Uptake of six heavy metals by oat as influenced by soil type and additions of cadmium,lead, zinc and copper

Summary The influence of heavy metal additions on availability and uptake of cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, manganese and iron by oat was studied. The experiments were carried out as pot experiments using sandy loam, sandy soil and organic soil. Selective extractants were used to remove metals held in different soil fractions.Lead and copper were preferently bound by organics and oxides, zinc by oxides and inorganics, and cadmium by inorganics and organics.Addition of cadmium to the soils resulted in higher cadmium concentrations in all plant parts but lower concentrations of lead, zinc, copper, manganese and iron, and the accumulation indexes of these metals were also lower when cadmium was added to the soil.Addition of cadmium plus lead, zinc and copper resulted in higher cadmium concentrations in leaves and straw of plants grown in sandy loam and sandy soil, but lower concentrations when plants were grown in organic soil as compared with the results when cadmium was added separately. The transfer of cadmium, lead, zinc and copper from soil to plant was greatest from sandy soil, and zinc and cadmium were more mobile in the plant than were lead and copper.Cadmium concentrations in leaves correlated significantly with CaCl₂ and CH₃COOH extractions in sandy loam and sandy soil and with CH₃COOH extractions in organic soil.Generally, the total metal uptake was lowest from organic soil.     

The effects of age and sex on seven elements of Sprague-Dawley rat organs

This study reports age-related changes in 7 element (iron, copper, zinc, manganese, mercury, cadmium and lead) concentrations in the liver, kidney and brain of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats from 1 to 364 days of age. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used for the measurements. Copper, mercury and cadmium in the male and female kidneys increased from weaning until 127 days of age, as did iron concentrations in the female liver and kidney. After 127 days, especially, the copper concentration in the female kidney and cadmium concentration in the male and female kidney increased further. Consistent and statistically significant (P less than 0.05) sex differences in element concentrations were found for three elements (iron, copper and zinc). Except for the zinc concentration in the liver from 50 to 72 days, iron (in liver and kidney), zinc (in kidney) and copper (in liver, kidney and brain) concentrations in female rats during the adult stage, were all higher than those of male rats. Isolated differences for other elements (manganese, mercury and cadmium) were also found. The data will be helpful when setting up long-term animal investigations of the biological effect of elements.     

The effect of physico-chemical parameters on speciation of trace metals insediments from inland and coastal waters of Ghana

The speciation of cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, manganese and iron into exchangeable, carbonate, reducible and organic bound fractions was studied in sediments from coastal and freshwater environments in Ghana. This was relevant as the species in which metals are stored within specific sediment components is important in determining their impact on the environment. For both coastal and inland sediments, a higher percentage of cadmium was associated with the more available exchangeable and carbonate fractions, while iron, zinc and manganese were mainly associated with the reducible and organic fractions. Lead and copper were found to have the greatest ability to form different species in the samples examined and were more evenly associated with all the fractions. The metals generally showed more ability to form different species in inland freshwaters than in coastal relatively saline waters. However, differences between inland and coastal waters were based more on whether the environments were oxidising or reducing than on whether they were fresh or saline. The metals may be divided into three groups of high mobility consisting of lead and copper; moderate mobility made up of cadmium, manganese and zinc; and low mobility, represented by iron.     

Characterization of Chemical Contamination in Shallow-Water Estuarine Habitats of an Industrialized River. Part II. Metals

The lower six miles of the tidal portion of the Passaic River (Study Area) has long been heavily industrialized. The objectives of this study were to: quantify the present extent and magnitude of metals contamination in surface sediments in the Study Area, evaluate the contamination in the Study Area relative to a reference area and surrounding regional waterways, assess the potential for adverse effects to aquatic organisms, and identify spatial gradients in concentrations that may indicate potential point-sources of metals. We also examined the role of natural sediment characteristics in metals concentration variability. Study Area sediments were generally enriched in barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, silver, selenium, and zinc relative to the reference area. Compared to available sediment quality benchmarks, the only metals in the Study Area presently at average concentrations sufficiently high to warrant concern about potential aquatic toxicity are lead, mercury, and zinc. Compared to the rest of the NY/NJ Harbor Estuary, the Study Area generally contains elevated levels of lead, manganese, silver, and zinc. Variability in metals concentrations can not be accounted for by TOC or percent fines. However, a substantial proportion of the spatial variability in a number of metals can be explained by normalization to either aluminum or iron.     

Screening of Native Hyperaccumulators at the Huayuan River Contaminated by Heavy Metals

Plant, soil, and sediment samples were taken from the Fuqiao area within the Huayuan River basin in South China. Concentrations of manganese, zinc, cadmium, and lead in the samples were measured, and the characteristics of the plant samples to absorb, transfer, and accumulate the target metals were analyzed. It was indicated that the concentrations of target metals in 13 plant samples greatly exceeded the background values of target metals in plants over the world, and that the plant species might evolve to the accumulating ecotypes for the target metals under the long-term stress from the contaminated environment. Among 13 plant species, Alternanthera philoxeroides exhibited the highest accumulation capacities for the target metals, amounting to 6511, 13,784, 155, and 104 mg/kg in its shoots for manganese, zinc, cadmium, and lead, respectively. Its bioaccumulation coefficients for manganese, zinc, cadmium, and lead were 5.08, 49.23, 36.78, and 34.81, respectively, and its transfer factors for manganese, zinc, cadmium, and lead were 7.53, 3.19, 7.38, and 1.29, respectively. The results showed that Alternanthera philoxeroides satisfied the criteria for the hyperaccumulator for zinc and cadmium, and that it might be a potential native plant species for phytoremediation of the contaminated soil, sediment, and river water by the target metals within the basin.     

Comparisons of nine heavy metals in salt gland and liver of greater scaup (Aythya marila), black duck (Anas rubripes) and mallard (A. platyrhynchos)

Levels of nine heavy metals were measured in the livers and salt glands of greater scaup (Aythya marila), black duck (Anas rubripes) and mallard (A. platyrhynchos) from Raritan Bay, New Jersey to determine if the functioning avian salt gland concentrates heavy metals. Heavy metals examined were cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, manganese, nickel and zinc. Heavy metal levels varied significantly by species and tissue for chromium, copper, lead, and manganese, and by tissue for cobalt, mercury, nickel and zinc. In comparing tissues cobalt was higher in the salt glands than in livers of all three species; chromium and nickel were higher in the salt gland than liver for mallard and black duck; and lead, manganese and zinc were higher in the liver than the salt gland in greater scaup. Generally metal levels were higher in the salt gland for mallard and black duck, and in the liver for greater scaup.     

In vitro study on the interactive effects of heavy metals on catalase activity of Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters)

The in vitro effects of individual heavy metal ions as well as their combinations on catalase activity were investigated. Copper was found to be the strongest inhibitor of catalase activity followed by mercury, iron, chromium and cadmium. Copper toxicity on catalase activity was reduced in the presence of all the other metal ions. However, the addition of cadmium, chromium, iron, manganese, lead to mercury and cadmium, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, zinc to chromium increased their inhibitory effects on catalase activity.     

Heavy metals in relation to the biology of the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus

Heavy metal levels of cadmium, copper, mercury, manganese, and zinc were examined in the mummichog, Fundulus heteroditus from industrialized and non-industrialized environments. With one exception, the environment with the highest trace metal in its waters, had the fishes with the highest metal concentration. Except for mercury, the concentration factor varied inversely with the metal concentrations of the fish and water, suggesting a possible regulatory mechanism for metals in the tissues of mummichogs from environments with high metal concentrations. There was an inverse relationship between standard length and concentrations of zinc, manganese, copper and cadmium in whole male and female fishes. The viscera contained significantly greater concentrations of these metals than somatic muscle tissue. There were also significant differences between males and females with respect to whole-body zinc and copper concentrations, but no sex differences for manganese and cadmium.     

The Correlation of Serum Trace Elements and Heavy Metals with Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients

Changes in essential trace elements and heavy metals may affect the atherosclerotic state of patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD). The aim of the study was to evaluate the relation between the serum levels of some trace elements and heavy metals (iron, zinc, manganese, copper, magnesium, cobalt, cadmium, lead, and copper/zinc ratio) and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) in HD patients. Fifty chronic HD patients without known atherosclerotic disease and 48 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were included in the study. The serum levels of trace elements (iron, zinc, manganese, copper, and magnesium) and heavy metals (cobalt, cadmium, and lead) were measured by Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer (UNICAM-929). CIMT was assessed by carotid artery ultrasonography. The serum levels of iron, zinc, and manganese were lower; levels of copper, magnesium, cobalt, cadmium, lead, and copper/zinc ratio were higher in HD patients compared to controls. CIMT in HD patients were higher than the control group (0.64?±?0.11 vs 0.42?±?0.05, p?相似文献   

Heavy Metals in the Tissues of Commercially Important Fish of Amurskii Bay,Sea of Japan

The concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cadmium, and mercury in tissues and organs of Pacific herring, Far Eastern navaga, and spotted flounder from Amurskii Bay, Sea of Japan, were determined using an atom-absorption method. The distribution of these elements has been studied in organisms of the fish. The greatest concentration of iron, copper, cadmium, and mercury is found in the liver of the fish, manganese is mostly accumulated in the bone tissue, and zinc is found in the skin. Some specific features of metal accumulation in the fish of Amurskii Bay have been revealed. For example, the concentration of iron in the liver of herring and flounder significantly increased the mean concentration known from other areas. A sanitary–hygienic evaluation is provided for the recent levels of metal concentrations in these three species of commercially important fish.     

Detection and Analysis of 12 Heavy Metals in Blood and Hair Sample from a General Population of Pearl River Delta Area

To detect the content of 12 heavy metals in blood and hair sample from a general population of Pearl River Delta area, and to analyze the influence of duration of residence, gender, age, smoking and drinking on the heavy metal content. Use inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to detect the content of 12 heavy metals lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), chrome (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn) and antimony (Sb) in blood and hair samples of a total of 50 subjects from a general population, collected by multistage stratified cluster random sampling method. The geometric mean of heavy metal content in blood samples of general population (μg/L): blood aluminum 214.00; blood chrome 92.82; blood manganese 21.43; blood nickel 20.59; blood copper 0.67; blood zinc 11.50; blood arsenic 0.55; blood cadmium 2.45; blood tin 0.00; blood antimony 1.92; blood lead 158.84; and blood mercury 1.19. The geometric mean of heavy metal content in hair samples of general population (μg/g): hair aluminum is 84.65; hair chrome 0.00; hair manganese 2.44; hair nickel 0.61; hair copper 28.49; hair zinc 136.65; hair arsenic 0.75; hair cadmium 0.46; hair tin 1.04; hair antimony 0.05; hair lead 8.97; and hair mercury 0.69. Some heavy metals were correlated with duration of residence, gender, age, smoking and drinking. This was the first time that simultaneously detecting heavy metal content in blood and hair was used to analyze the internal heavy metal burden in resident population of Pearl River Delta area. These data can serve as reference for further research.     

Metallothionein induction in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by heavy metals

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes have the capacity to produce metallothioneins (MTs) as a protective response to cadmium exposure. To define the range of metal species inducing lymphocyte MTs, cellular proteins synthesized after exposure to each of 11 heavy metals were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Toxic metals such as cadmium, mercury and silver were found to induce thioneins (apoproteins of MTs) at relatively low concentrations (maximum at approximately 10 microM), whereas less toxic metals such as zinc, copper and nickel were inductive at relatively high concentrations (maximum at approximately 200 microM). Tin, lead, iron, cobalt, and manganese did not induce thioneins. The heavy metal specificity of MT induction in the lymphocyte resembles that in the liver, and the regulatory mechanism of MT production seems to be similar in both of these tissues. In the cells exposed to highly toxic metals such as cadmium and mercury, expression of cytotoxicity (represented by decline of cysteine uptake) was remarkable at the metal concentrations higher than those saturating thionein induction, supporting the protective role of MTs against heavy metals.     

Trace Elements in Fruit Juices

Fruit juices are widely consumed in tropical countries as part of habitual diet. The concentrations of several minerals in these beverages were evaluated. Four commercially available brands of juices were analyzed for cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, aluminum, iron, chromium, manganese, and molybdenum. The levels ranged from 0.02 to 0.08 mg/L for copper, from 0.05 to 0.23 mg/L for zinc, from 0.1 to 0.4 mg/L for aluminum, from 0.02 to 0.45 mg/L for iron, and from 0.01 to 0.22 mg/L for manganese. The levels of cadmium, lead, and chromium in all samples were very low or undetectable. The metal contents of fruit juices depend on a number of factors, including the soil composition, the external conditions during fruit growing and fruit harvesting, as well as on details of the fruit juice manufacturing processes employed. The concentrations of none of the metals in juice samples analyzed exceeded the limits imposed by local legislation.     

Trace Elements in the Hair of Hemodialysis Patients

Trace element disturbance is often observed in hemodialysis patients. While trace element concentrations have been reported in blood samples from hemodialysis patients, they have not been well investigated in scalp hair. In the present study, 22 trace elemental concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry in the scalp hair of 80 male hemodialysis patients and compared with those of 100 healthy male subjects. In hemodialysis patients, the concentrations of beryllium, arsenic, magnesium, chromium, manganese, iron, selenium, molybdenum, iodine, vanadium, and cobalt were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects, while lead, mercury, copper, germanium, and bromine were significantly lower than those in the former group. No significant differences were observed for lithium, aluminum, cadmium, zinc, boron, or nickel. There were significant positive correlations between the duration of hemodialysis and the magnesium and manganese concentrations. There was a significant negative correlation between cadmium concentration and the duration of hemodialysis. There were significant positive correlations between dialysis efficacy (Kt/V) and magnesium, manganese, zinc, and selenium concentrations. In conclusion, trace element concentrations of the scalp hair are different between hemodialysis patients and healthy subjects. Essential trace elements, such as magnesium, manganese, zinc, and selenium, may be affected by the duration of hemodialysis and Kt/V.     

Variability of selected trace elements of different meat cuts determined by ICP-MS and DRC-ICPMS

The aim of this study was to determine the levels of cadmium, lead, iron, zinc, selenium, manganese, copper and molybdenum in different cuts of beef, pork, lamb, chicken and foal collected from supermarkets and butcheries in Switzerland. The concentrations of manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, iron, selenium, cadmium and lead were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave digestion. Mean values and their respective coefficients of variation were calculated from the measured concentrations. The concentrations found for cadmium and lead ranged from 0.6 to 3.9 μg/100 g and 1.0 to 2.1 μg/100 g, respectively. Concentrations ranged between 0.5 and 3.3 mg/100 g for iron, 0.7 and 5.1 mg/100 g for zinc, 9 and 44 μg/100 g for selenium, 3.1 and 16.7 μg/100 g for manganese, 0.3 and 132 μg/100 g for copper and 0.9 and 3.2 μg/100 g for molybdenum. Differences found for the concentrations in meat from different species as well as between the individual meat cuts were notable for iron, zinc, selenium and copper. Manganese concentrations were found to vary unsystematically within muscles and species. Molybdenum concentrations were higher in chicken meat in comparison with the mammalian meats. The highest coefficients of variation were found for manganese (13% to 142%) and copper (13% to 224%), while the lowest was found for zinc (4% to 45%). In conclusion, in order to provide an accurate overview and to be able to calculate reliable dietary intakes, it is important to include the variability in food composition data.     

Concentrations of heavy metals in maternal and umbilical cord blood

Concentrations of lead, cadmium, methylmercury and total mercury were measured in maternal and umbilical cord blood using graphite atomic absorption spectrometry. Two essential metals, copper and zinc, were also determined using ion chromatography. Lead, copper and zinc were found to be lower in the cord blood, whereas methylmercury and total mercury were higher in cord blood than in maternal blood. Little differences were noted for cadmium in maternal and cord blood. Significant positive correlations were observed between the concentrations in maternal and cord blood with regard to lead (correlation coefficient, r = 0.44), copper (r = 0.34), zinc (r = 0.29), methylmercury (r = 0.44) and total mercury (r = 0.58). These results suggest that, like essential metals, most heavy metals can move rather freely across the human placenta. The potential health effects of heavy metal transfer from mothers to young infants cannot be discounted.     

Heavy Metals in Hair of Wild Canids from the Brazilian Cerrado

In this study, we aimed to assess whether free-ranging wild canids are exposed to heavy metals in one of the most developed and populated regions of Brazil. Hair of 26 wild canids (maned wolves Chrysocyon brachyurus, crab-eating foxes Cerdocyon thous, and hoary foxes Lycalopex vetulus) from the Cerrado biome in Southeast Brazil were analyzed by spectrophotometry to detect cadmium, chromium, and lead, and also the essential copper, iron, manganese, and zinc traces. All samples showed traces of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. Non-essential lead was detected in 57% (2.35 ± 0.99 mg/kg), and chromium in 88% (2.98 ± 1.56 mg/kg) of samples. Cadmium traces (detection limit 0.8 mg/kg) were not found. Crab-eating foxes had more copper, iron, and manganese in hair than maned wolves. Correlations among element levels differed between maned wolves and crab-eating foxes. Concentrations of chromium and lead were outstandingly higher than in wild canids from other areas. Addressing the causes of such levels and the impacts of the heavy metal pollution in Neotropical ecosystems is urgent for animal health and conservation purposes. We argue that heavy metal pollution should be considered as dangerous threats to wildlife health in Brazil and recommend hair sampling as a biomonitoring tool for heavy metals in Neotropical terrestrial mammals.     

Zinc and cadmium specifically interfere with RNA-binding activity of human iron regulatory protein 1

The cellular pro-oxidative stress induced by high zinc concentrations or cadmium is most likely mediated by disruption of redox (mainly thiol) homeostasis or by mishandling of redox-active transition metals. The impact of zinc and cadmium on the main regulators of iron homeostasis in metazoans, the iron regulatory proteins (IRP) 1 and 2, has been probed with the human recombinant proteins. Using purified proteins or extracts of yeast producing human IRP, zinc and cadmium were shown to interfere with the IRE-binding activity of IRP1, but not with that of IRP2 or the aconitase activity of IRP1. The IRP1 active site cysteines in positions 437, 503 and 506 were not directly involved in the effects of zinc and cadmium. The loss of RNA-binding activity is due to the reversible and specific aggregation of the IRP1 apoprotein with zinc and cadmium, since precipitation did not occur with other divalent metals such as manganese, cobalt or magnesium. The reported data suggest a new mechanism for the biological toxicity of cadmium and high zinc concentrations by interference with iron metabolism.     

Levels of toxic and essential elements in arctic fox in Svalbard

Concentrations of cadmium, mercury, lead, arsenic, selenium, copper, zinc, manganese and iron in liver, and cadmium in kidneys, were analysed in 95 carcasses of arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) caught in Svalbard during three winter seasons from 1984 through 1986. The hepatic concentration ranges of cadmium, mercury, lead and arsenic were 0.1–2.4, 0.01–2.2, < 0.5–2.9 and 0.01–1.3 g·g^–1 WW, respectively. The range of cadmium concentration in the kidneys was from 0.2 to 13 g·g^–1 WW. Cadmium and mercury concentrations were higher in adult animals than in juveniles. The average concentrations of cadmium and lead were similar to recently published levels in polar bear from Svalbard, but the mercury concentrations were lower. Significant geographical differences were observed between trapping areas. Foxes caught north of Isfjorden had lower levels of liver iron and higher levels of all other elements analysed than those caught south of Isfjorden. The recorded concentrations of heavy metals indicate a moderate degree of exposure, which most likely is of natural origin.Gunnar Norheim died January 9, 1991     

Cumulative Title Index

Abstract

Metal fractionation is a powerful tool for studying the mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of metals in sediments and soils. A seven-step sequential extraction technique was used to determine the potential mobility of selected heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Ni) in the sediments of Lake Naivasha. Results indicate that residual fraction was the most important phase for the elements Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn. However, Pb and Cd are highly enriched in the non-residual phases. Nickel on the other hand was distributed evenly between the non-residual and the residual fractions.

The total concentrations of the heavy metals suggested a decreasing order of iron ?> manganese ? zinc > nickel > copper ? lead > cadmium. However, the detailed sequential extraction data indicated an order of release or mobility of cadmium > lead ? nickel ? zinc > manganese > copper > iron. The high percentage of Cd and Pb in the mobile fractions suggests high bioavailability of these two elements in the study area and maybe a pointer to anthropogenic input of the two elements in the study area.