高原鼠兔种群年龄结构和动态

我们于1974—1982年,在青海省海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站,对高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzon-iae)的种群年龄结构和动态进行了一些研究,现简报如下:1.各年龄组的季节变化 根据1978年采集的814个标本,按照施银柱等(1978)在《灭鼠和鼠类生物学研究报告》第三集中介绍的方法,参考室内饲养的资料,将鼠兔分为5个年龄组:幼体1组、幼体2组、亚成体组、成体组和老体组(图1)。结果表明:4月,种群由成体和老体组成,分别为87.7％和12.3％,说明鼠     

藏鼠兔与高原鼠兔表型及分子性状的比较

本文应用限制性内切酶分析藏鼠兔和高原鼠兔的线粒体ＤＮＡ限制性片段长度多态性,并结合形态、生镜、地史和化石资料综合探讨两物的异同。结果表明,形态上差异显著的两个物种,在分子水平上也同样具有明显的区别,用１６种酶分别消化各样品,共检出３０例限制性类型,两种间存在丰富的多态性;它们的ｍｔＤＮＡ分子均为１７．９ｋｂ（千碱基对）左右;平均遗传距离为０．０４５５,分歧时间约为距今二百三十万前的上新世晚期,相当     

高原鼠兔种群敏殖生态的研究

1985-1988年,在青海湖黑马河地区以耳标法对高原鼠兔的繁殖生态进行了研究。在繁殖群体中主要是来自上年出生的第1、2胎的鼠兔（82.85%）,第3胎和老体占少数。成年雌鼠兔100%参加繁殖,通常年产3胎,有的年份可产4胎或5胎。产仔数1-8只（平均为4.52±0.12）,1只雌鼠兔终生可产2-29只。妊娠期为22.2±0.13天。洞内哺乳期为11.65±0.01天。有的年份当年出生的少数雌鼠兔到36.8±3.05日龄可达到性成熟并参加繁殖,生1-2胎,雄鼠兔性成熟较晚。     

高原鼠兔松果腺褪黑激素含量昼夜节律的研究

自然光照条件下,高原鼠兔（Ｏｃｈｏｔｏｎａｃｕｒｚｏｎｉａｅ）松果腺褪黑激素（Ｍｅｌａｔｏｎｉｎ,ＭＬＴ）含量呈现明显的昼夜节律（Ｐ＜０．００１,夜间组含量均值与白天组含量均值差异显著性比较）。在２月份的实验中,对１８只鼠兔（体重１２２—１６４克）松果腺的采样时间分别为０２．００,０９．００,１２．００,１８．００,２２．００和２４．００时。白天ＭＬＴ含量波动为５６—６４微微克／松果腺,夜间波动为１１３—１７０微微克／松果腺。夜间ＭＬＴ含量高峰值出现在２４．００时。在１０月份的实验中,对６０只鼠兔（体重１０２—１５３克）松果腺的采样时间分别为０３．００,０６．００,０９．００,１２．００,１５．００,１８．００,２１．００和２４．００时。白天ＭＬＴ含量波动为７７—１１９微微克／松果腺,夜间波动为１３９—５０５微微克／松果腺。夜间ＭＬＴ含量高峰值出现在０３．００时。将２月份和１０月份高原鼠兔松果腺ＭＬＴ含量进行差异显著性比较,１０月组显著高于２月组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果表明,该动物的松果腺本身对光周期具有敏感性,它能够感知环境光周期的变化,成功地完成神经内分泌的转换。     

新开发实验动物—高原鼠兔

实验动物科学是生命科学的基础和条件。随着医学科学和其它生命科学的飞速发展,对实验动物品种的需求也越来越多。发达国家非常重视实验动物新品种的开发。我国有丰富的动物资源,现有各种兽类427种,约占世界兽类总种数的10％。但将野生动物培育和开发为实验动物方面尚属空白。鉴于国内医学科学和其它生命科     

高原鼠兔与达乌尔鼠兔食物资源维生态位的研究

作者于１９９３年在青海省刚察县年诺索玛地区发现高原鼠兔（Ｏｃｈｏｔｏｎａ ｃｕｒｚｏｎｉａｅ）和达乌尔鼠兔（０．ｄａｕｒｉｃａ）在布哈河谷二阶同域且重叠分布之现象,并从这两种鼠兔的食物资源利用出发,研究了其生态位关系问题。在食物资源维上的生态位宽度（ＰＳ）,高原鼠兔为０．４７４４,达乌尔鼠兔为０．４９６４,即它们具有相近似的生态位宽度。这两种动物的生态位在食物资源谱维上的重叠值（ＦＴ）为０．８０９     

高原鼠兔地面活动观察

应用耳标法标记动物,用Sharp pc-1500计算器作为事件记录器,对高原鼠兔的地面活动进行了研究。寒冬,鼠兔的日活动为9小时,4月为11—12小时,夏季地面实际活动时间较短。夏季日活动明显地具有两个峰期;进出洞频次,1月,日进出洞20—30次,4月,雄体日进出洞97—161次;地面活动以取食为主,取食时间在草盛期远短于草返青和枯黄期;取食行为次数占全部洞外活动记录次数的44.5％。8月,日实际取食时间为200—240分钟。对行为格局的分析表明,幼体花费在坐、移动、自我修饰等非社会行为方面的时间明显多于成体。     

高原鼠兔寄生虫感染调查报告

高原鼠兔（Ｏｃｈｏｔｏｎａｃｕｒｚｏｎｉａｅ）亦称黑唇鼠兔,是兔形目（Ｌａｇｏｍｏｒｐｈａ）、鼠兔科（Ｏｃｈｏｔｏｔｏｎｉｄｅ）、鼠兔属（Ｏｃｈｏｔｏｎａ）的啮齿类小型哺乳动物,是我国青藏高原特有的动物,现已查明的分布地区有青海、西藏及四川西部地区。...     

Phenotypic plasticity of reproductive traits in response to food availability and photoperiod in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus)

Changes in photoperiod, ambient temperature and food availability trigger seasonal acclimatization in physiology and behavior of many animals. In the present study, seasonal adjustments in body mass and in several physiological, hormonal, and biochemical markers were examined in wild-captured plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Our results showed that plateau pikas maintained a relatively constant body mass throughout the year and showed no seasonal changes in body fat mass and circulating levels of serum leptin. However, nonshivering thermogenesis, cytochrome c oxidase activity, and mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) contents in brown adipose tissues were significantly enhanced in winter. Further, serum leptin levels were positively correlated with body mass and body fat mass while negatively correlated with UCP1 contents. Together, these data suggest that plateau pikas mainly depend on increasing thermogenic capacities, rather than decreasing body mass, to cope with cold, and leptin may play a potential role in their thermogenesis and body mass regulation.     

Regulation of body weight and thermogenesis in seasonally acclimatized Brandt's voles (Microtus brandti)

Seasonal changes in an animal's morphology, physiology, and behavior are considered to be an adaptive strategy for survival and reproductive success. In the present study, we examined body weight and several behavioral, physiological, hormonal, and biochemical markers in seasonally acclimatized Brandt's voles (Microtus brandti) to test our hypothesis that Brandt's voles can decrease energy intake associated with decrease in body weight, body fat content, serum leptin level, and increasing thermogenesis in winter conditions. We found that the body weight of Brandt's voles was lowest in winter (December to February) and highest in spring and early summer (May to June). This seasonal variation in body weight was associated with changes in other markers examined. For example, the winter decrease in body weight was accompanied by increased energy intake and enhanced nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) as well as by decreased body fat mass and reduced levels of circulating leptin. Further, circulating levels of leptin were positively correlated with body weight and body fat mass, and negatively correlated with energy intake and uncoupling protein 1 contents. Together, these data do not support our hypothesis and suggest that leptin may be involved in this process and serve as a starvation signal in Brandt's voles.     

内蒙古浑善达克沙地小毛足鼠的能量代谢和体温调节

为了解小毛足鼠对沙漠生境的适应特征,对其能量代谢和体温调节特征进行了测定。代谢率采用封闭式流体压力呼吸计测定,非颤抖性产热用皮下注射去甲肾上腺素诱导,能量摄入采用食物平衡法测定。结果显示:小毛足鼠的热中性区为25～33℃,平均体温为35 7±0 1℃,最小热传导率为0 21±0 01mlO2/g·h·℃,基础代谢率为2 61±0 04mlO2/g·h,最大非颤抖性产热为8 53±0 28mlO2/g·h,非颤抖性产热范围(最大非颤抖性产热与基础代谢率的比率)为3 3。基础代谢率和非颤抖性产热都高于以体重为基础的期望值,最小热传导接近期望值。小毛足鼠的摄入能为2 26±0 12kJ/g·d;消化能为2 18±0 13kJ/g·d;消化率为97±0 2%;可代谢能为2 13±0 12kJ/g·d;可代谢能效率为94±1 2%。这些结果表明小毛足鼠对沙地生境的适应特征是:基础代谢率较高,体温相对较低,最小热传导率与期望值相当,热中性区较宽,下临界温度较低;较高的最大非颤抖性产热和非颤抖性产热范围以及较高的食物消化效率。     

高原鼠兔和根田鼠的最大代谢率

采用He-O2混合诱导方法测定了高原鼠兔（Ochotona curzoniae）和根田鼠（Microtus oeconomus）的最大代谢率（MMR）。高原鼠兔的最大代谢率在夏季和冬季分别为5．93（体重为118g）和6．33（体重为115．8g）mlO2/g.h,而根田鼠在夏季和冬季分别为12．70（体重为27．8g）和18．29（体重为17．5g）mlO2/g.h,并且根田鼠的最大代谢率的变化幅度大于高原鼠兔,存在种间差异。MMR季节变化的不显著性来源于动物环境温度在夏季较低,而在冬季为越冬亦采用行为调节等其它机制。栖于青藏高原的高原鼠兔和根田鼠同时受到低温和低氧的腔迫,而两者对最大代谢率作用相反,导致两种动物的最大代谢率与各自期望值相比差异不大。     

Seasonal adjustments in body mass and thermogenesis in Mongolian gerbils (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Meriones unguiculatus</Emphasis>): the roles of short photoperiod and cold

Seasonal adjustments in body mass and thermogenesis are important for the survival of small mammals during acclimatization in the temperate zone. To determine the contributions of short photoperiod and cold temperatures to seasonal changes in thermogenesis and body mass in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), body mass, basal metabolic rate (BMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), energy intake and energy digestibility were determined in seasonally acclimatized and laboratory acclimated animals. Body mass showed significant seasonal changes and decreased to a minimum in winter. Both BMR and NST increased in winter, and these changes were mimicked by exposing animals to short photoperiod or cold temperatures in the animal house. Digestible energy intake also increased significantly in winter, and also during exposure of housed animals to both short photoperiod and cold. These results suggest that Mongolian gerbils overcome winter thermoregulatory challenges by increasing energy intake and thermogenesis, and decreasing body mass to reduce total energy requirements. Short photoperiod and cold can serve as effective environmental cues during seasonal acclimatization.     

Evaporative water loss in seven species of fossorial rodents: Does effect of degree of fossoriality and sociality exist?

In terrestrial endotherms, evaporation is a significant mechanism of water loss in hot environments. Although water is passively lost by evaporation, individuals can regulate it at different levels. Inhabiting a relatively stable environment characterized by mild ambient temperature (T_a) and high humidity can ensure a balanced water budget. Many fossorial rodents are well adapted to live in such conditions. In this study, evaporative water loss (EWL) of fossorial rodent species with different degree of adaptations to underground life (from strictly subterranean to those with regular surface activity) was evaluated. By measuring EWL, the specific contribution of either evaporative or non-evaporative components of heat loss can be determined. With the exception of the silvery mole-rat (Heliophobius argenteocinereus), in all tested rodents EWL is relatively stable below and within the thermoneutral zone (TNZ). As T_as increase above TNZ, EWL increases as does total thermal conductance, but conductance increases several times more than EWL. In addition, non-evaporative routes seem to be more important than evaporative heat loss in the analyzed species. No clear pattern of EWL in relation to a species degree of fossoriality or sociality was detected. In this context, atmosphere of burrows could affect EWL, since the high humidity found inside tunnels can establish limits on evaporation to favor water rather than thermal balance.     

Nonshivering thermogenesis capacity versus basal metabolic rate in laboratory mice

I wanted to follow the correlation between level of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and maximum response to injection of noradrenaline (MMR_NA) in two lines of laboratory mice subjected to divergent, artificial selection toward high BMR (HBMR) and low BMR (LBMR). HBMR animals had heavier visceral organs (heart, liver, kidney, intestine), but their regulatory NST (MMR_NA–BMR) was lower and interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) lighter than in LBMR mice. Obligatory part of nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) (in other words BMR) depended on visceral organ mass, whereas regulatory NST correlates with mass of IBAT. BMR was not correlated with total NST capacity, but phenotypic correlation between obligatory and regulatory NST was negative. This suggests possibility of substitution of obligatory NST to thermoregulation in a place of the regulatory NST. Then total thermoregulatory energy expenditures do not change.     

不同海拔地区高原鼠兔热中性区及静止代谢率的差异

高原地区动物面临一系列严峻的生存考验,随着海拔的变化,动物栖息地的食物资源等差异大,温度、氧分压等环境因子都将发生变化.环境差异可能会影响动物种群的生活史对策.在生理功能适应中,动物的能量代谢适应扮演着重要的角色.为探究高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)在不同海拔地区的能量代谢适应与热中性区范围,分别选取...     

Seasonal regulations of energetics, serum concentrations of leptin, and uncoupling protein 1 content of brown adipose tissue in root voles (Microtus oeconomus) from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau

Survival of small mammals in winter requires proper adjustments in physiology, behavior and morphology. The present study was designed to examine the changes in serum leptin concentration and the molecular basis of thermogenesis in seasonally acclimatized root voles (Microtus oeconomus) from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. In January root voles had lower body mass and body fat mass coupled with higher nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) capacity. Consistently, cytochrome c oxidase activity and mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) protein contents in brown adipose tissues were higher in January as compared to that in July. Circulating level of serum leptin was significantly lower in winter and higher in July. Correlation analysis showed that serum leptin levels were positively related with body mass and body fat mass while negatively correlated with UCP1 protein contents. Together, these data provided further evidence for our previous findings that root voles from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau mainly depend on higher NST coupled with lower body mass to enhance winter survival. Further, fat deposition was significantly mobilized in cold winter and leptin was potentially involved in the regulation of body mass and thermogenesis in root voles. Serum leptin might act as a starvation signal in winter and satiety signal in summer.