棉红铃虫性信息素应用技术研究

1986-1993年在棉红铃虫（Pectinop hora gossypiella Saunders）发生中密度、高密度区应用红铃虫性信息素2％微胶囊、2%改进微胶囊、塑料纤维夹片、PVC胶带、聚乙烯塑料管,采用干扰交配方式进行防治技术的研究。经过22个年次试验结果表明：在红铃虫发生中密度地区以自然沟,沟渠为界．5—8公顷连片棉田为使用单位,所用剂型均能有效控制红铃虫的为害。青铃活虫、籽棉含虫量、僵瓣花比常规农药防治区减少70—80%以上。在高密度区．试验区四周需有100公尺以上隔离带．使用PVC胶带剂型．在越冬代始蛾对时施挂一次,干扰交配时间可达三个月以上．性信息素释放稳定,控制青铃活虫、籽棉含虫量与使用4—5次菊酯农药的效果相当。     

昆虫性信息素释放率的测定方法

<正> 昆虫性信息素在自然条件下极易挥发和降解,故应用于生产实践时需将它放入某种载体内,并加入合适的稳定剂制成剂型,才能使它较长期地、以适当的生理浓度缓缓挥发,并减少降解。但即使以模拟虫体内性信息素的组成比和量,制成诱芯或迷向用剂型等,由于剂型与活体之间存在着本质上的差别,故在自然条件下,剂型是否按天然的比例和生理需求量释放,往往需经理论计算确定大致的范围,再由释放率     

西花蓟马聚集信息素组分在两种载体中的释放规律及引诱效果

【目的】应用蓟马聚集信息素是蓟马害虫绿色防控的重要措施。本研究旨在明确载体中西花蓟马聚集信息素2种组分(S)-2-甲基丁酸橙花酯和(R)-乙酸薰衣草酯的释放规律,为开发有效的诱芯提供指导。【方法】应用固相微萃取(SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用技术在室内测定2种载体中2种组分连续7 d的释放速率,并测定2种组分最佳配比时,2种组分的释放比值;通过田间诱集试验,比较2种载体诱芯的田间诱集效果。【结果】结果表明,橡胶塞和PVC管2种载体中2种组分的释放规律相反。相同剂量下,橡胶塞中(S)-2-甲基丁酸橙花酯的释放速率高于PVC管中释放速率,而橡胶塞中(R)-乙酸薰衣草酯的释放速率低于PVC管中释放速率。当(S)-2-甲基丁酸橙花酯和(R)-乙酸薰衣草酯8︰1混合加入载体时,橡胶塞中2种组分2-7d的释放比值在5.84-19.24之间,与西花蓟马聚集信息素组分的释放比值相似。而PVC管中2种组分2-7 d的释放比值相对稳定,维持在4左右。田间诱集试验结果表明,当中(S)-2-甲基丁酸橙花酯和(R)-乙酸薰衣草酯比例为8︰1时,橡胶塞载体诱芯的诱集效果优于PVC管载体诱芯。【结论】橡胶塞是西花蓟马聚集信息素释放的合适载体。另外,由于PVC管中2种组分释放比值相对稳定,优化加样比例后其也可作为聚集信息素释放的候选载体。     

榆木蠹蛾雄蛾对性信息素不同组分及其不同比例和剂量混合物的风洞行为反应

【目的】本研究旨在深入了解榆木蠹蛾Holcocerus vicarius(Walker)信息素通讯系统。【方法】在风洞中观察了榆木蠹蛾雄蛾对合成性信息素不同组分及其不同比例及剂量混合物的行为反应。【结果】单组分试验结果表明,仅有Z7-14:Ac能够引起少量雄蛾完成从兴奋到接触诱芯并出现预交尾的全部行为反应,其余4个单组分(E3-14:Ac,Z3E5-14:Ac,E3-14:OH和Z3-14:OH)只能引起雄蛾兴奋,均不能引起雄蛾向性信息素源定向飞行。二元混合物(Z7-14:Ac+E3-14:Ac)明显增加雄蛾完整的性行为反应比例,三元混合物(Z7-14:Ac+E3-14:Ac+Z3E5-14:Ac)比例为10∶4∶4,剂量为1 300μg时有71.7%雄蛾发生预交尾,剂量为1 000μg时有70.3%雄蛾发生预交尾,两者差异不显著(P0.05)。【结论】榆木蠹蛾风洞行为实验为进一步研究其性信息素相关生物学特性及应用性信息素对榆木蠹蛾进行综合防治奠定了基础。     

硬蜱盾窝腺释放性信息素

用生物测定和对盾窝进行x-射线微区分析相结合的方法,研究了亚洲璃眼蜱雌蜱性信息素的释放与吸血和交配的关系.生物测定结果表明:雌蜱通过盾窝释放性信息素,有性活力动能的雄蜱有所反应,爬向雌蜱进行交配.雌蜱吸血后第1天,有反应的雄蜱数目显著增加;吸血后的第3—5天,有反应的雄蜱数目达到最高峰,交配后有反应雄蜱的数目明显下降.如果用指甲油封闭雌蜱盾窝,有反应的雄蜱数目显著减少.由于性信息素的有效成分为2,6-二氯酚,故用x-射线微区分析方法测定盾窝氯含量的变化,可以表明雌蜱性信息素的释放量,其结果与生物测定结果一致:未吸血的雌蜱台氯水平为0.62,吸血后第1—2天均增到5.87,有非常显著的差异(P<0.001).吸血后第3—5天含氯水平为10.23,达到最高峰,与吸血后第1—2天的相比,差异也很显著(p<0.001).与雄蜱交配后含氯不平又降至0.89,性信息素含量明显降低,与来吸血的雌蜱含量接近.     

蛾类性信息素研究进展

蛾类是昆虫性信息素中研究较多的类群,已有565种的性信息素成份被鉴定,其相关研究在害虫监测和防治上得到实际应用的同时,已涉及到生态、生化、遗传等诸多方面,特别是在物种多样性的化学表达及物种的生殖隔离现象的分子水平的表达上,提供了研究的典范。本文将介绍蛾类性信息素的多样性、性信息素化学结构鉴定、微量成分的作用、合成性信息素的利用、性信息素生物合成酶、性信息素生产的调节机制及性信息素的感受机制等方面的研究现状和存在的问题。     

温度对粘虫产生和释放性信息素规律的影响

在21℃饲养的粘虫雌蛾腺体提取物中Zll－16：Aid含量峰值时间是羽化后第8～9天;25℃是羽化后第4～5天,27℃是羽化后第3～4天。低温不仅推迟了粘虫雌蛾求偶和释放性信息素的时间,而且降低了腺体中性信息素的滴度。在27℃,粘虫雌蛾腺体中Zll－16：Ald峰值的平均值达15ng;在25℃时为10ng,而在21℃时,只有5ng。由此可见,低温环境明显抑制粘虫雌蛾的性发育,延缓了性成熟。     

蚜虫性信息素研究进展

本文对蚜虫性信息紊成分的分离与鉴定、蚜虫性信息素对蚜虫及其天敌行为调节作用等方面的研究现状作了概述.     

大螟成虫性信息素生物合成和释放及求偶和交配行为的昼夜节律

【目的】探索大螟Sesamia inferens性信息素顺11-十六碳烯乙酸酯(Z11-16∶Ac)和顺11-十六碳烯醇(Z11-16∶OH)的合成和释放及求偶和交配行为的昼夜节律,及其与田间性信息素诱捕的关系。【方法】通过溶剂浸提和固相微萃取(solid phase microextraction, SPME)分析大螟雌蛾性信息素Z11-16∶Ac和Z11--16∶OH的滴度,结合行为观测和多地田间实时性信息素诱捕数据,调查大螟性信息素的生物合成、释放及求偶和交配行为的昼夜节律。【结果】大螟雌蛾腺体内性信息素Z11-16∶Ac和Z11-16∶OH含量可检测到的时间始于暗期前1 h,暗期后4 h快速增加,暗期8 h为第1次高峰,但光期1h又一次高峰,光期5 h还可以被显著检测到。分泌至腺体外的性信息素化合物可检测到的时间始于暗期后6 h,高峰期在暗期后10 h,光期后1 h性信息素Z11-16∶Ac滴度达到96.9±20.9 ng/雌。采用溶剂浸提法获得的Z11-16∶Ac和Z11-16∶OH的比例在暗期平均为2.8±1.9,在光期平均为2.5±0.9,统计上二者没有显著差异,而SPME法获得的Z11-16∶Ac和Z11-16∶OH的比例在暗期平均为8.5±1.2,在光期平均为5.7±0.6,统计上二者差异显著。产卵器伸出时间发生在暗期6-8 h,产卵器伸出持续时间平均为80.8±4.4 min。大螟的交配发生在暗期4-10 h,交配持续时间平均为83.4±5.0 min。广东、四川、浙江、江苏四省性诱自动计数的田间每日每小时实时计数数据显示,越冬代诱蛾比较集中,之后的世代则比较分散,田间雄蛾的性诱昼夜节律受地理环境、季节和世代等因子的影响。【结论】本研究发现大螟交配和性信息素释放的昼夜节律在时间上不一致,交配时间在暗期较早时段。雌蛾性信息素有效的释放时间范围比雄蛾对性信息素反应的要小。产卵器伸展与雌蛾性信息素化合物的释放速率加快和扩散范围有关。     

Behaviour of pink bollworm males near high-dose, point sources of pheromone in field wind tunnels: insights into mechanisms of mating disruption

The mechanisms by which the application of formulated pheromone interferes with mating in the pink bollworm moth (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella were examined in 0.4 ha cotton fields using high-dose (78 mg A.I.) sealed polyethylene dispensers. Walk-in, field wind tunnels 6.2 m long were placed over two rows of cotton. Treatments consisted of a control, a tunnel in a field free of disruptant formulation; a 3-rope treatment, in which the field was free of pheromone but one of the cotton rows in the wind tunnel was treated with 3 PBW ropes; and a rope-grid treatment, in which the field was treated with PBW ropes at the standard density of 1000 ha–1 and one of the cotton rows inside the wind tunnel was treated with 3 PBW ropes. We released marked males into the tunnels near sunset or held them in field cages for 24 h prior to assay. Two pheromone traps at the tunnel's upwind end monitored the ability of males to locate point sources of pheromone. In the 3-rope tunnel, traps placed upwind of the cotton row treated with disruptant pheromone captured far fewer males than those placed upwind of the untreated cotton row. In the tunnel situated in the centre of the rope-gridded field, very few males were caught in traps in both rows, indicating a camouflage of the pheromone plumes from the traps by the background of airborne disruptant drawn into the tunnel from the field. Activity of moths near the synthetic pheromone sources was video-recorded. Males oriented to, landed on or near, and walked on or near, PBW ropes, indicating competition between pheromone sources as a mechanism of mating disruption. Most males visiting PBW ropes became quiescent or disappeared from the field of view after a few minutes, suggesting a habituation/adaptation of response. The rhythm of attraction of males held in the field for 24 h before release was comprised of a small peak of activity near 2000 h, with the majority of attraction between 2300 and 0300 h. Much of the attraction before 0100 appears to be an advancement of the male's normal diel rhythm, caused by the presence of disruptant. Together these findings indicate that mating disruption of pink bollworm using the PBW ropes is achieved by a combination of mechanisms: a camouflage of natural plumes, competition between pheromone sources, habituation, and some advancement of the male's rhythm of response.     

Selection for increased pheromone titre in the pink boll worm moth, Pectinophora gossypiella Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

ABSTRACT The genetic basis of pheromone titre in the pink bollworm moth, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), was examined through artificial selection for females that produce greater amounts of the sex pheromone [a mixture of (Z, E )- and (Z, Z )-7,11 -hexadecadieny 1 acetates]. Mean (±SD) pheromone titre increased by 91%, from 24.0±8.1 to 45.8±7.9 ng per female, in six generations of selection. No change in component ratio was observed within the selected line. The duration of male wing fanning, measured in a still-air bioassay, did not change in the female-selected line.     

棉红铃虫自然种群的生命统计特征

1978-1988年,在湖北省江汉平原棉区,用编制特定年龄生命表的方法,研究棉红铃虫Pectin ophora gossypiella(Saunders),第1至3代的自然种群生命统计特征值。 世代存活率(占)为3.23,4.01和1.46;各虫态发育阶段(X)与相应阶段存活率的关系为：y₁=61.66e-0.58s、Y₂= 142.47e^-0.73s、 y₃=146.68e^-0.80s种群鹃势指数(I)：1.12、2.03和0.45;每雌蛾平均及最高产卵量：35(253)、51(235)、31(293)粒;自然内禀增长率(r')为0.0390、0.0403和0.0026;净增殖率?：4.39、4.43和2.04;周限增长率(兄)：1.0398、1.0411和1.0026;世代长度(T)：38、37和276日;种群加倍时间(t)18、l7和26,天。上列十个生命统计值已成为组建棉红铃虫的计算机辅助决策模型所必须的基质。 第二代是全年的关键世代,各代钻蛀期的幼虫数及越冬期的幼虫数是影响下一世代或次年种群数量的关键虫态,钻蛀期幼虫的自然死亡是致死的主导因子。     

Temperature modulation of behavioural thresholds controlling male moth sex pheromone response specificity

ABSTRACT. The response specificity of male Oriental fruit moths, Grapholita molesta (Busck) and pink bollworm moths, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), to different blends and doses of pheromone is altered dramatically by temperature. When acclimated and tested in a flight tunnel at 20^oC males of both species exhibit a high degree of specificity, with peak response levels occurring to a narrow range of blend-dose combinations close to the natural blend. When tested at 26^oC, however, males exhibit a significantly lower degree of specificity, with peak response occurring to a broader range of treatments. The change in response specificity results from shifts in behavioural threshold effects influencing plume orientation and initiation of upwind flight, as well as from arrestment of upwind flight, occurring later in the flight sequence. The observed changes in male behaviour suggest that the effect of temperature is directly on neural pathways involved in the perception of odour, and not simply the result of an increase in motor activity or a significant change in the release rate of the pheromone. The results support the threshold hypothesis for pheromone perception (Roelofs, 1978) as a general principle in the Lepidoptera, but also show that the degree of response specificity can be significantly affected by temperature.     

FUZZY综合评判在棉红铃虫测报上的应用

本文以在浙江省宁波市镇海区进行的１２年棉红铃虫（ＰｅｃｔｉｎｏｐｈｏｒａｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｅｌｌａＳａｕｎｄｅｒｓ）性信息素诱蛾试验为基础,通过相关分析,选取第一代蛾高峰期前累计诱蛾,棉花现蕾期和６月中旬到７月上旬的降水量３个参数,构建对第二代平均卵量进行综合评判的模型。由于多种因子对诱蛾量的影响具有不确定性和模糊性,采用ＦＵＺＺＹ综合评判模型建模。以回报准确率为标准,对９种权重、４类评判矩阵和６种广义算子以及它们的特性作了比较和讨论。在构建的２１６个模型中,有９４个模型的历史符合率达到１００％。在这些模型的基础上,得到了一个优化评判模型。该模型与常规线性回归模型比较具有准确、方便、所含信息多等待点。在评判模型的基础上,增加第一次发现卵量的日期,构建了预报模型,该模型加强了预报的功能。模拟运行,可得到“预报速查表”;预测结果与大田相符。该研究为性信息素和其它行为调节物质在测报上的应用以及动态经济阈值的研究提供了一些新的思路。     

Sublethal effects of permethrin on the chemical communication system of the pink bollworm moth,Pectinophora gossypiella

Topically applied sublethal doses of permethrin can interrupt chemical communication between the sexes of Pectinophora gossypiella by affecting both the signaler and the responder. The probability of calling by females is reduced when they are treated with doses of permethrin which are much less than the LD₅₀. Similarly, key stages in the behavioral response of males to sex pheromone are effectively blocked at these low doses. Males recover from these effects 4 days after treatment, but calling by females is still significantly reduced at this time. Chemical control of P. gossypiella populations with permethrin may not be limited to mortality, and potentially includes effective control of behavioral aspects of chemical communication.     

Site of production of an oviposition-deterring pheromone component in Rhagoletis pomonella flies

Using behavioural and electrophysiological assay techniques, we identified the posterior half of the midgut as being a principal site of production of a major component of the oviposition-deterring, fruit-marking pheromone of female Rhagoletis pomonella flies. Following secretion into, and accumulation in, the gut lumen, this component is released, together with other gut contents, in the marking trail deposited during dragging of the ovipositor on the fruit surface after egg-laying, as well as in the faeces. Other components of the pheromone may be produced elsewhere.     

白蚁信息素研究进展

白蚁是最古老的社会性昆虫, 其社会性的维持需要信息素的相互作用。本文回顾了近年来国内外白蚁信息素研究的最新进展, 内容涉及白蚁踪迹信息素、 性信息素、 告警信息素和促食信息素的功能、 化学成分及产生信息素的外分泌腺。白蚁分泌信息素的腺体主要有背板腺、 腹板腺、 后腹板腺、 额腺和唾腺。绝大多数白蚁信息素是挥发性物质。白蚁在化学通讯上存在节俭策略, 即同一种化合物由不同的白蚁种类的不同外分泌腺分泌, 可具有不同的功能。总结了各类信息素在白蚁物种间、 同一物种的品级间和性别间的异同和作用方式, 强调了白蚁信息素的反应阈值、 最佳浓度、 有效期和物种特异性对其功能的影响。目前对白蚁信息素的研究尚处于起步阶段, 其研究成果对等翅目系统发育研究和白蚁防治具有重要的意义。文章最后展望了白蚁信息素在白蚁防治上的应用前景。