东北羊草草原主要植物热值

 对羊草(Aneurolepidium chinense)草原55种植物热值进行分析,高热值植物占总数的20％,中热值植物占58.18％,低热值植物占21.82％,55种植物全株平均热值为17949.45J·g-1。因含能物质在各器官的分配不同,同一植物不同器官的热值也存在着差异。务器官的平均热值花19399.28J·g-1>茎18022.58J·g-1>叶17885.17J·g-1>根17206.05J·g-1。不同科植物全株和各器官平均热值存在较大差异,即使同属植物也存在一定差异。菊科、禾本科和豆科3大科植物全株平均热值无明显差异,但豆科植物根的热值明显高于禾本科和菊科根的热值。     

围封对内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原主要构成植物个体、枯落物及群落热值的影响

2010年8月,对中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站1979、1999和2004年围封的羊草样地进行取样,测定植物个体、枯落物及群落的热值,探讨不同围封时间对羊草草原主要构成植物、枯落物、群落热值及单位面积能量积累量的影响.结果表明:围封对羊草草原主要植物个体、枯落物、群落热值及单位面积能量积累量均具有显著影响.1979和1999年围封的羊草草原单位面积能量积累量显著高于2004年围封,2004年围封群落和枯落物的热值均显著高于1979和1999年围封,而1979和1999年之间无显著差异.在不同围封时间下,同种植物的热值差异显著,而不同种植物的热值则表现出一定差异;群落热值高低取决于构成植物,而单位面积能量积累量主要由草地的生物产量决定,二者的变化趋势均为短期内有一定波动,长期围封之后基本维持在一个较稳定的水平,最终达到生态能量平衡.     

内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原主要建群植物热值及灰分动态变化

草地植物作为生物燃料供给料已经被人们所提及,而植物的热值和灰分含量作为评价生物燃料质量的重要指标,却很少被人们研究。本文通过对内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原5种多年生禾本科植物(羊草、冰草、大针茅、羽茅和隐子草)的热值和灰分进行测定,探讨了植物热值和灰分的月变化及二者之间相关性。结果表明:5种植物干重热值及去灰分热值月变化均为单峰形变化曲线,干重热值的最大值出现在8月(19.2MJ·kg-1),去灰分热值最大值出现的月份因植物种类不同而表现一定的差异;灰分含量的月变化趋势表现为先降低后升高;冰草、大针茅和隐子草干重热值与灰分含量之间表现为极显著线性负相关(P<0.01),羽茅干重热值与灰分之间表现为显著线性负相关(P<0.05),而羊草干重热值与灰分含量之间的相关性不显著。     

内蒙古羊草草原植物种能量含量及其在群落中的作用

根据11a的野外实验对内蒙古羊草草原群落42种植物的能量含量（含灰分）及其在群落中的相对生物量进行了研究。不同植物种地上部分的能量含量在（13156±1141）J／g和（18141±527）J／g之间变动,所有物种的平均能量含量为（16899±840）J／g,种间变异系数4．9％。小叶锦鸡儿具有最高的能量含量。禾草的平均能量含量高于杂草。根据生活型和生长型,草本物种被进一步分组,能量含量从高到低的排列顺序为：高禾草（17717±92）J／g〉豆科植物（17228±433）J／g〉矮禾草（17250±218）J／g〉其余杂草（16784±529）J／g〉半灌木（16719±69）J／g〉1、2年生植物（15911±1759）J／g。42种植物的能量含量和它们在群落中的相对生物量存在显著正相关关系。根据它们在群落中的构成比例进行分组,以物种在群落中的相对生物量为权重,各组能量含量依次为：优势种（17740J／g）〉伴生种（17244J／g。）〉偶见种（16653J／g）。高能量含量的植物更具竞争力,在群落中通常占据优势地位,而低能量含量的植物竞争力通常较弱,构成草原群落的伴生种或偶见种。     

东北羊草草原耐盐碱植物的研究

东北羊草草原的耐盐碱植物主要有１０种,分别属于藜科、禾本科和菊科,其生态分布与土壤中的ｐＨ值和电导率有密切关系。在１０种耐盐碱植物中,碱蓬、刺沙蓬、角碱蓬、翅碱蓬、碱蒿和碱地肤具有较大的细胞膜透性和对Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋的富集能力,是重要的耐盐碱植物,在治理退化草原的过程中,有重要的应用价值。     

内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原15种植物热值特征

通过对生物量约占羊草草原生物量80%的15种主要野生植物地上植株进行分种取样,测定其热值(美国PARR6300型氧弹式热量计进行热值测定)、灰分(干灰化法测定)、矿质元素(iCAP6000型电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定)同时对各项指标的相关性进行分析来探讨内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原主要植物作为生物燃料供给料的潜力及植物热值对灰分和矿质元素含量的响应情况。结果表明:15种野生植物热值范围为16.19 MJ/kg(木地肤)到20.99 MJ/kg(小叶锦鸡儿),15种植物热值平均值为18.76 MJ/kg,该值高于全世界陆生植物平均热值。15种植物热值高低顺序为:小叶锦鸡儿>早熟禾>大针茅>冰草>羽茅>羊草>中华隐子草>变蒿>芨芨草>菊叶萎陵菜>大籽蒿>冷蒿>狗尾草>银灰旋复花>木地肤。15种野生植物灰分范围20.25%(银灰旋复花)到3.62%(芨芨草),15种植物灰分含量存在显著差异(P<0.05),其高低顺序为银灰旋复花>木地肤>冷蒿>大籽蒿>菊叶萎凌菜>狗尾草>冰草>羊草>早熟禾>中华隐子草>变蒿>羽茅>小叶锦鸡儿>大针茅>芨芨草。Pearson’s相关分析表明热值与灰分之间存在极显著负相关关系(P<0.01),热值和碳之间存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),矿质元素与热值之间没有一致的相关关系。内蒙古羊草草原植物热值普遍高于能源植物柳枝稷的热值,这也说明该地区植物具有作为能源植物的潜力。     

植物热值的测定

植物热值是草原生态系统中能流研究的重要指标,热值测定采用氧弹法,其原理是将定量试样在充氧的弹筒中燃烧,由燃烧后水温的升高计算试样发热量,为了获得准确测定结果,应注意读温准确、试样均匀、选择最佳氧气压力,以及尽量减少对样品的污染。测定结果表明,草原植物的热值随不同植物种,以及同一种植物不同部位和生长发育的阶段而变化。     

植物热值的测定

植物热值是草原生态系统中能流研究的重要指标。热值测定采用氧弹法,其原理是将定量试样在充氧的弹筒中燃烧,由燃烧后水温的升高计算试样发热量。为了获得准确测定结果,应注意读温准确、试样均匀、选择最佳氧气压力,以及尽量减少对样品的污染。测定结果表明,草原植物的热值随不同植物种,以及同一种植物不同部位和生长发育的阶段而变化。     

大针茅典型草原几种主要植物含热值的季节变化

植物含热值的高低是植物群落能流分配的重要参数。植物的生长发育节律影响植物热值。为了阐明大针茅典型草原生态系统辐射——植物群落的能流过程的特点,对构成该植物群落主要植物种的含热值及其季节变化进行了测定。样品采自中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站大针茅典型草原永久围栏样地,该     

气候变暖对内蒙古羊草草原建群种的影响

通过对锡林郭勒盟锡林河流域羊草草原地区1981～1994年14年的温度观测和植被调查数据的逐年滑动平均处理,分析该地区气候和植被随时间的动态变化特征.结果表明,内蒙古羊草草原地区的气温在研究期内具有高低温变化不对称的特点,表现为全年最低温升高明显,最高温和平均温升高不明显.羊草草原的建群种羊草和大针茅对气温变化有不同的响应,最优建群种羊草的重要值和地上初级生产力随着最低温的升高有明显的下降趋势,次优建群种大针茅的重要值和地上初级生产力由于种间互补作用而略有升高.可以认为,如果这种趋势继续下去,大针茅有可能代替羊草,成为群落的最优建群种,使得群落的结构和功能发生改变.在研究与模拟羊草草原对温度变化的响应时,研究不同温度因子和年温度不同时段的变化特征,以及不同物种之间的竞争关系,有助于认识单个种群和整个生态系统对全球变化响应的机理.     

Caloric content of plant species and its role in a Leymus chinensis steppe community of Inner Mongolia, China

The caloric contents of 42 species and their composition in a Leymus chinensis steppe community of Inner Mongolia, China were determined and analyzed based on the field experiment for 11 years. The caloric content (x ± SD) of aboveground parts of plant species varied from (13156 ± 1141) J·g^?1 (ash contained) to (18141 ± 527) J·g^?1. The average caloric content of all species was (16899 ± 840) J·g^?1 and the inter-specific CV (coefficient of variation) was 4.9%. Of all the species, Caragana microphylla had the highest caloric content (18142 J·g^?1). Grasses had a higher average caloric content ((17425 ± 291) J·g^?1) than forbs ((16734 ± 844)J·g^?1). When the herbaceous species were classified into subgroups according to life-form and growth-form, the order of average caloric contents, from high to low, was: tall grasses ((17717 ± 92) J·g^?1) > legume ((17228 ± 433) J·g^?1) > short grasses ((17250 ± 218) J·g^?1) > remaining forbs ((16784 ± 529) J·g^?1) > subshrubs ((16719 ± 69) J·g^?1) > annuals and biennials ((15911 ± 1759) J·g^?1). There was a positive correlation (P < 0.05) between the caloric contents of 42 species and their relative biomass in the community. When all species were classified into 3 groups according to their composition in the community, the average caloric contents, weighed by the species relative biomass, followed the order: dominant (17740 J·g^?1) > companion (17244 J·g^?1) > incidental (16653 J·g^?1). The plants with high caloric contents were more competitive, which allowed them to gain a dominant status, whereas the competitive abilities of plants with low caloric contents were generally weak. The latter made up the companion or incidental species in a steppe community.     

Caloric content of plant species and its role in a Leymus chinensis steppe community of Inner Mongolia, China

The caloric contents of 42 species and their composition in a Leymus chinensis steppe community of Inner Mongolia, China were determined and analyzed based on the field experiment for 11 years. The caloric content (x ± SD) of aboveground parts of plant species varied from (13156 ± 1141) J·g^?1 (ash contained) to (18141 ± 527) J·g^?1. The average caloric content of all species was (16899 ± 840) J·g^?1 and the inter-specific CV (coefficient of variation) was 4.9%. Of all the species, Caragana microphylla had the highest caloric content (18142 J·g^?1). Grasses had a higher average caloric content ((17425 ± 291) J·g^?1) than forbs ((16734 ± 844)J·g^?1). When the herbaceous species were classified into subgroups according to life-form and growth-form, the order of average caloric contents, from high to low, was: tall grasses ((17717 ± 92) J·g^?1) > legume ((17228 ± 433) J·g^?1) > short grasses ((17250 ± 218) J·g^?1) > remaining forbs ((16784 ± 529) J·g^?1) > subshrubs ((16719 ± 69) J·g^?1) > annuals and biennials ((15911 ± 1759) J·g^?1). There was a positive correlation (P < 0.05) between the caloric contents of 42 species and their relative biomass in the community. When all species were classified into 3 groups according to their composition in the community, the average caloric contents, weighed by the species relative biomass, followed the order: dominant (17740 J·g^?1) > companion (17244 J·g^?1) > incidental (16653 J·g^?1). The plants with high caloric contents were more competitive, which allowed them to gain a dominant status, whereas the competitive abilities of plants with low caloric contents were generally weak. The latter made up the companion or incidental species in a steppe community.     

割草频率对土壤微生物数量和植物地下生物量的影响

以内蒙古锡林郭勒羊草(Leymuschinensis)草原为对象,研究了割草频率对土壤微生物数量和植物地下生物量的影响。结果表明,经过17年的割草,土壤微生物的数量和植物地下生物量均随割草频率的增加而降低。根据割草频率的土壤微生物数量和植物地下生物量的变化,提出较为合理的割草频率是割1年休1年,其次是割2年休1年。但是,多年围封不割草,不仅造成大量牧草资源的浪费,也削弱了微生物在土壤养分转化过程中的作用。     

干旱胁迫降低了内蒙古羊草草原的碳累积

采用涡度相关法, 分析了2004年(平水年)和2005-2006年(干旱年)生长季内蒙古锡林河流域羊草(Leymus chinensis)草原的净生态系统碳交换(net ecosystem exchange, NEE)、总初级生产力(gross primary productivity, GPP)和生态系统呼吸(ecosystem respiration, R_e)的季节和年度变化。结果表明: 平水年羊草草原的日最大GPP和R_e分别为4.89和1.99 g C·m^-2·d^-1, 而干旱年GPP和R_e分别为1.53-3.01和1.38-1.77 g C·m^-2·d^-1。与平水年相比, 干旱年日最大GPP、R_e分别下降了38%-68%和11%-12%。平水年羊草草原累积的GPP、R_e分别为294和180 g C·m^-2, 而在干旱年分别为102-123 g C·m^-2和132-158 g C·m^-2。和平水年相比, 干旱年的GPP、R_e分别下降了58%-65%和12%-27%。用Van’t Hoff模型模拟的8个窄土壤含水量(θ)跨度生态系统呼吸(R_e)对土壤温度(T_s)的敏感程度表明: 曲线斜率在θ = 0.16-0.17 m³·m^-3范围内达到最大, 高于或者低于这个阈值, R_e对T_s的敏感度降低。干旱胁迫降低了生态系统生产力和生态系统呼吸量。与平水年相比, 干旱年的GPP比R_e下降的幅度更大, 干旱胁迫降低了内蒙古羊草草原的碳累积, 使生态系统由碳汇变为碳源。     

放牧与围栏羊草草原生态系统土壤呼吸作用比较

采用静态箱式法,比较分析了内蒙古典型羊草草原放牧与围栏生态系统土壤呼吸作用及其与环境因子的关系．结果表明,围栏和放牧样地的土壤呼吸作用日动态均呈单峰型曲线,高峰值一般出现在13：00～15：00,围栏样地土壤呼吸作用日动态与地表温度相关性最好,而放牧样地与地下5cm温度相关性最好．在整个观测期内,6、7月份是植物生长的旺盛期,围栏样地土壤呼吸作用明显大于放牧样地约2．7倍;到植物生长后期的8、9月份,二者差异不大,与地下生物量的变化相似,可能与牲畜的采食对不同物候期的植物影响不同及周围环境因子的改变有关,说明人类活动的干扰不一定增加土壤呼吸作用．围栏样地和放牧样地土壤呼吸作用季节动态都与0～10cm的土壤含水量相关性最好,相关系数分别是0．853和0．741,而围栏样地土壤含水量与土壤呼吸作用季节动态的相关性大于放牧样地;围栏和放牧样地不同层次土温、土壤含水量与土壤呼吸作用日、季动态的关系均表现出浅层的相关性普遍大于深层．     

Relationships between soil nutrients and plant functional traits in different degradation stages of Leymus chinensis steppe in Nei Mongol,China

Aims Understanding ecological implications of plant functional traits is helpful in exploring community assembly under different environments of nature and human disturbances, and then to reveal the maintenance mechanism of the ecosystem services. By analyzing vegetation and soil data derived from field observations in Leymus chinensis steppe of Xilin River Basin in Nei Mongol, we aimed to explore the responses of plant functional traits to changing soil nutrients at different degradation stages. Methods We observed 69 plots for both plant community structure and soil attributes using quadrat and soil-drilling methods. Five plant functional traits, namely the specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N), leaf lignin content (LLC), and maximum height (MH), were measured for each plot. We also tested soil attributes, such as total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and organic carbon (OC). The sixty-nine communities were classified into four groups (undegraded L. chinensis + forbs, slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp., moderately degraded L. chinensis + Cleistogenes squarrosa, and heavily degraded L. chinensis + Artemisia frigida) using TWINSPAN software. The relationships between plant functional traits and soil nutrient variables were analyzed for the four community groups using the Pearson’s correlation test with SPSS 21.0 software. Important findings (1) The soil nutrients decreased with the grassland degradation process and there were significant differences in TN and TP between the undegraded L. chinensis + forbs and heavily degraded L. chinensis + A. frigida communities; (2) plant functional traits also showed strong differences between the degradation stages. MH and C:N decreased with degradation. A significant difference was observed in MH between the undegraded L. chinensis + forbs and slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp. communities. The difference in C:N was also significant between the undegraded L. chinensis + forbs and heavily degraded L. chinensis + A. frigida communities; (3) the effects of soil nutrients on plant functional traits changed with grassland degradation. AN was negatively correlated with MH, LLC, and C:N in the slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp. community. In the moderately degraded L. chinensis + C. squarrosa community, those three traits mentioned above showed significantly positive correlations with TP; (4) while analyzing the degraded grassland, different relationships between plant functional traits were found. In the slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp. community, LLC was positively correlated with all other traits. Moreover, positive correlations also occurred between C:N and MH, C:N and LDMC, and C:N and LLC. In the heavily degraded L. chinensis + A. frigida community, all traits demonstrated the most significantly positive correlations.