冬季沙冬青叶肉细胞液泡中泡状内含物的研究

用透射电镜观察了沙冬青叶肉细胞液泡中泡状内含物的形成。在早期,这种泡状内含物位于细胞质中,它由大小不等、形态各异的小泡组成,后经液泡膜内吞进入液泡。液泡中的泡状内含物主要位于两个正常叶绿体之间,附近的细胞质较多,内有丰富的内质网、高尔基体、质膜管状突起和由它们产生的小泡。也有一些液泡泡状内含物出现在解体叶绿体附近。前者主要来自内质网、高尔基体和质膜,后者则主要起源于解体的叶绿体。这种泡状内含物的形成可能与增强植物的抗冻性有关。     

在分化条件下甜菊愈伤组织分生区细胞超微结构研究

对甜菊（Ｓｔｅｖｉａｒｅｂａｕｄｉａｎａ）愈伤组织中尚未发生器官分化的分生细胞团进行了超微结构研究．结果表明,在器官分化条件下,愈伤组织中形成的分生区域的细胞体积小,细胞核大,核仁明显,且具核仁泡,部分细胞核中含有核内含物．大量小液泡分布在细胞的边周或散布于整个细胞中．液泡中通常含有陷入的细胞质成分和膜状物．部分液泡的形成与内质网膨大有密切关系．同时也观察到由内质网形成的多圈膜和双层膜包围细胞质成分的同心环结构．高尔基体及其小泡丰富,有时聚集分布在细胞某一区域．核糖体密集,有的聚集成多聚核糖体．因此,愈伤组织中分生区的细胞与分生组织中的液泡化和分裂的细胞类似．分生区细胞的另一明显特征是出现质膜内陷．推测这些超微结构特征可能反映了甜菊愈伤组织器官分化前的某些形态变化。     

缺氧状态下绿豆(Phaseolus radiatus L.)根部细胞内高尔基体的形态变化(英文)

用铀—铅—铜浸染技术处理样品后,通过透射电子显微镜观察绿豆根部细胞内高尔基体。在缺氧3d,5d和5d后转入供氧条件3d后根部细胞的超微结构变化表明,缺氧3d高尔基体的内质网的液泡仍能生成分泌泡,这种分泌泡不能排出到细胞外,而滞留于细胞质中;缺氧5d的高尔基体则不能形成分泌泡,而分泌物积累于内质网的液泡,使内质网的液泡膨大。当缺氧条件解除3d后,高尔基体的形态和功能基本恢复到正常状态。Russell(1973)证明,培养液缺氧能阻碍植株根部生长。Mollenhauer和Morre(1980)观察到细胞壁和膜的增殖有赖于高尔基体形成的分泌泡。本试验表明:由于缺氧引起高尔基体分泌泡形成和转运受阻,看来可能是它阻碍植株根部生长的主要原因之一。     

莲子叶叶肉细胞液泡的类型,来源与发育

莲(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn)子叶发育期间叶肉细胞液泡系变化巨大。发育阶段Ⅰ时,液泡系为具一些单个小液泡的分生细胞型。1—2天后,进入发育阶段Ⅱ,这时中央大液泡形成,液泡系转变为分化细胞型。细胞质和液泡中出现大量小液泡。新液泡的来源和发育是多样的:可由(1)核外膜起泡、断落、扩大形成;(2)高尔基体端部膨大、断落、扩大形成;(3)管状粗糙型内质网任意部位出芽或端部膨大,脱掉核糖体,断落、变形形成;(4)质膜内陷,吞并部分细胞质或营养液形成;(5)中央液泡被原生质丝分割等方式形成。在发育阶段Ⅱ和Ⅲ期间新生液泡大分小合,形成许多平均直径为0.4—1.2μm,形态各异的液泡群。它们各自发育成溶酶体、圆球体、微体、壁旁体、自体吞噬泡和胞饮液泡等。在后继发育中,一些液泡转变为蛋白体和脂肪体。本章论证了莲子叶的液泡系具有同双子叶植物子叶液泡系相似的结构与功能。     

小麦珠心细胞的超微结构研究

本文报道衰退前的珠心细胞在发育过程中的超微结构变化。大多数珠心表皮细胞和离胚囊较远的珠心细胞有较大的核质比,细胞质中游离核糖蛋白体的密度较大;线粒体和质体数量较多,形态上也有较大变化;有具活跃分泌功能的高尔基体和少量或长或短的粗糙内质网槽库;细胞中有或多或少的小液泡,其中常常含有被消化的细胞质碎片;细胞壁上有很多纹孔和胞间联丝与邻近细胞相通。在离胚囊稍近的珠心细胞中,粗糙内质网迅速增生,出现平行内质网槽库和同心内质网环,后者在一定条件下有可能成为一种自噬结构。同心内质网环包围的细胞质被消化后往往形成小液泡。通过新液泡的形成,原有液泡的扩大和合并,珠心细胞形成大的中央液泡。这时,珠心细胞呈现薄壁组织细胞的典型特征。此后,胚囊进一步扩展??引起这些珠心细胞衰退和死亡。     

植物贮藏蛋白体的形成与发育及其调控

植物贮藏蛋白体由质体、内质网及液泡发育而来。贮藏蛋白体的形成和发育受贮藏蛋白质组分,蛋白质多肽携带信号,植物凝集素及一些细胞器的调控。贮藏蛋白体是由单层膜包围的亚细胞结构,其主要成份是贮藏蛋白质,植酸、植物凝集素,一些酶及无机离子如K~+Mg~(2+)等。贮藏蛋白体的形成与发育研究受到了人们的注意。本文将介绍一些这方面的进展。一、贮藏蛋白体的形成与发育贮藏蛋白体被认为是由质体,内质网和液泡发育而来,更多的资料支持后两种观点。 1、质体Graham发现玉米贮藏蛋白体形成与细胞质膜有关,这些蛋白体有双层膜结构。Morton将它们称为蛋白质体。分离的蛋白质体能在体外合成贮藏蛋白质,     

贯叶金丝桃叶中分泌细胞团的超微结构

随着贯叶金丝桃( Hypericum perforatum L.)叶中分泌细胞团的发育,其细胞中质体的数量和体积逐渐增大,但一些质体局部出现解体,大量的深色管状结构和小泡出现在退化质体的周围,有些小泡与液泡融合,并将其内容物释放至液泡中,导致液泡中出现大量的多泡结构、多膜结构和嗜锇滴.同时,高尔基体分泌小泡进入液泡.然而,当分泌细胞团发育成熟后,分泌细胞被含有灰色均匀的分泌物(金丝桃素)的大液泡所占据,嗜锇滴消失.表明嗜锇滴可能是金丝桃素的前体物,来源于退化的质体.出现于质体和嗜锇滴之间的内质网和高尔基体可能也参与了金丝桃素前体物的合成和细胞内的转运.     

秋水仙素对小麦根尖细胞亚显微结构的影响

在不同浓度和处理时间下用秋水仙素处理小麦根尖,发现根尖分生区细胞的亚显微结构发生了程度不同的变化。表现在核占细胞体积的比例减小,形态变化多样;内质网由分散分布到形成订聚集体;原质体减少而淀粉质体增加;微体减少;液泡增大;细胞壁不均匀地加厚且细胞间隙增大等方面。初步讨论了秋水仙素引起的微管解聚是内质网、质体、微体、核等所处的状态和细胞壁不均匀加厚的主要原因。探测了秋水仙素对小麦根尖细胞亚显微结构影响     

高等植物花色苷的液泡摄取机制

综述了高等植物细胞中花色苷被液泡摄取的机制。花色苷通过细胞质中定位于粗糙内质网细胞质面的多酶复合体合成后被膜包裹形成囊泡。这些囊泡主要向液泡移动,在移动中相互融合形成更大囊泡,最终将花色苷带到液泡膜的表面。在大多数情况下,花色苷经过液泡膜上的各种载体被迅速运进液泡。另外两种较少的是:(1)囊泡直接与液泡融合;(2)液泡膜自主形成大的管状内陷,使囊泡在内陷处指向液泡内腔"发芽"。在上述种种可能的具体过程中,花色苷以非修饰或修饰两种形式被摄入液泡。花色苷跨液泡膜运送可能通过4种模型实现,即由ATP结合盒型的载体介导、由依赖pH梯度的载体介导、由24-kD液泡蛋白前体衍生的蛋白质介导和由多重药物和有毒化合物排出家族的载体介导。据推测,不同植物利用不同的摄取机制将花色苷积累在液泡中,而多重机制也可能被单个植物种同时使用。     

异胡豆苷合成酶在烟草亚细胞区室的表达

异胡豆苷合成酶(strictosidine synthase,STR)是吲哚生物碱生物合成的一种关键酶,将色胺(tryptamine)和裂环马钱子(secologanin)耦合成为吲哚生物碱的前体化合物异胡豆苷.将异胡豆苷合成酶标定在烟草植物不同的亚细胞区室--叶绿体、液泡和内质网中表达,通过蛋白免疫印迹分析和STR酶活性的测定,表明STR在叶绿体、液泡和内质网中有效表达.STR体外酶活性分析采用间接荧光法检测色胺在反应体系的消耗.STR的酶活性分析表明了STR在烟草中不同的亚细胞区室得以活性表达.分离纯化转基因烟草的叶绿体,通过对其分离的不同部分的蛋白免疫印迹分析,确定了将STR正确标定在烟草的叶绿体中表达.     

A special pattern of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the kidney of the snail Cryptomphalus aspersa.

A special structural pattern of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has been observed in the kidney of the snail Cryptomphalus aspersa. Two types of cells (clear and dark) cover the foldings of the renal sac; the dark cells are by far the most numerous. A cisterna of SER enveloping the nucleus appears invariably in both types of cells, with no disruptions, or small ones (from 50 to 90 nm) along its profile. The layer of cytoplasm lodged between the external nuclear membrane and this cisterna is found invariably to be from 0-20 to 0-25 mum in width. Glycogen is abundant in the cytoplasm as alpha particles, and also in the nucleus, but as beta particles. It is noteworthy that absolutely no glycogen is present in the layer of cytoplasm lodged between the nuclear membrane and the surrounding SER envelope. Long profiles of SER are also observed closely approaching and parallel to the plasma membrane of the dark cells. Considering the role of SER in glycogen metabolism in the kidney of the snail, the possible function of these cisternae as a support system ofr enzymes involved in the metabolism of glucides is discussed.     

大鼠睾丸间质细胞的自体吞噬活动

本文结合超微结构和细胞化学观察,研究大鼠睾丸间质细胞(Leydig细胞)中溶酶体的结??构与功能。观察结果表明,大鼠睾丸间质细胞中高尔基体非常发达,在高尔基体的成熟面存在着CMP酶阳性反应的GERL系统,说明这种细胞有不断产生溶酶体的能力。细胞化学结果也证实在睾丸间质细胞有较多的初级和次级溶酶体。睾丸间质细胞不仅有较多的溶酶体,而且还有相当数量的自噬小体,存在着活跃的自体吞噬活动。自噬小体的界膜来源于特化的光面内质网或高尔基体膜囊,包围的内容物主要是光面内质网和少量线粒体。当自噬小体与溶酶体融合后即成为自体吞噬泡,由于酶的消化作用,自体吞噬泡内的细胞器有一系列形态变化。根据CMP酶细胞化学反应,可以区分自噬小体和自体吞噬泡,后者是一种次级溶酶体,呈CMP酶阳性反应。睾丸间质细胞是分泌雄性激素的内分泌细胞,其光面内质网和线粒体在类固醇激素分泌中起重要作用,自体吞噬活动的结果是去除部分内质网和线粒体,可能在细胞水平上起着对雄性激素分泌的调节作用。     

Ultrastructure of the lateral organs in larvalArgas (Persicargas) arboreus (Ixodoidea: Argasidae)

The ultrastructure of lateral organs (LO) in the larval tickArgas (Persicargas) arboreus is described before and after feeding and up to the 1st day of moulting. Three pairs of LO are associated with three pedal nerves arising from the synganglion. In unfed ticks, each LO is ensheathed by a neural lamella and consists of 6–7 neuronal cell bodies; their cytoplasm is mostly occupied by cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulm (RER). In fully engorged ticks, the enlarged neuronal cells contain vacuolar cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), coated vesicles and mitochondria. Golgi bodies are involved in the formation of neurosecretory granules which dominate, with the SER vacuoles, the cell cytoplasm before moulting. The vacuoles, coated vesicles and neurosecretory granules are similar to those found in the vertebrate steroid-secreting cells. Condensing vacuoles may fuse with lysosome-like bodies to form larger ones; these are possibly responsible for the cell breakdown when secretory products are no longer required. Ultrastructural observations of LO suggest that they are neuroendocrine glands and that, in engorged larvae, they may secrete a hormone involved in the control of moulting.     

Interaction of endocytotic vacuoles with the inner nuclear membrane in simian virus 40 entry into CV-1 cell nucleus.

The transfer of endocytosed simian virus 40 (SV40) to the nuclear position was investigated ultrastructurally using cationized ferritin (CF), ferritin labelled concanavalin A (Fer-Con A) and Con A as cell membrane markers. In the cells incubated with these markers and SV40 at 4 degrees C, and then chased for 2 h at 37 degrees C in serum-free medium, ferritin particles representing CF and/or Fer-Con A binding sites were found in vacuoles with SV40. The membrane of some vacuoles seemed to be in contact with the outer nuclear membrane. Several ferritin particles were located in the perinuclear cisterna and within the nucleoplasm, but not within the nuclear pores. In addition, there were vacuoles with ferritin particles and SV40 near the nuclear membrane, which looked like a single diaphragm with heterochromatins inside it. The outer nuclear and vacuole membranes were often obscure in the areas where the vacuole was very close to the diaphragm. In the case of cells incubated with CF, SV40 and Con A at 4 degrees C, chased for 2 h at 37 degrees C, and then reacted with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), HRP activity showing Con A-binding sites was also observed along the nuclear side of the inner nuclear membrane as well as in the perinuclear cisterna along the outer membrane. These results confirm that SV40-induced endocytotic vacuoles fuse with the outer nuclear membrane, and further indicate that some endocytotic vacuoles may well interact directly with the diaphragm, suggesting another path for migration of SV40 into CV-1 cell nuclei besides the path going through the process of fusion of the vacuole membrane with the outer nuclear membrane.     

Polarity in mechanoreceptor cells of trigger hairs of Dionaea muscipula Ellis

Both the apical and the basal cell poles of the sensory cells in trigger hairs of Dionaea muscipula are structured identically. A complex of concentrically arranged endoplasmic reticulum cisternae occupies each of the poles. One to four vacuoles are enclosed within the central cisterna and contain polyphenols (deposits of “tannin”). Structural polarity, whether symmetric or asymmetric, as well as the occurrence of abundant endoplasmic reticulum and numerous mitochondria are characteristics of the perception cells of most animals and plants.     

甜菊愈伤组织分生区细胞中膜内含物的超微结构研究

生长在分化培养基上的甜菊（Ｓｔｅｖｉａ ｒｅｂａｕｄｉａｎａ）愈伤组织分生区细胞中存在双膜和多膜内含物。电镜观察表明,这些膜内含物是由一圈或多圈呈同民贺或卷绕状排列的内质网包围部分细胞质而形成的。双膜内含物内外层膜的靠细胞质表面有核糖体附着,而多膜内含物仅在其最外层潴泡的外膜上偶有和量核糖体附着。附着细胞液泡化程度的提高,多膜内含物通过液泡膜内陷而转移到液泡中或通过消化其中被包围的细胞质及内膜而转     

Fusion of SV40-induced endocytotic vacuoles with the nuclear membrane

The interaction between simian virus 40(SV40)-induced endocytotic vacuoles and the nuclear membrane was investigated using cationized ferritin (CF) and concanavalin A (Con A) as cell membrane markers. These markers bound to the cell surfaces of CV-1 cells together with SV40 at 4 degrees C. Following incubation of these modified cells at 37 degrees C in serum-free medium, the cell membranes showed many invaginations. After incubation for 60 min at 37 degrees C in the same medium, many various-sized vacuoles were present that contained membrane-bound CF, Con A and SV40. After 2 h of incubation at 37 degrees C, Con A was present in some areas of the perinuclear cisterna along the nuclear membrane. The control experiment, however, showed no localization of Con A-binding on the nuclear membrane. These results provide evidence that SV40-induced endocytotic vacuoles migrate toward the nucleus and fuse with its membrane.     

Relationship between the saccus endolymphaticus and the fourth ventricle of the brain of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus f. domestica)

The fine structure of the wall of the SE was determined exactly and its relationship to the cisternae (the evaginations of the roof of the fourth ventricle extending to the SE) was defined. The way in which the cisterna is formed was defined and the development of its fine structure was described by comparing serial sections from 19-day embryos and adult fowls. Like the SE, the cisternae are lodged in the angle between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata, in the subarachnoid space. The terminal segment of the cisterna lies in the immediate vicinity of the mesenchymal epithelium bordering the basal labyrinth of the SE cells. Collagen trabeculae keep the SE and the cisternae suspended in the subarachnoid space. The cisternae and trabeculae are wrapped in mesenchymal epithelium. The cisterna is avascular and does not communicate with the SE. The cisterna is lined internally with simple squamous epithelium (modified neural epithelium of the roof of the fourth ventricle). The bodies of the cells bulge into the lumen of the cisterna in the region of localization of their nucleus. The epithelium is seated on a pronounced basal lamina. The surface turned towards the subarachnoid space is lined continuously with mesenchymal epithelium without a basal lamina. The cells of the cisternal epithelium are connected by tight junctions of the type of zonulae occludentes and desmosomes. The basal lamina is continuous and distinct. The mesenchymal epithelium of the subarachnoid space has no basal lamina, as on the subarachnoid surface of the SE, the cisternae, the trabeculae, the pia mater and the arachnoidea.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Age-related changes in the ultrastructure of the resting follicle pool in human ovaries

Age-related decline of fertility in women is the result of the decline in both quantity and quality of the resting ovarian follicle pool. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the decline of follicle quality with age is reflected by ultrastructural changes in the resting follicle pool. Ovarian biopsy specimens were obtained by laparoscopy from seven healthy women aged 25-32 yr (young group) and from 11 healthy women aged 38-45 yr (advanced-age group). A total of 182 resting follicles from the young group were compared with 81 resting follicles from the advanced-age group for signs of age-related changes by transmission-electron microscopy. The ooplasmic fraction of vacuoles was increased (P = 0.02), and the fraction of mitochondria decreased (P = 0.005), in the advanced-age group. Also, the density of the mitochondrial matrix (P < 0.001) and the frequency of dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER; P = 0.001) and Golgi complex (P = 0.02) were increased with age. The frequencies of ruptured mitochondrial membranes (P = 0.001) and dilated SER (P = 0.003) were increased with age in the granulosa cells. Overall follicle-quality scores, which should reflect atretic changes, were not different for the young and advanced-age groups. In conclusion, in resting follicles, the morphological changes with age are different from the changes seen in quality decline by atresia. The morphological changes with age specifically involved the mitochondria, the SER, and the Golgi complex, and they may be the cause of atresia on initiation of follicular growth because of the substantial increase in metabolic requirements.     

Ultrastructure of the larval corpus allatum of Hyphantria cunea drury (Insecta,Lepidoptera)

Summary The corpora allata of the three last larval instars were studied in newly molted animals, at the beginning, middle, and end of the feeding period, and during the molt period. They were found to consist of uniform gland cells, whose ultrastructure changes in the course of the instars.In gland cells considered to be resting, the outer and inner nuclear membranes run in parallel without forming a dilated perinuclear space. Mitochondria are small, polymorphic, with an electron-dense matrix. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) appears as stacks of parallel cisternae near the nuclear envelope and in the rest of the cytoplasm, and as accumulations of twisted profiles. Occasionally, the SER takes the form of paracrystalline bodies. There are few small smooth-surfaced vesicles in the cytoplasm.In cells considered as active, a dilated perinuclear space occurs. The peripheral ends of profiles forming the SER are swollen, and numerous vesicles and vacuoles bud off from them to fill the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are large, with a more transparent matrix. The plasma membrane of gland cells located just beneath the connective tissue sheath forms numerous small invaginations.The corpora allata consist of resting cells during the molt periods. At the beginning of each instar, few active gland cells appear. In the middle of the second to last and the third to last instars, the bulk of the gland cells is active. At the end of these instars, there are both active and inactive cells. In the middle of the last instar, the gland cells are inactive or subactive, and at its end, all gland cells are completely inactive.