人参皂苷Rb1对油酸诱导HepG2细胞脂肪堆积的影响作用

通过建立体外肝细胞脂肪堆积模型评价人参皂苷Rb1清除肝细胞脂肪堆积的能力.方法:1 mmol· L-1油酸诱导建立HepG2细胞脂肪堆积模型,从噻唑兰染色吸光度(MTT值)、甘油三酯(TG值)、细胞内脂滴形态3方面评价人参皂苷Rb1的作用.结果:人参皂苷Rb1可明显减轻细胞内脂质堆积现象,显著降低细胞中TG含量,其中100 μg·mL-1人参皂苷Rb1对TG的清除率达37.9％.结论:人参皂苷Rb1具有良好的体外降脂活性,对脂肪肝有较好的预防效果.     

Apelin 通过调节ROS 水平抑制TNF-α 诱导的HepG2 细胞凋亡

目的:探讨apelin在肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)诱导的肝细胞凋亡中的作用及可能机制。方法:PCR检测HepG2细胞和原代小鼠肝细胞中APJ受体的表达;采用Hoechst 33342染色检测TNF-α诱导的HepG2细胞凋亡;用活性氧(ROS)检测试剂盒结合流式细胞术测定细胞内ROS水平;通过Western blot检测信号分子JNK的磷酸化水平;比较给予apelin处理对上述指标的影响。结果:HepG2细胞和原代小鼠肝细胞均表达APJ受体;apelin可抑制TNF-α导致的细胞内ROS生成增多和JNK磷酸化水平升高并减少TNF-α诱导的HepG2细胞凋亡。结论:Apelin可能通过拮抗TNF-α诱导的细胞内ROS水平升高,使JNK信号失活,从而抑制HepG2细胞凋亡。     

利用NASH大鼠原代肝细胞与原代Kupffer细胞共培养建立NASH原代细胞模型*

目的: 通过分离并提纯非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)大鼠原代肝细胞以及原代Kupffer细胞建立体外NASH原代细胞模型,为研究NASH提供可靠的细胞实验技术支持。方法: 选择SD大鼠40只,随机分为2组(n=20):对照组和NASH组,对照组大鼠利用普通饲料喂养,NASH组大鼠利用高脂饲料(88%基础饲料+10%猪油+ 2%胆固醇)喂养,6～8周后,利用NASH评分表,病理观察下肝组织切片脂肪变+小叶内炎症+气球样变评分≥4 分,表明大鼠NASH模型的成功建立,利用胶原酶原位灌注法分离并提纯NASH模型大鼠原代肝细胞以及原代Kupffer细胞,利用CK-18及CD68免疫荧光以及墨汁吞墨实验进行细胞鉴定,利用油红O染色、试剂盒测定谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)含量观察NASH大鼠原代肝细胞脂质累积和肝功情况,Western blot检测原代Kupffer细胞炎症因子表达情况,最后采用原代肝细胞:原代Kupffer细胞=6∶1比例共培养,显微镜下观察细胞状态。结果: 实验成功分离并提纯NASH原代肝细胞以及原代Kupffer细胞,通过油红O染色,NASH组大鼠原代肝细胞存在明显的脂肪沉积,且NASH组大鼠原代肝细胞中AST、ALT明显高于对照组,存在明显肝损伤(P＜0.05),Western blot测定原代Kupffer细胞TNF-α、IL-1β以及MCP-1,NASH组大鼠明显高于对照组(P＜0.05)。结论: 通过胶原酶原位灌注法可以成功分离NASH大鼠原代肝细胞以及原代Kupffer细胞,同时成功建立比例共培养大鼠体外原代细胞NASH模型。     

穿心莲内酯联合S-腺苷甲硫氨酸抑制乙醇诱导肝细胞氧化应激损伤

氧化应激是酒精性肝病(ALD)发生的主要机制,因此具有抗氧化作用的活性物质对ALD具有潜在的治疗意义。在本研究当中,我们探讨了S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(SAM)和(或)穿心莲内酯(AD)对乙醇诱导肝细胞氧化应激损伤的保护作用。首先我们体外培养肝细胞L-02,用100 mmol/L乙醇作用24 h后发现,细胞的活性明显降低,胞内活性氧(ROS)含量显著增多以及脂质蓄积,同时细胞释放多种与肝病相关酶类如甘油三脂、胆固醇、转氨酶以及同型半胱氨酸等物质。而乙醇刺激前采用100μmol/L SAM或(和)30μmol/L AD处理细胞后,可明显降低细胞的氧化应激水平,同时能减少上述肝病相关标志物的的释放。此外,乙醇处理也可降低细胞内去乙酰化酶SIRT1的表达并抑制其核转位,而采用SAM或(和)AD处理后可进一步改善SIRT1的表达及活性。以上结果表明SAM或(和)AD能降低乙醇所致的氧化应激水平,两者联合应用可能对ALD具有潜在的治疗效果。     

5'-磷酸腺苷对小鼠脾细胞氧化应激损伤的保护作用

目的研究5'-磷酸腺苷(5'-AMP)体外抗氧化和对体外氧化损伤脾细胞的损伤修复能力。方法用化学比色法测定5'-AMP体外清除二苯代苦味酰基自由基(DPPH自由基)的能力;建立过氧化氢(H2O2)氧化损伤体外培养小鼠脾细胞模型,用MTT法检测5'-AMP修复受损伤脾细胞的作用,并分析其对细胞抗氧化体系及抗氧化能力的影响。结果5'-AMP具有剂量依赖性的体外抗氧化和清除活性氧能力,添加0·5mmol/L、1mmol/L、5mmol/L和10mmol/L5'-AMP均能显著修复H2O2诱导的脾细胞氧化损伤(P<0·05),总抗氧化能力和抗氧化酶类活力(P<0·01),5'-AMP添加量大于1mmol/L时,可显著降低丙二醛(MDA)含量(P<0·01)。其细胞培养液的氧自由基(ROS)水平逐渐降低,5'-AMP添加量为10mmol/L时,ROS水平接近对照组水平。结论5'-磷酸腺苷能显著修复氧化损伤,具有显著的抗氧化作用。     

穿心莲内酯激活Nrf2抑制乙醇诱导肝细胞氧化应激损伤

本研究为观察穿心莲内酯(AD)对乙醇诱导肝细胞氧化应激损伤的保护作用,体外培养肝细胞L-02,用不同浓度(0~30μmol/L)AD孵育1 h,随后加入100 mmol/L乙醇作用24 h。ELISA测定AD处理前后细胞培养上清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)的含量;比色法检测丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱氨肽(GSH)的变化;荧光探针DCFH2-DA检测胞内活性氧(ROS)的产生;Western blotting和分析血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)m RNA和蛋白的表达。电泳迁移率实验(EMSA)检测核转录因子Nrf2的DNA结合活性。结果表明,100 mmol/L乙醇处理肝细胞后,可在不影响L-02活性的情况下显著增加培养上清中ALT和AST的含量,而AD预处理后可抑制ALT、AST、MDA和ROS的增加以及上调胞内GSH的水平。此外,Western blotting和实时定量PCR结果也证实乙醇可降低肝细胞内源性HO-1的表达,而AD预处理后可增强转录因子Nrf2的活性并进一步上调HO-1的表达水平。AD可能通过激活Nrf2上调HO-1表达而发挥对乙醇所致肝细胞损伤的保护作用。     

水溶性富勒烯C_(60)对肝细胞脂肪变性的改善效果研究

该文研究水溶性富勒烯C_(60)在体外对肝细胞脂肪变性的改善效果。首先利用游离脂肪酸诱导Huh6和WRL68细胞,建立肝细胞脂肪变的体外模型,再用水溶性富勒烯C_(60)干预脂肪变细胞,利用尼罗红染色法检测胞内的脂质蓄积程度,通过检测细胞内甘油三酯(TG)的含量、细胞活性氧(ROS)水平、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)和三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量变化,比较C_(60)的作用效果。结果显示,游离脂肪酸诱导使得细胞蓄积脂滴明显增多,且TG和ROS水平显著升高,而C_(60)处理使得细胞脂肪蓄积减少,TG和ROS水平均下降,尤其是对氧化应激反应较为敏感的Huh6细胞,C_(60)的改善效果更佳。总之,C_(60)能有效改善肝细胞脂肪变性的程度,并缓解氧化应激所造成的细胞损伤。     

辛伐他汀和非诺贝特对HepG2细胞载脂蛋白M表达的影响

目的:观察辛伐他汀和非诺贝特及两者联合对HepG2细胞载脂蛋白M表达的影响。方法:分别以不同浓度的辛伐他汀(0、1、5、10、25μmol/L)和非诺贝特(0、50、100mmol/L)及辛伐他汀(5.0μmol/L)+非诺贝特(50mmol/L)干预HepG2细胞24h。提取各组细胞总RNA和蛋白质,分别采用实时RT-PCR和WesternBlot检测apoM的mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果:辛伐他汀和非诺贝特均呈剂量依赖性上调载脂蛋白M基因和蛋白的表达(P<0.05)。联合用药比单药更能显著上调载脂蛋白M的表达(P<0.05)。结论:他汀类和贝特类药物均可上调载脂蛋白M表达,两药联合的作用更为显著。     

油酸体外诱导细胞脂肪变性对脂质代谢及炎症的影响

目的:利用不同浓度油酸处理人肝肿瘤细胞株HepG2,选取最佳浓度油酸后,观察最佳浓度的油酸对细胞脂质合成及代谢、肝细胞功能相关基因表达的影响及NF-κB、IL-6通路的变化,建立稳定高效的肝细胞脂肪变性体外研究模型。方法:将HepG2细胞用不同浓度油酸(0、0.5、0.75、1.25、1.5 m M)处理,油红O染色选取最佳浓度后,利用Realtime RT-PCR检测细胞内脂质合成、代谢及肝细胞功能相关基因表达情况,Western blot检测细胞内TLR4-TNFα-NF-κB及IL-6通路活性。结果:利用0.5 m M浓度油酸处理HepG2后,细胞未见明显死亡现象,细胞内脂质合成指标表达增多、代谢指标表达也明显增加,肝细胞功能相关基因表达下调,TLR4-TNFα-NF-κB、IL-6通路激活。结论:0.5 m M浓度油酸处理细胞可诱导HepG2脂肪变性,利用最佳浓度油酸处理细胞可作为NAFLD体外研究的细胞模型。     

乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原对细胞脂质合成作用的研究

乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)合成的蛋白调节细胞脂质代谢的研究不断被报道,但乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(hepatitis B virus surface antigen,HBsAg)与脂质代谢的相互调控研究较少,且机制尚不明确。本研究通过对细胞转录组学的分析,揭示HBsAg对脂质代谢的调控机制。选用稳定表达HBsAg的细胞系HepG2-S-G2与其对照细胞系HepG2-neo-F4进行转录组学分析。利用定量聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)、蛋白质印迹法(Western blot,WB)分别检测重要差异基因OXCT1和CYP4F3在mRNA水平和蛋白水平的表达差异。为验证HBsAg促进脂质合成上调的表型,对两种细胞系进行油红O染色并检测细胞脂肪酸、总胆固醇水平。进一步对稳定转染HBV的细胞系HepG2.2.15进行降脂处理,以观察细胞上清液中HBsAg与脂质合成之间是否存在相互调控。结果显示,参与脂质代谢的差异基因发生显著变化,提示HBsAg引起了宿主细胞脂质合成途径的上调和消耗途径下调。定量PCR结果显示,相对于HepG2-neo-F4细胞,HepG2-S-G2细胞的3-酮酸辅酶A转移酶1(3-oxoacid CoA-transferase 1,OXCT1)mRNA水平升高约9倍,与转录组测序结果基本一致;CYP4F3基因在HepG2-S-G2细胞中转录相对下调。 WB结果显示,OXCT1和CYP4F3蛋白表达均出现相应的显著上调或下调,并且趋势与转录组分析一致。油红O染色以及细胞脂肪酸、总胆固醇水平检测结果证实HepG2-S-G2细胞中脂滴更明显,且游离脂肪酸和总胆固醇均显著升高。降脂处理结果显示细胞上清液中HBsAg显著降低。上述结果表明,HBsAg可上调脂质代谢、促进脂质合成,提示降脂可能成为抑制HBsAg的潜在有效途径。     

The Effects of Palmitate on Hepatic Insulin Resistance Are Mediated by NADPH Oxidase 3-derived Reactive Oxygen Species through JNK and p38MAPK Pathways

Elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels in obesity may play a pathogenic role in the development of insulin resistance. However, molecular mechanisms linking FFA to insulin resistance remain poorly understood. Oxidative stress acts as a link between FFA and hepatic insulin resistance. NADPH oxidase 3 (NOX3)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) may mediate the effect of TNF-α on hepatocytes, in particular the drop in cellular glycogen content. In the present study, we define the critical role of NOX3-derived ROS in insulin resistance in db/db mice and HepG2 cells treated with palmitate. The db/db mice displayed increased serum FFA levels, excess generation of ROS, and up-regulation of NOX3 expression, accompanied by increased lipid accumulation and impaired glycogen content in the liver. Similar results were obtained from palmitate-treated HepG2 cells. The exposure of palmitate elevated ROS production and NOX3 expression and, in turn, increased gluconeogenesis and reduced glycogen content in HepG2 cells. We found that palmitate induced hepatic insulin resistance through JNK and p38^MAPK pathways, which are rescued by siRNA-mediated NOX3 reduction. In conclusion, our data demonstrate a critical role of NOX3-derived ROS in palmitate-induced insulin resistance in hepatocytes, indicating that NOX3 is the predominant source of palmitate-induced ROS generation and that NOX3-derived ROS may drive palmitate-induced hepatic insulin resistance through JNK and p38^MAPK pathways.     

乳酸堆积和二氯乙酸钠对肝癌细胞凋亡及bax、bcl-2表达和caspase-3活性的影响

目的：探讨乳酸堆积和二氯乙酸钠（OCA）对肝癌细胞（HepG2）凋亡和bax、bcl-2表达及caspase-3活性的影响。方法：通过体外培养HepG2,建立稳定的体外培养模型,配制成终浓度分别为0mmol／L、1．0mmol／L、2．0mmol／L、4．0mmol／L、8．0mmol／L的乳酸培养液以及在不同浓度乳酸组中加入终浓度为10^-3mmol／LDCA培养液与HepG2共同培养,其中以0mmol／L乳酸组为对照组。采用MTT法检测乳酸对HepG2的抑制率,流式细胞仪检测乳酸和DCA对HepG2的凋亡百分率,用Real-time PCR法测定bax及bcl-2mRNA的表达,用免疫荧光法检测caspase-3的活性。结果：乳酸对HepG2的IC50值为13．6mol／L,与对照组比较,随着乳酸浓度的增加,HepG2凋亡率增加,baxmRNA表达升高,bcl-2mRNA的表达降低,caspase-3活性增加,其中1．0mmol／L乳酸组与对照组比较（P〉0．05）,2．0mmol／L,4．0mmol／L和8．0mmol／L乳酸组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。加入DCA后．HepG2凋亡减少,2．0mmol／L乳酸＋DCA组、4．0mmol／L乳酸＋DCA组、8．0mmol／L乳酸＋DCA组与同浓度的乳酸组比较,baxmRNA表达减少（P〈0．05）,bcl-2mRNA表达增加（P〈0．05）,caspase-3活性减低（P〈0．05）。结论：乳酸可诱导HepG2凋亡,且随着乳酸浓度的增高,HepG2的凋亡率增加,其机制可能是通过对bcl-2及baxmRNA表达的改变以及激活caspase-3活性而实现,DCA可以降低HepG2凋亡,对乳酸堆积造成的HepG2凋亡有抑制作用。     

Long-term Stress with Hyperglucocorticoidemia-induced Hepatic Steatosis with VLDL Overproduction Is Dependent on both 5-HT2 Receptor and 5-HT Synthesis in Liver

Hepatic triglycerides production and adipose lipolysis are pivotal for long-term stress (LTS) or hyperglucocorticoidemia-induced insulin resistance. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has been demonstrated to induce hepatic lipid metabolic abnormality by activating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In present study, we explored whether 5-HT is involved in LTS effects in liver using restraint stress-exposed rats and cultured primary rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. LTS with hyperglucocorticoidemia induced hepatic 5-HT synthetic increase with tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) up-regulation, and 5-HT2 receptor (5-HT₂R, including 5-HT2A, 2B receptor) up-regulation in liver and visceral adipose, as well as hepatic mTOR activation with triglycerides and VLDL overproduction with steatosis, and visceral adipose lipolytic increase with high blood free fatty acids (FFAs) level. 5-HT exposure exhibited LTS-like effects in both tissues, and both LTS and 5-HT effects could be abolished significantly by blocking 5-HT₂R. In HepG2 cells dexamethasone or palmitate-induced mTOR activation with triglycerides and VLDL overproduction were accompanied by up-regulations of 5-HT synthesis and 5-HT₂R, which were significantly abolished by gene silencing Tph1 or 5-HT₂R and were almost fully abolished by co-silencing of both, especially on VLDL overproduction. Chemical inhibition of Tph1 or/and 5-HT₂R in both hepatocytes exhibited similar abolishment with genetic inhibition on dexamethason-induced effects. 5-HT-stimulated effects in both hepatocytes were fully abolished by blocking 5-HT₂R, while 5-HT itself also up-regulated 5-HT₂R. In conclusion, up-regulated hepatic 5-HT synthesis and 5-HT₂R induced by both glucocorticoid and FFAs are crucial for LTS-induced hepatic steatosis with VLDL overproduction, while 5-HT by acting on 5-HT₂R mediates mTOR activation in liver.     

Lipid accumulation impairs adiponectin-mediated induction of activin A by increasing TGFbeta in primary human hepatocytes

Fatty liver is commonly detected in obesity and has been identified as a risk factor for the progression of hepatic fibrosis in a wide range of liver diseases. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and activin A, both members of the TGFβ superfamiliy, are central regulators in liver fibrosis and regeneration, and the effect of hepatocyte lipid accumulation on the release of these proteins was studied. Primary human hepatocytes (PHH) were incubated with palmitic acid or oleic acid to increase lipid storage. Whereas activin A and its natural inhibitor follistatin were not affected, TGFβ was 2-fold increased. The hepatoprotective adipokine adiponectin dose-dependently induced activin A while lowering follistatin but did not alter TGFβ. Activin A was markedly reduced in hepatocyte cell lines compared to PHH and was not induced upon adiponectin incubation demonstrating significant differences of primary and transformed cells. In free fatty acid (FFA)-incubated PHH adiponectin-mediated induction of activin A was impaired. Inhibition of TGFβ receptors ALK4/5 and blockage of SMAD3 phosphorylation rescued activin A synthesis in FFA and in TGFβ incubated cells suggesting that FFA inhibit adiponectin activity by inducing TGFβ. To evaluate whether serum levels of activin A and its antagonist are altered in patients with hepatic steatosis, both proteins were measured in the serum of patients with sonographically diagnosed fatty liver and age- and BMI-matched controls. Systemic adiponectin was significantly reduced in patients with fatty liver but activin A and follistatin were not altered. In summary the current data demonstrate that lipid accumulation in hepatocytes induces TGFβ which impairs adiponectin bioactivity, and thereby may contribute to liver injury.     

A human hepatocellular in vitro model to investigate steatosis

The present study was designed to define an experimental model of hepatocellular steatosis with a fat overaccumulation profile in which the metabolic and cytotoxic/apoptotic effects could be separated. This was accomplished by defining the experimental conditions of lipid exposure that lead to significant intracellular fat accumulation in the absence of overt cytotoxicity, therefore allowing to differentiate between cytotoxic and apoptotic effects. Palmitic (C16:0) and oleic (C18:1) acids are the most abundant fatty acids (FFAs) in liver triglycerides in both normal subjects and patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Therefore, human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells were incubated with a mixture of different proportions of saturated (palmitate) and unsaturated (oleate) FFAs to induce fat-overloading. Similar intracellular levels of lipid accumulation as in the human steatotic liver were achieved. Individual FFAs have a distinct inherent toxic potential. Fat accumulation, cytotoxicity and apoptosis in cells exposed to the FFA mixtures were investigated. The FFA mixture containing a low proportion of palmitic acid (oleate/palmitate, 2:1 ratio) is associated with minor toxic and apoptotic effects, thus representing a cellular model of steatosis that mimics benign chronic steatosis. On the other hand, a high proportion of palmitic acid (oleate/palmitate, 0:3 ratio) might represent a cellular model of steatosis in which saturated FFAs promote an acute harmful effect of fat overaccumulation in the liver. These hepatic cellular models are apparently suitable to experimentally investigate the impact of fat overaccumulation in the liver excluding other factors that could influence hepatocyte behaviour.     

糖耐康含药血清对高糖状态下大鼠肝细胞糖脂代谢的影响

摘要目的：研究糖耐康含药血清对高糖状态下大鼠肝细胞糖脂代谢的影响。方法：通过培养大鼠肝细胞,在高糖诱导肝细胞胰岛素抵抗状态下,给予高、中、低剂量的糖耐康含药血清共培养24h后,观察肝细胞增殖情况,用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测细胞的葡萄糖消耗量,培养基和肝细胞内TG含量,肝细胞糖原含量。结果：与正常组比较,高糖刺激下,肝细胞增殖显著受到抑制（P〈O．叭）、葡萄糖消耗量和糖原含量减少（P〈0．01）,TG含量增加（P〈O．01）;与高糖组比较,吡格列酮组与TNK各剂量上述情况有不用程度的改善。作用效果类似。结论：糖耐康含药血清具有改善高糖环境下肝脏糖脂代谢紊乱的作用,可能与增加肝细胞胰岛素敏感性改善IR有关。     

E4orf1 Improves Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in Hepatocytes: A Template to Improve Steatosis & Hyperglycemia

Hepatic steatosis often accompanies obesity and insulin resistance. The cornerstones of steatosis treatment include reducing body weight and dietary fat intake, which are marginally successful over the long term. Ad36, a human adenovirus, may offer a template to overcome these limitations. In vitro and in vivo studies collectively indicate that via its E4orf1 protein, Ad36 improves hyperglycemia, and attenuates hepatic steatosis, despite a high fat diet and without weight loss. Considering that hepatic insulin sensitivity, or the synthesis, oxidation, or export of fatty acid by hepatocytes are the key determinant of hepatic lipid storage, we determined the role of E4orf1 protein in modulating these physiological pathways. For this study, HepG2 cells, or mouse primary hepatocytes were transfected with E4orf1 or the null vector. Glucose output by hepatocytes was determined under gluconeogenic conditions (cAMP and dexamethasone, or glucagon exposure). Also, de-novo lipogenesis, palmitate oxidation, and lipid export as determined by apoB secretion were measured 48 h post transfection. Results show that compared to null vector transfected cells, E4orf1 significantly reduced glucose output in basal and gluconeogenic conditions. E4orf1 reduced de-novo lipogenesis by about 35%, increased complete fatty acid oxidation 2-fold (p<0.0001), and apoB secretion 1.5 fold(p<0.003). Response of key signaling molecules to E4orf1 transfection was in agreement with these findings. Thus, E4orf1 offers a valuable template to exogenously modulate hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. Elucidating the underlying molecular mechanism may help develop therapeutic approaches for treating diabetes or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).     

吲哚胺2，3-双加氧酶介导肝癌细胞免疫逃逸的实验研究

目的 为了探讨吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶(IDO)参与肝癌免疫逃逸的机制。方法 混合培养HepG2细胞和T淋巴细胞,在有或无1-甲基色氨酸(1-MT)存在下,用RT-PCR检测细胞中IDOmRNA的表达,流式细胞仪分析混合反应体系中HepG2细胞的凋亡率,MTT检测T淋巴细胞抗HepG2细胞的细胞毒活性。结果 混合反应体系中,HepG2细胞表达IDOmRNA的水平随着1-MT浓度的增高而降低;对照组及实验组（1-MT浓度分别为1.25 mmol/l,2.5 mmol/l,5mmol/l）中HepG2细胞的早期凋亡率分别为（3.48±0.34）%,（7.82±0.41）%,（18.62±0.42）%,（25.32±0.40）%（P<0.01）,T淋巴细胞抗HepG2细胞的细胞毒活性分别为（17.36±1.24）%、（25.48±1.48）%、（32.89±1.73）%、（42.04±2.16）%（P<0.01）。 结论 HepG2细胞表达的IDO能抑制外周T淋巴细胞发挥抗肿瘤免疫作用,它可能参与了肝癌的免疫逃逸。     

Proteomic profile of carbonylated proteins in rat liver: Discovering possible mechanisms for tetracycline‐induced steatosis

To investigate biochemical mechanisms for the tetracycline‐induced steatosis in rats, targeted proteins of oxidative modification were profiled. The results showed that tetracycline induced lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and cell viability decline in HepG2 cells only under the circumstances of palmitic acid overload. Tetracycline administration in rats led to significant decrement in blood lipids, while resulted in more than four times increment in intrahepatic triacylglycerol and typical microvesicular steatosis in the livers. The triacylglycerol levels were positively correlated with oxidative stress. Proteomic profiles of carbonylated proteins revealed 26 targeted proteins susceptible to oxidative modification and most of them located in mitochondria. Among them, the long‐chain specific acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase was one of the key enzymes regulating fatty acid β‐oxidation. Oxidative modification of the enzyme in the tetracycline group depressed its enzymatic activity. In conclusion, the increased influx of lipid into the livers is the first hit of tetracycline‐induced microvesicular steatosis. Oxidative stress is an essential part of the second hit, which may arise from the lipid overload and attack a series of functional proteins, aggravating the development of steatosis. The 26 targeted proteins revealed here provide a potential direct link between oxidative stress and tetracycline‐induced steatosis.