乙戊型肝炎病毒重叠感染的研究进展

戊型肝炎(简称"戊肝")是发展中国家发病率最高的急性病毒性肝炎,疾病负担较重,近年来发达国家也出现越来越多散发的本土病例。我国慢性乙型肝炎(简称"慢乙肝")人群基数大,慢乙肝患者重叠感染戊肝病毒之后,可加重患者病情,增加肝硬化、肝衰竭以及死亡的发生风险。本文拟对乙型肝炎病毒重叠感染戊肝病毒的流行病学特征、临床特征及预防措施进行综述。     

我国戊型肝炎疫苗和诊断试剂原始创新研究

<正>戊型病毒性肝炎(戊肝)是全球最主要的病毒性肝炎之一,由戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)感染导致。戊肝多数呈自限性,孕妇罹患戊肝的病死率高达20%,慢性肝病合并戊肝、老年人戊肝症状较重、易导致肝衰竭。HEV主要通过肠道传播,常导致大的暴发流行,1986~1988年我国新疆发生一次国内外有文献记载的规模最大的戊肝大流行,共发病     

消化道传播病毒性肝炎研究进展

病毒性肝炎是由多种不同肝炎病毒引起的,以肝脏损害为主要表现,具有广泛流行性和严重传染性的一类疾病,严重危害人类健康,是我国目前重大的公共卫生问题之一。迄今鉴定出的具有明确致病性的肝炎病毒主要是甲型肝炎病毒(HAV)、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、丁型肝炎病毒(HDV)和戊型肝炎病毒(HEV),分别引起甲、乙、丙、丁、戊型肝炎。病毒性肝炎按传播途径的不同可以分为两类,一类是经肠道外传播的病毒性肝炎,包括乙、丙、丁型肝炎;另一类是经肠道(即消化道)传播的肝炎病毒,包括甲肝和戊肝,其发病有季节性,可呈暴发流行。本文旨在对经消化道传播的病毒型肝炎(甲肝、戊肝)的病原学、流行病学特征及其影响因素、控制和预防作一综述,以期对其流行和科学防控研究提供参考。     

器官移植病人戊型肝炎病毒慢性化感染及治疗

戊型肝炎是由戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E virus,HEV)感染引起的急性病毒性肝炎,其发病率居急性病毒性肝炎之首。戊型肝炎通常呈急性感染病程,2008年以来陆续发现器官移植病人等免疫抑制患者感染HEV后可能迁延为慢性化。在无抗病毒药物治疗的情况下,器官移植病人感染HEV后迁延为慢性感染的比例超过60%,其中10%的病人慢性感染HEV后可能出现肝纤维化,并且在较短的时间内进展为失代偿性肝硬化导致死亡。本文简要综述器官移植病人HEV慢性化感染及治疗。     

苦参素+乙肝疫苗治疗慢性活动性肝炎64例

我院2002年6月至2004年6月采用苦参素 乙肝疫苗治疗乙型慢性活动型肝炎64例,并重点观察了HBV血清标志的变化,结果表明苦参素对HBV复制有较好的抑制作用,乙肝疫苗接种后,可刺激机体产生抗乙型肝炎病毒的免疫力,产生抗体,现报告如下。1临床资料1.1病例选择:按1990年上海全国病毒性肝炎会议诊断标准,选择住院的乙型慢性活动性肝炎(CAⅡ)96例,随机分为①治疗组64例,其中男62例,女2例,年龄17-52岁,平均38.8岁,病程平均2.21年。②对照组32例,其中男31例,女1例,年龄15-49岁,平均36.9岁,病程平均1.96年。两组患者在症状,体征,血清胆红素,谷丙转…     

急性病毒性肝炎患者外周血T 细胞亚群的检测和分析

目的:检测急性甲、乙型病毒性肝炎患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群变化,探讨其对疗效和预后意义。方法:采用APAAP桥联酶标法检测115例急性甲、乙型病毒型肝炎患者外周血CD3+、CD4+、CD8+T细胞亚群比例,计算CD4+/CD8+值。并检测了34例患者治疗前后T淋巴细胞亚群变化。结果:115例急性甲、乙型病毒性肝炎患者外周血CD3+、CD4+T细胞比例及CD4+/CD8+值均低于正常对照组(P<0.05),而CD8+T细胞比例均高于正常对照组(P<0.01)。6例无明显疗效者,各亚群比例在治疗前后无显著差异(P>0.05)。28例有明显疗效者,治疗后各亚群比例恢复正常水平,与治疗前相比差别具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:急性甲、乙型病毒性肝炎患者外周血CD4+/CD8+T细胞比值可在一定程度上反映疗效及预后。     

恩替卡韦对慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者TNF-α及CEA水平的影响

目的:探究恩替卡韦对慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者TNT-α,CEA水平及临床疗效的影响研究。方法:选取我院慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者39例,随机分为实验组(20例)和对照组(19例)。对照组予拉米夫定治疗,实验组予恩替卡韦治疗。观察并比较两组患者治疗前后血清TNF-α,CEA及肝功能水平变化以及HBV DNA转阴率。结果:实验组患者的总有效率(95.0%)高于对照组(73.7%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);与治疗前相比,两组患者治疗后血清ALT,AST及TNF-α水平均下降,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组比较,实验组患者治疗后血清ALT,AST及TNF-α水平均下降,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组比较,实验组患者HBV DNA转阴率较高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:恩替卡韦治疗慢性乙肝病毒性肝炎的临床效果较好,能够降低TNT-α水平,提高HBV DNA转阴率,改善患者肝功能,值得临床推广应用。     

病毒性肝炎疫苗的研究进展

病毒性肝炎是由多种肝炎病毒感染肝细胞而引起的世界性常见传染病,传染性强,发病率高。病毒性肝炎分为甲型、乙型、丙型、丁型和戊型五种。由于病毒种类繁多,而且易发生变异,容易感染,治疗方案有限,常规治疗疗效不稳定且价格昂贵。因此,接种疫苗是目前较为有效的办法。本综述主要包括四个部分,即甲型、乙型、丙型和戊型病毒性肝炎的相应疫苗的介绍。     

苦参素＋乙肝疫苗治疗慢性活动性肝炎64例

我院2002年6月至2004年6月采用苦参素 乙肝疫苗治疗乙型慢性活动型肝炎64例,并重点观察了HBV血清标志的变化,结果表明苦参素对HBV复制有较好的抑制作用,乙肝疫苗接种后,可刺激机体产生抗乙型肝炎病毒的免疫力,产生抗体,现报告如下。     

蛇毒制剂治疗病毒性肝炎的初步探讨

我院在郝文学和曲锦辉教授的指导下,应用蛇毒制剂“蛇毒抗栓酶Ⅲ号(Svate)”和“S冲剂(主要成份是蛇毒)”治疗病毒性肝炎。病例选择根据1984年全国病毒性肝炎专题学术会议制订的诊断标准,胆型2例,慢性活动型2例,急性黄疸型合并早期肝硬化1例,慢性活动型合并混合性肝硬化腹水1例。均为24～55岁的男性病例。治疗方法:Svate每日一次,每次一支(含精氨酸酯酶0.25单位),用生理盐水250毫升稀释后静脉滴注。S冲剂每日二次,每次口服一包,开     

Feedback Circuits in Hepatitis B Virus Infection

A simplified model using kinetic logic is proposed to approach the problem after Hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection. It accounts for several stable regimes or attractors corresponding to the essential dynamic behaviour of the replication of the Hepatitis B virus. Infection with the virus can result in viral clearance, fulminant hepatic failure and death, or chronic transmissible infection, that is multistationarity corresponding to the existence of the positive feedback circuit in our modelling. Another implication of this model is the existence of oscillations or homeostatic mechanisms, sometimes observed in the viral cycle, consistent with the existence of the negative feedback circuit. Thus, this report shows how a simple model of kinetic logic may be used to account for the variety of manifestations of HBV infection. This model implies the presence of the Hepatitis B e antigen, whose conservation suggests that it plays an important role in the life cycle of hepadnaviruses. Its function in the viral cycle is still unknown, but our model suggests that this antigen could explain the passage from one state of the viral infection (acute or latent) to another, as well as the oscillatory behavior which may account for the intermittent symptoms of hepatitis observed in some patients. Furthermore, this model shows a virgin state. This state is also reached after recovery. The model proposed demonstrates that starting from a viral acute infection, the host's immune response, depending on the immunological status of the patient, can lead to viral clearance, or to periodic spontaneous reactivation.     

Increased severity and morbidity of acute hepatitis in drug abusers with simultaneously acquired hepatitis B and hepatitis D virus infections.

Hepatitis D virus (delta agent) markers were present in 111 (36%) of 308 intravenous drug abusers who were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), 52 of these having hepatitis D virus antigenaemia. IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc IgM) was present in 92 out of 95 subjects tested, indicating that hepatitis D virus and hepatitis B virus infections had been acquired simultaneously. Hepatitis D virus markers were present in three out of four patients with fulminant hepatitis, and in 80 of 223 (36%) with mild or moderate hepatitis compared with four of 29 (14%) of those who were asymptomatic. These proportional differences were significant (p less than 0.001). Hepatitis D virus markers were present in twice as many patients positive for anti-HBc IgM requiring admission to hospital with acute hepatitis compared with outpatients attending a drug treatment centre. Tests on one patient showed complete disappearance of HBsAg, but hepatitis D antigen (HDAg or delta antigen) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) were still present in serum samples. All five patients with chronic active hepatitis had hepatitis D antibody (anti-HD) compared with seven of 24 (29%) with chronic persistent hepatitis (p = 0.008). Blocking anti-HD persisted for long periods after simultaneous infections with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus but at lower titres than in patients with chronic liver disease.     

Characterization of Unusual Escape Variants of Hepatitis B Virus Isolated from a Hepatitis B Surface Antigen-Negative Subject

Hepatitis B virus DNA was extracted from serial serum samples of a hepatitis B surface antigen-negative patient with antibodies to the core protein as the only marker of an infection with hepatitis B virus. This patient showed no symptoms of hepatic injury. Sequencing of the amplified viral DNA demonstrated multiple amino acid changes clustering in surface-exposed regions of the surface protein. Synthesis and association of the middle (M) and small (S) surface proteins could be shown in vitro. The variant surface antigens were recognized neither by monoclonal antibodies to the surface antigen nor by the vaccinee’s sera. Consequences for hepatitis B surface antigen testing and vaccine development are discussed.     

Human oncogenic viruses: Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses and their role in hepatocarcinogenesis

Chronic infections caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the main risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans. Both viruses cause a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from healthy carrier state to acute and chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and HCC. HBV and HCV belong to different viral families (Hepadnoviridae and Flaviviridae, respectively); they are characterized by different genetic structures. Clinical manifestations of these viral infections result from the interaction between these viruses and host hepatocytes (i.e. between viral and cell genomes). Proteins encoded by both viruses play an important role in processes responsible for immortalization and transformation of these cells. Chronic inflammation determined by host immune response to the viral infection, hepatocyte death and their compensatory proliferation, as well as modulation of expression of some regulatory proteins of the cell (growth factors, cytokines, etc.) are the processes that play the major role in liver cancer induced by HBV and HCV.     

A mathematical model of the intracellular replication and within host evolution of hepatitis type B virus: Understanding the long time course of chronic hepatitis

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes acute and chronic liver disease. Especially, chronic hepatitis is a major risk factor of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Viral kinetics of HBV observed in peripheral blood is quite different depending on the clinical course of hepatitis. But the relationship between the intracellular replication dynamics and clinical course of HBV infection is unclear. Further it is very difficult to predict the long time course of hepatitis because the nature of HBV is changed by mutation within host with high mutation rate. We investigate the intracellular replication dynamics and within host evolution of HBV by using a mathematical model. Two different intracellular replication patterns of HBV, “explosive” and “arrested”, are switched depending on the viral gene expression pattern. In the explosive replication, prominent growth of HBV is observed. On the other hand, the virion production is restricted in the arrested replication. It is suggested that the arrested and explosive replication is associated with chronic hepatitis and exacerbation of hepatitis respectively. It is shown by our evolutionary simulation that the exacerbation of hepatitis is caused by the emergence of explosive genotype of HBV from arrested genotype by mutation during chronic hepatitis. It is also shown that chronic infection without exacerbation is maintained by short waiting time for virion release and superinfection with arrested genotype. It is suggested that extension of waiting time for virion release and existence of uninfected hepatocyte in the liver may become risk factors for the exacerbation of hepatitis.     

Virus-host Interactions during Hepatitis C Virus Entry - Implications for Pathogenesis and Novel Treatment Approaches

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family and causes acute and chronic hepatitis. Chronic HCV infection may result in severe liver damage including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver is the primary target organ of HCV, and the hepatocyte is its primary target cell. Attachment of the virus to the cell surface followed by viral entry is the first step in a cascade of interactions between the virus and the target cell that is required for successful entry into the cell and initiation of infection. This step is an important determinant of tissue tropism and pathogenesis; it thus represents a major target for antiviral host cell responses, such as antibody-mediated virus neutralization. Following the development of novel cell culture models for HCV infection our understanding of the HCV entry process and mechanisms of virus neutralization has been markedly advanced. In this review we summarize recent developments in the molecular biology of viral entry and its impact on pathogenesis of HCV infection, development of novel preventive and therapeutic antiviral strategies.     

Virus-host Interactions during Hepatitis C Virus Entry - Implications for Pathogenesis and Novel Treatment Approaches

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family and causes acute and chronic hepatitis. Chronic HCV infection may result in severe liver damage including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver is the primary target organ of HCV, and the hepatocyte is its primary target cell. Attachment of the virus to the cell surface followed by viral entry is the first step in a cascade of interactions between the virus and the target cell that is required for successful entry into the cell and initiation of infection. This step is an important determinant of tissue tropism and pathogenesis; it thus represents a major target for antiviral host cell responses, such as antibody-mediated virus neutralization. Following the development of novel cell culture models for HCV infection our understanding of the HCV entry process and mechanisms of virus neutralization has been markedly advanced. In this review we summarize recent developments in the molecular biology of viral entry and its impact on pathogenesis of HCV infection, development of novel preventive and therapeutic antiviral strategies.     

Hepatitis B Virus: From Diagnosis to Treatment

Hepatitis B infection is still a global concern progressing as acute-chronic hepatitis, severe liver failure, and death. The infection is most widely transmitted from the infected mother to a child, with infected blood and body fluids. Pregnant women, adolescents, and all adults at high risk of chronic infection are recommended to be screened for hepatitis B infection. The initial analysis includes serological tests that allow differentiation of acute and chronic hepatitis. Molecular assays performed provide detection and quantification of viral DNA, genotyping, drug resistance, and precore/core mutation analysis to confirm infection and monitor disease progression in chronic hepatitis B patients. All patients with chronic hepatitis B should be treated with antiviral medications and regularly monitored for efficient treatment. The current treatment is based on nucleos(t)ide analogs and pegylated interferons that save lives by decreasing liver cancer death, liver transplant, slow or reverse the progression of liver disease as well as the virus infectivity.Key words: hepatitis B virus (HBV), serology, nucleic acid testing, antiviral treatment     

乙肝患者血清的HBV-DNA含量与ALT水平的关系研究

目的:探讨和研究乙型肝炎患者乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)DNA复制水平与丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)水平之间的关系,为临床中乙肝患者的诊治提供参考。方法:对240例慢性乙型肝炎患者采用荧光标记定量PCR方法测定血清HBV-DNA含量,采用全自动生化分析仪测定血清ALT水平,比较和分析HBV-DNA含量与ALT水平之间的关系。结果:慢性乙肝轻、中、重度患者的HBV-DNA含量三组之间差异有统计学意义(p0.01),肝脏的损害程度与HBV-DNA含量之间具有一定的关联,等级相关系数为0.162(P=0.012);ALT水平也与HBV-DNA载量之间存在关联,等级相关系数为0.371(P0.0001)。结论:肝损伤程度与HBV-DNA含量有显著相关性;同时血清ALT水平与HBV-DNA含量呈正相关。检测血清中的HBV-DNA含量和ALT水平为指导乙肝患者HBV感染、复制、传染性的判断、治疗方案的选择和疗效评定提供有一定的依据。