利用重组大肠杆菌进行寡糖合成的研究进展

随着更多寡糖生物学活性的阐明,寡糖合成研究已成为糖生物学研究的热点之一,其中,以重组大肠杆菌作为酶盒或生物反应器,利用Leloir途径合成寡糖的方法,是近年来发展起来的一类重要的寡糖生物合成技术,并取得了较多的进展。将从细菌糖基转移酶的表达和鉴定、糖核苷酸的供给和寡糖的合成途径等几个方面,关注利用细菌功能尤其是利用重组大肠杆菌合成寡糖的研究进展,并分析各技术手段的优缺点及其应用前景。     

利用重组大肠杆菌合成几丁寡糖的研究

提取根瘤菌Mesorhizobium.loti基因组,克隆编码N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶nodC基因,插入质粒pUC19的lac启动子的下游,构建并筛选出能够合成几丁寡糖的重组大肠杆菌DCL-3。利用优化的MMYNG培养基,重组大肠杆菌DCL-3在10L发酵罐中培养26h后,培养液菌体浓度测定OD560=10.8,几丁寡糖得率达到526mg/L。收集重组细菌的细胞并煮沸破碎,利用活性炭的吸附和P4凝胶层析对几丁寡糖产物进行分离纯化。纯化产物的液质分析(LC-ESI-MS)结果表明主要寡糖产物为几丁四糖(m/z,831[M H] )和几丁五糖(m/z,1034[M H] )。     

Expression in Escherichia coli and Simple Purification of Human Fhit Protein

The fragile histidine triad (Fhit) protein is a homodimeric protein with diadenosine 5′,5-P¹,P³-triphosphate (Ap₃A) asymmetrical hydrolase activity. We have cloned the human cDNA Fhit in the pPROEX-1 vector and expressed with high yield in Escherichia coli with the sequence Met-Gly-His₆-Asp-Tyr-Asp-Ile-Pro-Thr-Thr followed by a rTEV protease cleavage site, denoted as “H6TV,” fused to the N-terminus of Fhit. Expression of H6TV–Fhit in BL21(DE3) cells for 3 h at 37°C produced 30 mg of H6TV–Fhit from 1 L of cell culture (4 g of cells). The H6TV–Fhit protein was purified to homogeneity in a single step, with a yield of 80%, using nickel-nitrilotriacetate resin and imidazole buffer as eluting agent. Incubation of H6TV–Fhit with rTEV protease at 4°C for 24 h resulted in complete cleavage of the H6TV peptide. There were no unspecific cleavage products. The purified Fhit protein could be stored for 3 weeks at 4°C without loss of activity. The pure protein was stable at −20°C for at least 18 months when stored in buffer containing 25% glycerol. Purified Fhit was highly active, with a K_m value for Ap₃A of 0.9 μM and a k_cat(monomer) value of 7.2 ± 1.6 s⁻¹ (n = 5). The catalytic properties of unconjugated Fhit protein and the H6TV–Fhit fusion protein were essentially identical. This indicates that the 24-amino-acid peptide containing the six histidines fused to the N-terminus of Fhit does not interfere in forming the active homodimers or in the binding of Ap₃A.     

丁醇在大肠杆菌中的生物合成研究进展*

生物丁醇作为一种重要的化学品和石油基燃料的替代品引起了人们的广泛关注。大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)是生物合成化学品的优良底盘菌株,已在其体内构建了丁醇的生物合成途径。但大肠杆菌合成丁醇存在:(1)代谢通量非最优;(2)辅因子和氧化还原不平衡;(3)丁醇产量和产率低等问题,为此,从高效酶选择、碳代谢流调控、辅因子调控、丁醇生产和工艺等方面已经对丁醇合成途径和丁醇发酵进行了优化。从该角度出发阐述近几年来大肠杆菌生物合成丁醇的研究进展,并展望了利用工程大肠杆菌生产丁醇的研究方向,旨在为应用其进行高效的丁醇生产提供参考。     

丁醇在大肠杆菌中的生物合成研究进展*

生物丁醇作为一种重要的化学品和石油基燃料的替代品引起了人们的广泛关注。大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)是生物合成化学品的优良底盘菌株,已在其体内构建了丁醇的生物合成途径。但大肠杆菌合成丁醇存在:(1)代谢通量非最优;(2)辅因子和氧化还原不平衡;(3)丁醇产量和产率低等问题,为此,从高效酶选择、碳代谢流调控、辅因子调控、丁醇生产和工艺等方面已经对丁醇合成途径和丁醇发酵进行了优化。从该角度出发阐述近几年来大肠杆菌生物合成丁醇的研究进展,并展望了利用工程大肠杆菌生产丁醇的研究方向,旨在为应用其进行高效的丁醇生产提供参考。     

Luciferase cDNA from Japanese firefly,Luciola cruciata: Cloning,structure and expression in Escherichia coli

We have cloned the cDNA for luciferase from lantern poly(A)⁺ RNA of a Japanese firefly, Luciola cruciata (Genji botaru in Japanese). This cDNA directed the synthesis of enzymatically active luciferase under the control of the lac promoter in Escherichia coli. The amino acid sequence predicted from the cDNA sequence shows that Genji firefly luciferase consists of 548 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 60,024. Considerable sequence homology was found upon the comparison of the Genji and North American firefly luciferases.     

亮氨酸脱氢酶与葡萄糖脱氢酶高效共表达制备L-叔亮氨酸北大核心CSCD

【目的】通过不同双基因共表达策略对亮氨酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖脱氢酶基因在大肠杆菌中表达影响的研究,获得具有高辅酶再生效率的双酶共表达重组生物催化剂,实现L-叔亮氨酸"一锅法"高效不对称合成。【方法】以来自于蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)的亮氨酸脱氢酶(LDH)和来自芽孢菌属(Bacillus sp.)的葡萄糖脱氢酶(GDH)为模板,考察单质粒共表达,双质粒共表达和融合表达等3种共表达策略对重组细胞中亮氨酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖脱氢酶活的影响,比较不同酶活比例和不同催化剂形式对三甲基丙酮酸不对称还原制备L-叔亮氨酸效率的影响。【结果】研究发现不同共表达策略对亮氨酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖脱氢酶的影响存在明显差异。亮氨酸脱氢酶在不同策略下均能够正常表达,而葡萄糖脱氢酶在融合表达时没有活力,当C端含有组氨酸标签时,表达蛋白活性低。通过表达优化,获得3株亮氨酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖脱氢酶高效表达且具有不同酶活比例的重组菌。比较粗酶液和全细胞形式下的催化效率,发现酶活比例及催化剂形式对不对称还原反应效率具有重要影响。确定单质粒串联表达C端不含His标签重组菌E.coli BL21/p ET28a-L-SD-AS-G为最佳催化剂,以粗酶液进行转化时,完全转化0.5 mol/L底物所需菌体量为15 g/L,辅酶量为0.1 mmol/L。【结论】采用单质粒共表达策略,成功构建出1株具有较高亮氨酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖脱氢酶活性的重组菌,实现高效催化TMP合成L-Tle。     

Cloning and expression of a Bacillus cellulase gene in Escherichia coli

A Bacillus cellulase gene coding for carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) has been cloned in Escherichia coli using pBR 322 as a vector. The gene was expressed independently of its orientation in the cloning vector showing enzyme activity 40 times greater than that produced by the original Bacillus species. The high production of CMCase in E. coli by the foreign gene did not impede growth of the host cells and the E. coli produced CMCase responded to various pH values and temperatures in the same way as that produced by the gene donor cells.     

微波杀菌过程中大肠杆菌与金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜通透性的改变

对细胞膜通透性变化的研究是认识微波杀菌机理的途径之一。用荧光探针检测微波处理后细胞内Ca2 浓度的变化,可以精确地表征细胞膜通透性的改变。选用二乙酸荧光素(FDA)和Fluo-3/AM两种荧光染料,对大肠杆菌(Escherichiacoli)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)经微波处理后的酯酶活性及细胞膜通透性进行研究,结果表明大肠杆菌与金黄色葡萄球菌的胞内非特异性酯酶(NSE)活性及细胞膜通透性的变化情形有所不同。在50℃、55℃、60℃和65℃微波处理条件下,大肠杆菌细胞膜通透性分别增加了20.7%、28.1%、74.8%、89.8%,而金黄色葡萄球的增加不显著,分别比对照组提高了4.1%、6.0%、21.9%和19.7%。细胞膜通透性的改变与微生物致死率有一定的相关性,也可能是微波杀菌非热效应的表现之一。     

米曲霉果胶酸酯裂解酶（pectin lyase 1）在原核系统中重组表达

来自米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)的果胶酸酯裂解酶(pectinlyase)一直被用于传统发酵食品的生产,但自然条件下A.oryzae和A.niger的果胶酸酯裂解酶产量较低。通过RT-PCR的方法,获得不含信号肽的A.oryzaePel1cDNA,将Pel1cDNA连入pET-28a( )载体,构建pET-28a( )-pel1质粒。pET-28a( )-pel1转化Turner(DE3)placⅠ细胞,得到转化子pET-28a( )-pel1-Turner(DE3)placⅠ,表达与6个组氨酸融合的Pel1。进一步对Pel1在E.coli系统中表达的条件进行了研究,在37℃,220r/min条件下,培养pET-28a( )-pel1-Turner(DE3)placⅠ细胞,当OD600至0.8左右时,用500μmol/Lisopropylβ-D-thiogalactogalactop-yranoside(IPTG)进行诱导表达,在15℃和170r/min条件下,继续培养60h后,表达效果最好,产酶可达到400u/mL,是A.oryzae自然条件下产酶量的4000倍,也高于已报道的真菌果胶酸酯裂解酶在真菌体系中重组表达的效果。     

Properties of γ-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli

γ-Aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli K-12 has been purified and characterized from cell mutants able to grow in putrescine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. The enzyme has an M_r of 195 000±10 000 in its dimeric form with an M_r of 95 000±1000 for each subunit, a pH optimum at 5.4 in sodium citrate buffer, and does not require bivalent cations for its activity. K_m values are 31.3±6.8 μM and 53.8±7.4 μM for Δ-1-pyrroline and NAD⁺, respectively. An inhibitory capacity for NADH is also shown using the purified enzyme.     

促进大肠杆菌周质空间小分子抗体表达的菌种构建方法*

目的:构建一株表达TNF-α Fab'抗体的大肠杆菌工程菌,并设计一种高效实用的策略以促进大肠杆菌周质空间的可溶性Fab'抗体表达。方法:首先,通过更换不同表达载体,改变轻链和重链顺序,更换信号肽,共表达分子伴侣(Skp)、二硫键合成酶(Dsbc)、肽基辅氨酰顺反异构酶(PPIB)、二硫键异构酶(hPDI)、核酸酶(Nuclease),以评估对Fab'抗体表达量的改善。其次,纯化表达的Fab'抗体。通过周质提取、Q阴离子交换柱净化、苯基柱捕获、Protein L柱亲和三步纯化方案得到高纯度的Fab'抗体。最终将纯化后的Fab'抗体进行亲和力测定。结果:提高正确组装的Fab'抗体表达量的策略有——将目的蛋白构建至pET-30a载体;重链在前、轻链在后;轻、重链采用相异的信号肽;共表达hPDI。周质提取液中的Fab'抗体浓度达到588.0mg/L提取液,纯化后产量可达28.2mg/L发酵液,总回收率为32.0%,纯度为90.9%。Fab'抗体亲和力为(5.8±3.0)×10^-9mol/L,体外细胞学活性IC₅₀为(5.2±2.4)×10^-11mol/L。结论:通过大肠杆菌工程菌分子构建方式的优化,得到了一株高效表达可溶性Fab'抗体的工程菌株,为可溶性小分子抗体的规模化生产奠定了研究基础。     

毕赤酵母甲酸脱氢酶在大肠杆菌中的高表达及纯化

用PCR方法从毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)基因组DNA扩增甲酸脱氢酶(FDH)基因,通过定点突变密码子TAG(649-651位碱基)为GAG,突变后的基因片段插入表达载体pET-22b( )构建质粒pET-FDH,转化E．coli BL21(DE3)。基因工程菌在IPTG诱导下高效表达可溶性的FDH融合蛋白,蛋白的表达量占基因工程菌株总蛋白的30%。工程菌破壁上清液采用一步亲和层析分离,得到比活力为6．45U/mg的重组FDH。     

重组人载脂蛋白AI米兰突变体在大肠杆菌中的高表达

用RT-PCR法从人肝总RNA库中克隆出人载脂蛋白Al的cDNA序列,再通过重叠PCR将载脂蛋白AI的第179位精氨酸密码子突变成半胱氨酸密码子,即载胎蛋白AI米兰突变体基因。将此目的基因克隆至表达载体pQE30,重组质粒转化JMl09宿主菌,经表达试验筛选出高表达克隆;工程菌经诱导后表达出含6个氨基酸前肽的载脂蛋白AI米兰突变体。表达产物主要以可溶形式存在,但也有部分为包涵体。     

Cloning, expression and protective immunity evaluation of the full-length cDNA encoding succinate dehydrogenase iron-sulfur protein of Schistosoma japonicum

1071-bp fragment was obtained from the Schistosoma japonicum (Chinese strain) adult cDNA library after the 3' and 5' ends of the incomplete expression sequence tag (EST) of succinate dehydrogenase iron-sulfur protein of Schistosoma japonicum (SjSDISP) were amplified by the anchored PCR with 2pairs of primers designed according to the EST of SjSDISP and the sequence of multiclone sites of the library vector. Sequence analysis indicated that the fragment was a full-length cDNA with a complete open reading frame (ORF), encoding 278 amino acid residues. The fragment was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pQE30, and subsequently sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coll.SDS-PAGE and Western-blot analyses showed that the recombinant protein was about 32 kD and could be recognized by the polyclonal antisera from rabbits immunized with Schistosoma japonicum adult worm antigen. Compared with the FCA controls, mice vaccinated with rSjSDISP (test) or rSjGST (positive control) all revealed high levels of specific antibody and significant reduction in worm burden, liver eggs per gram (LEPG), fecal eggs per gram (FEPG) and intrauterine eggs. These results suggest that SjSDISP may be a novel and partially protective vaccine candidate against schistosomiasis. In contrast to the worm burden reduction rate, the higher degree of egg reduction rate in the test group also suggested that SjSDISP vaccine may primarily play a role in anti-embryonation or anti-fecundity immunity.     

Cloning, expression and protective immunity evaluation of the full-length cDNA encoding succinate dehydrogenase iron-sulfur protein of Schistosoma japonicum

1071-bp fragment was obtained from the Schistosoma japonicum (Chinese strain) adult cDNA library after the 3′ and 5′ ends of the incomplete expression sequence tag (EST) of succinate dehydrogenase iron-sulfur protein of Schistosoma japonicum (SjSDISP) were amplified by the anchored PCR with 2 pairs of primers designed according to the EST of SjSDISP and the sequence of multiclone sites of the library vector. Sequence analysis indicated that the fragment was a full-length cDNA with a complete open reading frame (ORF), encoding 278 amino acid residues. The fragment was cloned into prokary- otic expression vector pQE30, and subsequently sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli. SDS-PAGE and Western-blot analyses showed that the recombinant protein was about 32 kD and could be recognized by the polyclonal antisera from rabbits immunized with Schistosoma japonicum adult worm antigen. Compared with the FCA controls, mice vaccinated with rSjSDISP (test) or rSjGST (posi- tive control) all revealed high levels of specific antibody and significant reduction in worm burden, liver eggs per gram (LEPG), fecal eggs per gram (FEPG) and intrauterine eggs. These results suggest that SjSDISP may be a novel and partially protective vaccine candidate against schistosomiasis. In contrast to the worm burden reduction rate, the higher degree of egg reduction rate in the test group also sug- gested that SjSDISP vaccine may primarily play a role in anti-embryonation or anti-fecundity immunity.     

产GL-7-ACA酰化酶重组菌的构建及高表达研究

戊二酰基-7-氨基头孢烷酸(GL-7-ACA)酰化酶是7-氨基头孢烷酸(7-ACA)两步酶法生产中的关键酶。成功构建组成型表达的产GL-7-ACA酰化酶重组大肠杆菌JM105/pMKC-ACY,并对其高表达条件进行了研究,得到了组成简单、廉价的国产培养基配方及操作简便、易于实现工业化的发酵工艺。在优化条件下,上罐补料高密度发酵的酶活高达6668.9U/L,是优化前的12.4倍,产率最高可达275.5U/(L.h),达到了工业生产的要求。     

Cloning of the nitrile hydratase gene from Nocardia sp. in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris and its functional expression using site-directed mutagenesis

To obtain a recombinant Rhodococcus or Nocardia with not only higher enzymatic activity but also better operational stability and product-tolerance ability for bioconversion of acrylamide from acrylonitrile, an active and stable expression system of nitrile hydratase (NHase) was tried to construct as the technical platform of genetic manipulations. Two NHase genes, NHBA and NHBAX, from Nocardia YS-2002 were successfully cloned, based on bioinformatics design of PCR primers, and inserted into plasmid pUC18 and pET32a, respectively. Then, two recombinant Escherichia coli strains, JM105 (pUC18-NHBA) and BL21 (DE3) (pET32a-NHBAX) were constructed and their expressions of NHase were focused. The induction results showed that there was either no NHase activity in JM105 (pUC18-NHBA), or as low as 0.04 U (1 U=1 μmol acrylamide min⁻¹ mg⁻¹ dry cell) in BL21 (DE3) (pET32a-NHBAX). SDS-PAGE results showed that the -subunit of NHBA and NHBAX could not be efficiently expressed in both recombinant E. coli strains. The novel Pichia pastoris system was also applied to express NHase, but the expression level remained quite low (0.5–0.6 U) and the protein was unstable. For solving this problem, a possible genetic strategy, site-directed mutagenesis of the -subunit of the NHase was carried out. After the successful mutagenesis of the original rare start codon gtg into atg, a new recombinant strain, E. coli XL1-Blue (pUC18-NHBA^M), was screened and the NHase activity stably reached as high as 51 U under the same induction conditions.     

Pilot-scale production and purification of a staphylokinase-based fusion protein over-expressed in Escherichia coli

SFH, a recombinant staphylokinase-based fusion protein linked by the factor Xa recognition peptide at the N-terminus of hirudin, is a promising therapeutic candidate for thromboembolic diseases. To develop SFH into a new thrombolytic agent, scaled-up production was carried out to provide sufficient preparation for animal safety and clinical studies. Here, we describe a pilot-scale cultivation and purification process for the production of SFH. A high-cell-density fed-batch cultivation for the production of SFH in E. coli was developed in a 40-L bioreactor, which produced about 1.1 g/L of recombinant protein. SFH was purified to homogeneity from the E. coli lysate by expanded bed adsorption chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography, with over 99% purity and 54% recovery. Moreover, the residual endotoxin content was less than 0.5 EU/mL. The molecular weight and in vitro bioactivity of SFH were also determined by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and fibrinolytic activity assay, respectively.