抑癌基因p53调控的微RNA-miR-34基因家族

微RNA（microRNA,miRNA）是一种内源性非编码小RNA,在转录后水平调控基因表达,在肿瘤的发生发展过程中起重要作用。p53是重要的抑癌基因,在DNA损伤和癌基因等刺激下活化,诱导下游基因表达,使细胞周期阻滞、DNA修复并促进细胞衰老或凋亡。本文主要介绍近期发现的直接受p53调控的miR-34基因家族,及其在生长阻滞和细胞凋亡方面的研究进展,揭示了蛋白质与非编码RNA在重要的p53抑癌网络中的相互关系,为肿瘤的研究提供了新的思路。     

p53蛋白参与NGF诱导的PC12细胞周期阻滞

通过观察不同营养状况下NGF诱导PC12细胞发生周期阻滞过程中p53蛋白水平的变化,探讨p53在PC12细胞周期阻滞中可能的作用机制．用流式细胞术检测细胞周期;Western blot检测p53和p21^WAF1/CIP蛋白水平．结果显示1％FBS(Fatal Bovine Serum)和50ug／L NGF(Nerve Growth Factor)均可诱导PC12细胞发生细胞周期阻滞．在10％FBS 50ug／L NGF处理的细胞中,p53和p21^WAF1/CIP1均增高,而使用MEK抑制剂U0126(10umol／L)可以抑制这一增高．在1％FBS处理的细胞中,p53水平增高,p21^WAF1/CIP1却未见明显增高;进而加入50ug／L NGF作用1h后,p53显著降低,6h后再次升高,并持续至24h．可见p53在50ug／L NGF和1％FBS诱导的细胞周期阻滞中均发挥作用,但作用机制可能不同．     

miR-155对肝癌细胞增殖的影响

目的:在肝癌细胞系中过表达miR-155,研究其对肝癌细胞增殖的影响。方法:将pc DNA3.0-miR-155表达载体瞬时转染Huh7.5.1及Hcclm3肝癌细胞系,通过实时定量PCR技术对miR-155在转录水平的表达进行检测,采用CCK8法及克隆形成实验检测miR-155过表达后对Huh7.5.1及Hcclm3肝癌细胞系增殖的影响。结果:转染细胞后72 h,经实时定量PCR检测,Huh7.5.1及Hcclm3肝癌细胞中成熟miR-155的表达分别上调约431及16倍(P0.01),说明其能有效高表达;CCK8法及克隆形成实验结果显示,miR-155能够明显促进肝癌细胞增殖(P0.01)。结论:pc DNA3.0-miR-155转染Huh7.5.1及Hcclm3肝癌细胞系后能高效表达成熟miR-155,同时证明过表达miR-155能使肝癌细胞的增殖受到非常明显的促进。     

p53与细胞周期调控

p53蛋白首先在SV-40转染的小鼠细胞中发现,继之在不同类型的转化细胞系中也被检测到。进一步研究证明它还存在于正常细胞和组织中,但与转化细胞相比其含量要低得多。 1988年Levine和Oren等报道了第一个被鉴定的p53突变型p53 Vall 35。以后,人们在转化细胞中检测到各种类型的p53突变型。为了有效地研究p53蛋白,已发展了很多识别p53蛋白的单克隆抗体,其中有的具有种     

p53-p21通路抑制组蛋白甲基转移酶NSD2的表达

NSD2(nuclear receptor-binding SET domain 2)是一种在黑色素瘤等多种肿瘤细胞中高表达的组蛋白甲基转移酶,其在Wolf-Hirschhorn综合症(wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome,WHS)和多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)疾病中表达异常的原因已经得到了较好的阐明。而NSD2在其它肿瘤中的表达为何失调还未阐明。本研究选用p53野生型的恶性黑色素瘤细胞系92-1作为细胞模型,采用DNA损伤试剂依托泊苷处理和RNA干扰技术,通过定量PCR和蛋白质免疫印迹的方法首次证实了p53-p21通路对NSD2具有抑制作用。     

绿茶对人胃癌细胞株中p21,p53蛋白表达的影响

应用免疫细胞化学方法检测ＳＧＣ—７９０１胃癌细胞株中ｐ２１、ｐ５３蛋白的表达,以探讨绿茶的抗癌作用机理。结果表明：绿茶提取物明显抑制ＳＧＣ—７９０１胃癌细胞株中ｐ２１ｒａｓ、ｐ５３蛋白的表达,并有剂量效应。提示绿茶对ｐ２１、ｐ５３基因突变可能有修复作用     

参与细胞增殖调控的多功能分子p21

p21是近年来发现的一类调控细胞增殖的小分子,是依赖周期素的CDK抑制因子.这些蛋白因子可结合cyclin－CDK并抑制其激酶活性从而调节细胞周期p15、p16、p27均属该类分子,他们在G₁期限制点及G₁／S检查点调控中发挥作用．进一步的研究表明,p21为p53调控,在p53介导的DNA损伤诱发的细胞周期阻断中发挥作用p21在老化细胞中高表达、细胞分化的同时表达,表明其在细胞增殖、分化及老化中发挥调节作用．     

miR-199b-3p通过靶向PLCε抑制前列腺癌细胞的恶性增殖

该研究的目的是确定miR-199b-3p在前列腺癌(PCa)中的表达及其对PCa细胞增殖的影响及作用机制.通过实时定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)检测miR-199b-3p在PCa组织、良性前列腺增生(BPH)组织、PCa细胞及人正常前列腺上皮细胞(RWPE-1)中的表达,并分析其表达与PCa临床病理特征的关系.蛋白...     

细胞周期调控基因——p21^CIP1／WAF1

Ｐ２１＾ＣＩＰ１／ＷＡＦ１基因编码的产物是一种细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶的抑制蛋白。它通过调控细胞周期的进程,参与细胞的生长,衰老及死亡。在细胞ＤＮＡ损伤反应及肿瘤的发生、发展中也占且席之地。本文对Ｐ２１基因的发现,基因及蛋白南结构、生物化学特性、生物学特性以及研究前景概述。     

miR-126调控前列腺癌机制研究

miR-126通过靶向作用于表皮生长因子域7（EGFL7）、同源框A9（HOXA9）、胰岛素受体底物-1（11LS-1）、p85-B基因等,在转录后水平调控靶基因表达,在肿瘤形成中起重要作用。前列腺癌细胞中高表达miR,126,能明显下调VEGF—A、EGLF7、HOXA9、VCAM—1等与肿瘤生长、转移密切相关的蛋白分子。miR-126作为抑癌因子,在多种肿瘤中均下调。其抑癌作用及机制在肺癌、白血病、乳腺癌、宫颈癌等中均已得到证实。本课题拟对miR-126调控前列腺癌机制做一综述。     

Testicular germ cell tumours: the paradigm of chemo-sensitive solid tumours

Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) are the most frequent solid malignant tumour in men 20–40 years of age and the most frequent cause of death from solid tumours in this age group. Up to 50% of the patients suffer from metastatic disease at diagnosis. The majority of metastatic testicular cancer patients, in contrast to most other metastatic solid tumours, can be cured with highly effective cisplatin-based chemotherapy. From a genetic point of view, almost all TGCTs in contrast to solid tumours are characterised by the presence of wild type p53. High p53 expression levels are associated with elevated Mdm2 levels and a loss of p21^Waf1/Cip1 expression suggesting a changed functionality of p53. Expression levels of other proteins involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression indicate a deregulated G1–S phase checkpoint in TGCTs. After cisplatin-induced DNA damage, the increasing levels of p53 lead to the trans-activation of a number of genes but not of p21^Waf1/Cip1, preferentially directing TGCT cells into apoptosis or programmed cell death, both via the mitochondrial and the death receptor apoptosis pathways. The sensitivity of TGCTs to chemotherapeutic drugs may lay in the susceptibility of germ cells to apoptosis. Taken together, this provides TGCT as a tumour type model to investigate and understand the molecular determinants of chemotherapy sensitivity of solid tumours. This review aims to summarise the current knowledge on the biological basis of cisplatin-induced apoptosis and response to chemotherapy in TGCTs.     

Chloride ions control the G1/S cell-cycle checkpoint by regulating the expression of p21 through a p53-independent pathway in human gastric cancer cells

The aim of the present study is to investigate whether the chloride affects cell growth and cell-cycle progression of cancer cells. In human gastric cancer MKN28 cells, the culture in the Cl⁻-replaced medium (replacement of Cl⁻ by NO₃⁻) decreased the intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl⁻]_i) and inhibited cell growth. The inhibition of cell growth was due to cell-cycle arrest at the G₀/G₁ phase caused by diminution of CDK2 and phosphorylated Rb. The culture of cells in the Cl⁻-replaced medium significantly increased expressions of p21 mRNA and protein without any effects on p53. These observations indicate that chloride ions play important roles in cell-cycle progression by regulating the expression of p21 through a p53-independent pathway in human gastric cancer cells, leading to a novel, unique therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer treatment via control of [Cl⁻]_i.     

miR-155-3p: processing by-product or rising star in immunity and cancer?

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key players in gene regulation that target specific mRNAs for degradation or translational repression. Each miRNA is synthesized as a miRNA duplex comprising two strands (5p and 3p). However, only one of the two strands becomes active and is selectively incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex in a process known as miRNA strand selection. Recently, significant progress has been made in understanding the factors and processes involved in strand selection. Here, we explore the selection and functionality of the miRNA star strand (either 5p or 3p), which is generally present in the cell at low levels compared to its partner strand and, historically, has been thought to possess no biological activity. We also highlight the concepts of miRNA arm switching and miRNA isomerism. Finally, we offer insights into the impact of aberrant strand selection on immunity and cancer. Leading us through this journey is miR-155, a well-established regulator of immunity and cancer, and the increasing evidence that its 3p strand plays a role in these arenas. Interestingly, the miR-155-5p/-3p ratio appears to vary dependent on the timing of the immune response, and the 3p strand seems to play a regulatory role upon its partner 5p strand.     

Different levels of p53 induced either apoptosis or cell cycle arrest in a doxycycline-regulated hepatocellular carcinoma cell line <Emphasis Type=Italic>in vitro</Emphasis>

Induction of p53 gene expression in cancer cells can lead to both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. To clarify whether the level of p53 expression determines the apoptotic response of hepatocellullar carcinoma (HCC) cells, we assessed the effect of various levels of expression of p53 gene on a p53-deficient HCC cell line, Hep3B, utilizing a doxycycline (Dox)-regulated inducible p53 expression system. Our results showed that apoptosis was induced in HCC cells with high levels of p53 expression. However, lower level of p53 expression induced only cell cycle arrest but not apoptosis. Bax expression was up-regulated following high levels of p53 expression, while bcl-2 expression was not altered by the level of p53 expression. Moreover, p21 expression was observed in both high and low expression of p53. These results suggest the level of p53 expression could determine if the HCC cells would go into cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Bax may participate, at least in part, in inducing p53-dependent apoptosis and the induction of p21 alone was able to cause cell cycle arrest but not apoptosis.     

A p53 codon 72 polymorphism associated with prostate cancer development and progression in Japanese

An association between the Pro/Pro genotype of p53 codon 72 and a lower risk of prostate cancer in Caucasians was recently reported. However, the association of this polymorphism with prostate cancer risk in a Japanese population has not been clarified. We performed a case-control study consisting of 114 prostate cancer patients and 105 noncancer controls. Sixty-nine percent (79 of 114) of the patients had a positive family history. The genotypic frequencies in the controls were 39.0% for Arg/Arg, 54.3% for Arg/Pro and 6.7% for Pro/Pro; they were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. When a comparison of the distribution of the p53 codon 72 polymorphism was made between patients with a first-degree family history and all control subjects, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for prostate cancer associated with the Arg/Arg, Arg/Pro and Pro/Pro genotypes were 1.00, 0.99 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53-1.88] and 2.80 (95% CI 1.04-7.53), respectively. When stratification of cases was performed based on clinical stage (localized or metastatic cancer) and pathological grade (a Gleason score of <7 or > or =7), there tended to be a greater number of patients with localized cancers among those patients with the Arg/Pro genotype than among those with the Arg/Arg genotype (overall cases: age-adjusted OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.13-1.00, p = 0.049; positive family history cases: age-adjusted OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.075-0.84, p = 0.025). In addition, there tended to be a greater number of patients with low-grade cancers among those with the Pro/Pro genotype than among those with other genotypes (overall cases: age-adjusted OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.13-1.30, p = 0.13; positive family history cases: age-adjusted OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.004-0.89, p = 0.035). The present findings suggest that the Pro/Pro genotype of p53 codon 72 played a role in prostate cancer susceptibility in a Japanese population. However, the Pro allele did not appear to worsen such clinical parameters as clinical stage or pathological grade.