rpoS Function Is Essential for bgl Silencing Caused by C-Terminally Truncated H-NS in Escherichia coli

From evolutionary and physiological viewpoints, the Escherichia coli bgl operon is intriguing because its expression is silent (Bgl(-) phenotype), at least under several laboratory conditions. H-NS, a nucleoid protein, is known as a DNA-binding protein involved in bgl silencing. However, we previously found that bgl expression is still silent in a certain subset of hns mutations, each of which results in a defect in its DNA-binding ability. Based on this fact, we proposed a model in which a postulated DNA-binding protein(s) has an adapter function by interacting with both the cis-acting element of the bgl promoter and the mutated H-NS. To identify such a presumed adapter molecule, we attempted to isolate mutants exhibiting the Bgl(+) phenotype in the background of hns60, encoding the mutant H-NS protein lacking the DNA-binding domain by random insertion mutagenesis with the mini-Tn10cam transposon. These isolated mutations were mapped to five loci on the chromosome. Among these loci, three appeared to be leuO, hns, and bglJ, which were previously characterized, while the other two were novel. Genetic analysis revealed that the two insertions are within the rpoS gene and in front of the lrhA gene, respectively. The former encodes the stationary-phase-specific sigma factor, sigma(S), and the latter encodes a LysR-like DNA-binding protein. It was found that sigma(S) is defective in both types of mutant cells. These results showed that the rpoS function is involved in the mechanism underlying bgl silencing, at least in the hns60 background used in this study. We also examined whether the H-NS homolog StpA has such an adapter function, as was previously proposed. Our results did not support the idea that StpA has an adapter function in the genetic background used.     

Characterization of hns genes from Erwinia amylovora

The small basic histone-like protein H-NS is known for bacteria to attenuate virulence of several animal pathogens. An hns homologue from E. amylovora was identified by complementing an E. coli hns-mutant strain with a cosmid library from E. amylovora. A 1.6 kb EcoRI-fragment complemented the mucoid phenotype and repressed the ss-glucosidase activity of E. coli PD32. The open reading frame encoding an H-NS-like protein of 134 amino acid was later shown to be located on plasmid pEA29 (McGhee and Jones 2000). A chromosomal hns gene was amplified with PCR consensus primers and localized near galU of E. amylovora. E. amylovora mutants were created by insertion of a resistance cassette, and the intact gene was inserted into a high copy number plasmid for constitutive expression. Purified chromosomal H-NS protein preferentially bound to a DNA fragment from the lsc region and bending was predicted for an adjacent fragment with the rlsB-promoter. Levan production was significantly increased by hns mutations. Synthesis of the capsular exopolysaccharide amylovoran and of levan were reduced, when hns from the E. amylovora plasmid was overexpressed. A mutation in chromosomal hns of E. amylovora increased amylovoran synthesis, and both mutations retarded symptom formation on immature pears.     

副溶血弧菌拟核相关蛋白H-NS间接抑制VP1687-1686的启动子区转录

为了探讨副溶血性弧菌拟核相关蛋白H-NS对Ⅲ型分泌系统(T3SS) VP1687-1686基因位点的转录调控,本研究提取副溶血弧菌hns突变株(Δhns)和野生株(WT)的总RNA,采用引物延伸实验研究靶基因的转录起始位点,并根据产物的丰度判断H-NS对靶基因的调控关系;采用实时定量RT-PCR研究靶基因mRNA在WT和Δhns中转录丰度,以判定H-NS对靶基因的转录调控关系;将靶基因启动子区域DNA序列克隆至lacZ基因上游,将重组质粒转入WT和Δhns中,得到相应的LacZ菌株,通过LacZ报告基因融合实验研究H-NS对靶基因的调控关系;用PCR扩增靶基因的启动子区DNA序列,并纯化His-H-NS蛋白,通过凝胶阻滞实验(EMSA)研究His-H-NS是否对靶基因启动子区具有直接的结合作用。研究结果显示,T3SS的VP1687-1686只含有一个转录起始位点,位于翻译起始位点上游82 bp处,且H-NS能够抑制其转录活性,但不能直接结合到VP1687-1686区的启动子区。另外,H-NS对calR的转录无调控作用,His-H-NS也不能结合到其启动子区。本研究的结果初步说明,H-NS能够间接抑制VP1687-1686的转录,该抑制机制与CalR无关联。     

LeuO antagonizes H-NS and StpA-dependent repression in Salmonella enterica ompS1

The ompS1 gene encodes a quiescent porin in Salmonella enterica. We analysed the effects of H-NS and StpA, a paralogue of H-NS, on ompS1 expression. In an hns single mutant expression was derepressed but did not reach the maximum level. Expression in an stpA single mutant showed the same low repressed level as the wild type. In contrast, in an hns stpA background, OmpS1 became abundant in the outer membrane. The expression of ompS1 was positively regulated by LeuO, a LysR-type quiescent regulator that has been involved in pathogenesis. Upon induction of the cloned leuO gene into the wild type, ompS1 was completely derepressed and the OmpS1 porin was detected in the outer membrane. LeuO activated the P1 promoter in an OmpR-dependent manner and P2 in the absence of OmpR. LeuO bound upstream of the regulatory region of ompS1 overlapping with one nucleation site of H-NS and StpA. Our results are thus consistent with a model where H-NS binds at a nucleation site and LeuO displaces H-NS and StpA.     

H-NS controls metabolism and stress tolerance in Escherichia coli O157:H7 that influence mouse passage

Background  

H-NS is a DNA-binding protein with central roles in gene regulation and nucleoid structuring in Escherichia coli. There are over 60 genes that are influenced by H-NS many of which are involved in metabolism. To determine the significance of H-NS-regulated genes in metabolism and stress tolerance, an hns mutant of E. coli O157:H7 was generated (hns::nptI, FRIK47001P) and its growth, metabolism, and gastrointestinal passage compared to the parent strain (43895) and strain FRIK47001P harboring pSC0061 which contains a functional hns and 90-bp upstream of the open-reading frame.     

Multiple proteins encoded within the urease gene complex of Proteus mirabilis.

Chromosomal DNA fragments from a uropathogenic isolate of Proteus mirabilis were inserted into the cosmid vector pHC79 to construct a genomic library in Escherichia coli HB101. A urease-positive recombinant cosmid, designated pSKW1, was recovered. Sequential recombinant manipulation of pSKW1 yielded a 10.2-kilobase plasmid, designated pSKW4, which encoded three urease isozymes with electrophoretic mobilities identical to those of the donor P. mirabilis strain. Plasmid pSKW4 gene sequences encode seven proteins designated 68K (apparent molecular weight, of 68,000), 28K, 25K, 22.5K, 18.5K, 7.5K, and 5.2K within the limits of the urease gene complex. Insertion mutations in genes encoding the 68K, 28K, 25K, 22.5K, 7.5K, and 5.2K proteins resulted in complete or partial (22.5K) loss of urease activity. There was no reduction in urease activity when the gene encoding the 18.5K protein was inactivated.     

Isolation and characterization of an Escherichia coli clone overproducing prolipoprotein signal peptidase

Based on the rationale that Escherichia coli cells containing increased levels of prolipoprotein signal peptidase would be highly resistant to globomycin, a specific inhibitor of the prolipoprotein signal peptidase, we have isolated a clone from the Carbon-Clarke collection, plasmid pLC3-13, which is globomycin-resistant and contains an increased level of prolipoprotein signal peptidase activity. The plasmid pMT521, a subclone of pLC3-13 in pBR322, conferred on its host cells approximately 20 times overproduction of prolipoprotein signal peptidase and an extremely high level of resistance against globomycin. The overproduced prolipoprotein signal peptidase was completely inhibited by the presence of globomycin in the in vitro assay, and the overproduced activity was found in the cell envelope fraction. Several lines of biochemical and genetic evidence suggest that the gene contained in pLC3-13 and its derivative clones is most likely the structure gene (lsp) for prolipoprotein signal peptidase.     

Role of the nucleoid-associated protein H-NS in the synthesis of virulence factors in the phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi

The ability of the enterobacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi to induce pathogenesis in plant tissue is strongly related to the massive production of plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes (pectinases, cellulases, and proteases). Additional factors, including flagellar proteins and exopolysaccharides (EPS), also are required for the efficient colonization of plants. Production of these virulence factors, particularly pectate lyases, the main virulence determinant, is tightly regulated by environmental conditions. The possible involvement of the protein H-NS in this process was investigated. The E. chrysanthemi hns gene was cloned by complementation of an Escherichia coli hns mutation. Its nucleotide sequence contains a 405-bp open reading frame that codes for a protein with 85% identity to the E. coli H-NS protein. An E. chrysanthemi hns mutant was constructed by reverse genetics. This mutant displays a reduced growth rate and motility but an increased EPS synthesis and sensitivity toward high osmolarity. Furthermore, pectate lyase production is dramatically reduced in this mutant. The hns mutation acts on at least two conditions affecting pectate lyase synthesis: induction of pectate lyase synthesis at low temperatures (25 degrees C) is no longer observed in the hns mutant and induction of pectate lyase production occurs in the late stationary growth phase in the hns background, instead of in the late exponential growth phase as it does in the parental strain. Moreover, the E. chrysanthemi hns mutant displays reduced virulence on plants. Taken together, these data suggest that H-NS plays a crucial role in the expression of the virulence genes and in the pathogenicity of E. chrysanthemi.