwashed leaves, and barks of a coniferous species (Cupressus sempervirens var. fastigiata) and a broadleaved one (Eucalyptus cladocalyx F. Muell) were analyzed for cadmium, copper, lead and zinc contents. A transect sampling approach was carried out during spring 2016. Fifty stations were selected along an intensive traffic road, and three in a control area. The results showed that the highest concentrations were recorded in barks for copper (21.86?µg/g, 23.33?µg/g) and lead (14.53?µg/g, 63.33?µg/g), and in unwashed leaves for cadmium (0.57?µg/g, 1.19?µg/g) and zinc (48.94?µg/g, 47.6?µg/g) for E. cladocalyx F. Muell, and C. sempervirens var. fastigiata, respectively. Lead and zinc are the most accumulated metals compared to cadmium and copper in all samples. The studied metal contents in urban area were significantly higher than that of the control one. This represents that traffic road has influenced the metals contamination of the surrounding area. Results of the bioconcentration factor (BCF) for both species indicate that the studied species could be used as biomonitors to identify ecological problems and to predict effect on wildlife habitats. The highest values of metal accumulation index (MAI) indicate the effectiveness of these trees for controlling the air metals in the polluted areas. Result shows too that the studied species could be used for phytoextraction of heavy metals from the polluted soils and/or air.     

Palatability of Thlaspi caerulescens for snails: influence of zinc and glucosinolates

* The hypothesis that zinc (Zn) hyperaccumulation defends Thlaspi caerulescens against herbivores is tested with the snail Helix aspersa. We investigated the effects of leaf zinc, cadmium, glucosinolate, nitrogen and dry matter concentrations on the feeding preferences of snails. * Four T. caerulescens populations from southern France (two from metalliferous and two from normal soils) were grown on low- and high-Zn soils to obtain contrasting leaf Zn concentrations. Plants were also collected in the field, and binary feeding choices involving low- and high-Zn leaves were conducted. * Foliar Zn, Cd, N and dry matter concentrations did not affect the feeding choices of snails, whereas glucosinolate had a significant negative effect on herbivore preferences. Compared with metallicolous plants, nonmetallicolous ones appeared to be better protected against snails, whatever their Zn concentration. * These results do not support the defence hypothesis, as glucosinolates appear to decrease the degree of herbivory when Zn does not.     

木本植物对大气重金属污染物——铅、镉、铜、锌吸收积累作用的研究

对环境污染除必须采取人工治理措施外,还必须充分发挥自然净化作用,才能取得经济合理和维护生态系统动态平衡的目的。 绿色高等植物特别是树木,对环境污染起着明显的净化和改善作用。因为它们的生物产量高,占有很大的空间,有巨大的根、茎、叶面积作用于环境,并对污染物具有一定的吸收积累或降解作用;生活周期长,有较长的时间与周围环境相互作用与影响,同时吸收积累的污染物质不会在短期内转移释放到环境中;此外,大部分树木是以保护环境或生产木材为主要目的,因而吸收积累的污染物不进入食物链对人产生危害。所以树木在保持和维护生态系     

Soil-dependent variability of leaf iron accumulation in transgenic tobacco overexpressing ferritin

Ferritin overexpression in transgenic plants has been recently reported to increase leaf and seed iron content. We investigated the influence of various soil conditions on this increase in leaf iron content. One control transgenic tobacco and two transgenic tobaccos overexpressing ferritin in the plastids or in the cytoplasm, respectively, were grown on five different soils, two of them being amended with sewage sludge. Although a significant increase in leaf iron concentration was measured in transgenics overexpressing ferritin grown on three out of five soils, this increase was not a general rule. On some soils, leaf iron concentration of control plants was as high as in transgenics grown on other soils. In addition, an increased phosphorus concentration in the two sewage sludge amended soils correlated with a high leaf iron concentration in control plants, similar to the one measured in ferritin transformed plants. Indeed, growing plants in vitro with various increasing phosphate concentrations revealed a direct P involvement in iron loading of control plants, at a similar level as overexpressing ferritin plants. Also, with one of the soil tested, not only iron but also manganese, zinc and cadmium, and to a much lesser extent copper, nickel and lead were found more abundantly in ferritin transformed plants than in control plants. These data indicate that the iron fortification of leaves, based on ferritin overexpression, could be limited in its biotechnological application because of its high soil dependence.     

Distribution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil surrounding a lead and zinc smelting plant in Zanjan,Iran

One of the problematic issues in soil pollution studies is heavy metal particles which are produced by mines and smelting units and spread through wind action and/or runoff. Pollution and health risk assessment of cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, and nickel in soil around the lead and zinc smelting factory was carried out in Zanjan City, Iran. Contamination factor (Cf), pollution load index (PLI), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk were pollution and human health risk assessment metrics in this study. Based on the Iranian soil guideline value, soil samples in the studied areas were contaminated the least by copper and nickel and the most by cadmium. PLI results showed that soils near the production line were heavily or extremely heavily polluted. The results of Cf and Igeo showed that lead and zinc were the most important contaminants. Health risk assessment indicated that lead and cadmium in soil were the main contaminants, which pose both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to human health; carcinogenic risk levels were unacceptably high (above 1 × 10^?4). It can be concluded that mining and smelting activities degrade soil quality in this region and the soil pollution might be extended to farming areas.     

Dry Matter and Leaf Structure in Young Wheat Plants as Affected by Cadmium, Lead, and Nickel

The effects of 1 mM cadmium, lead and nickel on dry mass, Cd, Pb, and Ni contents, and changes in leaf structure in young wheat plants were studied. In leaves, Cd content was highest, followed by Pb and Ni, in roots Cd content was also highest, but followed by Ni and Pb. Roots accumulated considerably larger amounts of the three heavy metals than leaves. Largest reductions of leaf and root mass were obtained with Cd. Pb and Ni effects were almost equal. Ni excess had a strong negative effect on mesophyll thickness, while Cd mostly reduced the number and size of vascular bundles and vessel diameter. High Pb reduced the diameter of vessels causing their different deformations. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Characteristics of Plant Communities and Copper Content in Dominant Plants in Hongtou Shan Copper Ore Region of Liaoning Province

Copper content in the soil of Hongtou Shan copper ore is 40–2000 ppm, with mean value at 471 ppm. Standard deviation is 667.5. There are many principal types of plant communities: Coppice of Quercus liaotungensis and Corylus sp. and Lespedeza bicolor scrub. In the soli with copper content more than 500 ppm, Gypsophila pacffica usually grows together. It significantly indicates the abnormal soil with respect to copper content. Analysis of copper content for 347 samples of 48 species shows: Limiting value of copper content is 8.45–44.40 ppm in dry plants, with difference of the values being 35.95. The plants contained copper at 5–10 ppm account for 12.8% of the total plants, at 10–30 ppm for 76.9% and at 30–45 ppm for 10.6%. Direct correlation is found between copper content in the Plants and in the soil, for example, Gypsophila pacifiea r=0.844 (N=8) It is important in biogeoehemical prospecting. There are no striking correlation between copper content of the plants and pH and organic matter content of soil.     

Effect on soil and plant mineral levels following application of manures of different copper contents

Summary Manure from finishing pigs fed diets with and without a growth stimulating level of added copper (250 ppm in 1972, 370 ppm in 1973 and 300 ppm in 1974) was incorporated into a Groseclose silt loam at the rate of 15.5, 12.9 and 15.7 metric tons of dry matter per hectare, respectively, for 1972, 1973 and 1974. A third treatment was no manure. The manure was applied between rows when corn was about 10 cm tall and worked into the surface 10 cm of the soil with a rotary tiller. The average composition of the manure for the three years on a dry basis was 3.6 per cent nitrogen, 2.87 per cent calcium, 0.93 per cent magnesium, 2.22 per cent phosphorus, 1.30 per cent potassium, 648 ppm zinc, 2191 ppm iron. The copper content was 73 ppm for control manure and 1719 ppm for high copper manure. The copper content in the upper 10 cm of the soil was significantly increased each year when high copper manure was applied. During one growing season, copper did not appear to move down, however, plowing after the first year increased the copper level in the 10–20 cm depth with a small increase in the 20–30 cm depth. Potassium, zinc, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium levels of the soil were increased when manure was applied. There was a small increase in the copper content of the maize ear leaf (average of one ppm per year) when manure from pigs fed diets containing high copper was applied. Copper in the washed roots of the mature maize plants was doubled (5.6 vs 11.2 ppm) when the high copper manure was added. The copper content of grain from plants grown on soil receiving high copper manure was not different from that of grain from soil receiving no manure. The zinc, potassium and phosphorus contents of the maize ear leaf were increased a small amount when both control and high copper manure were applied with the effect of potassium and phosphorus carrying over to the grain. The iron and calcium contents of the ear leaf were not affected by application of manure, but there was a decrease in calcium content of the grain from the application of control and high copper manure. re]19750305Department of Animal ScienceDepartment of AgronomyDepartment of Statistics     

茶(Camellia sinensis L.)对铜的吸收与累积

对广东省5个大型茶场中不同土壤背景值的8个茶园进行了土壤及茶(CamelliasinensisL.)树各部位的铜含量分析调查。地处我国南方的广东省茶园,土壤中铜含量在2.39～53.05mg kg之间。有效态铜含量相对较低,仅在0.45～3.17mg kg之间。茶树中各部位铜含量大小依次为枝条>幼叶>根>成熟叶。茶树枝条和幼叶铜含量较高,平均分别达14.5和14.3mg kg,远高于成熟叶铜含量水平(9.7mg kg)。而同时期相应茶场的茶叶制成品铜含量则较幼叶(一芽两叶)铜的含量高。土壤中的总钾、有效磷和总铜等都对茶树各部位铜的累积产生较大影响,但只有土壤有效磷含量对铜在茶树体内向枝条部分的转移和累积影响达显著程度,枝条铜含量与土壤有效磷之间的相关系数r=-0.74,呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。     

Atomabsorptionsmessungen von Blei,Cadmium, Kupfer,Eisen und Zink im Seston der Ostsee

Zusammenfassung 1. Auf einer Forschungsfahrt in die Ostsee im April/Mai 1973 wurden 100 Sestonproben entnommen und auf ihren Gehalt an Blei, Cadmium, Zink, Kupfer und Eisen mit Hilfe der flammenlosen Atom-Absorptions-Spektrometrie analysiert.2. Die mittlere Konzentration im Seston der Ostsee beträgt für Blei 123 ppm, für Cadmium 5,8 ppm, für Zink 300 ppm, für Kupfer 61 ppm und für Eisen 3535 ppm.3. Im Vergleich zu Metallanalysen ozeanischen Sestons müssen die Blei- und Cadmiumkonzentrationen als stark überhöht angesehen werden.4. Die Konzentrationen des partikulär gebundenen Eisens, Zinks und Kupfers können bis auf lokal stark erhöhte Eisen- und Zinkkonzentrationen als natürlich angesehen werden.5. Arbeitsweise und Meßgenauigkeit der Metallanalytik werden beschrieben.

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Atomic absorption measurements of lead, cadmium, copper, iron and zinc in seston of the Baltic Sea

During a cruise with R. V. Alkor from Kiel Bight to Finnish Bay, nearly 100 seston samples were taken during April/May 1973. Samples from the 23 stations were analyzed for lead, cadmium, copper, iron and zinc by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean values for lead and cadmium were 123 and 5.8 ppm, respectively; for zinc, 733 ppm, for copper, 61 ppm, and for iron, 3535 ppm. In contrast to trace-metal analyses of off shore seston, the concentrations for lead and cadmium in Baltic-Sea seston are very high; these results are in good agreement with analyses of the dissolved metals. The concentrations of zinc, copper and iron in the particulate matter from the Baltic-Sea, apart from some local influences, agree well with values published from the concentrations in off shore seston. The distribution and variation of the individual values are discussed. The method for analysing the metals and its precision are briefly described.

     

Effects of some inorganic elements on nitrogen-fixation in blue-green algae and some ecological aspects of pollution.

Nitrogen-fixation by two species of Nostoc, one of them a lichen phycobiont, was generally stimulated by low concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, nickel, lead, palladium, and zinc. Higher concentrations (0.025 to 0.125 ppm) of arsenic, nickel, and palladium were also stimulatory; however, higher concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc tended to inhibit fixation. With the exception of palladium and zinc at low concentrations these six tested elements tended to inhibit nitrogen-fixation in Chlorogloea fritschii and Westiellopsis sp.     

Influence of lead,cadmium, and nickel on the growth ofMedicago sativa (L.)

Summary Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), cv. Iroquois, was grown in the greenhouse in soils amended with additions of either lead, cadmium, or nickel. Metals, at rates varying from 0–250 ppm, were not uniformly mixed but were placed close to the soil surface so as to simulate surface deposition. In one series of experiments the sulphate salt of each metal and two soils were used. In a second series of experiments the nitrate salts and one soil were used. Neither salt of lead significantly depressed alfalfa yields. Both salts of either cadmium or nickel significantly depressed yields. Additions of all metals to the soil resulted in both increased metal uptake and concentrations in alfalfa tissue, particularly for cadmium and nickel. The highest tissue concentrations of cadmium and nickel were associated with plant stunting and necrosis. However, at rates of 125 ppm and less, substantial increases in cadmium and nickel concentrations were obtained frequently without serious yield reductions. Generally, metal concentrations were greatest in the first harvest following metal application. Concentration and uptake of lead and cadmium were greater when the metal was applied to the soil as nitrate than when applied as the sulphate salt.