P—selectin表位结构与功能研究进展

P－selectin是细胞粘附分子选择素家族成员,作为血小板／内皮细胞活化标志和粘附分子,已证明其在介导活化血小板,内皮细胞与白细胞相互粘附作用,参与免疫扣伤,炎症反应,血栓形成及肿瘤转移等多种生理,病理过程中发挥重要作用,近年研究表明,P－selectin分子中不同结构域及其功能表位在其识别,粘附及信号传导中各具重要作用,进一步揭示这种分子构效关系,将有助于阐明P－selectin的生理,病理意义。     

P-选择素糖蛋白配体1与白细胞的起始黏附

P-选择素糖蛋白配体1（P—selectin glycoprotein ligand 1,PSGL-1）是20世纪90年代初期发现的一种具同源二聚体结构的跨膜糖蛋白,表达于几乎所有白细胞表面,是迄今为止阐述得最为详尽的选择素配体。PSGL-1是以P-选择素为亲和探针分离得到的,与P-选择素有高度的亲和性。近年来,越来越多的研究证明了PSGL-1同时也是L-选择素和E-选择素的生理配体。通过PSGL-1与选择素分子间的相互作用,白细胞在血管内皮细胞上产生滚动（即起始黏附）,进而使白细胞逐步活化并稳定黏附于血管内皮。现从PSGL-1的结构、分布、表达调控、信号转导、生理病理角色、临床应用等方面进行综述。     

P-选择素为靶标磁共振分子成像在血栓早期诊断中的应用研究

血栓性疾病是临床常见疾病,涉及全身各脏器,其发生与血管损伤、血液成分变化及局部血流淤滞等改变有关.P-选择素作为血小板/内皮细胞活化标志及黏附受体,参与血栓形成起始过程,并是连接炎症与血栓的重要介质和靶分子.为此,进行了以P-选择素为靶标的分子磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)在血栓早期诊断中的应用研究.利用自制的抗P-选择素单抗(PsL-EGFmAb),制备了具有P-选择素靶特异性的MR对比剂(Gd-DTPA)n-BSA-PsL- EGFmAb,并在体外MR成像基础上,进行了犬静脉血栓模型活体观察.结果显示,该对比剂可明显增强体外模拟血小板血栓和全血血栓的显像信号.进一步发现,相应于P-选择素在建模后即刻犬受损静脉血管内膜及形成的血栓部位表达,模型犬在损伤局部注射对比剂后30 min,MR成像即显示高于周围肌肉显影的血管信号,1 h可见附壁血栓增强信号,至3 h随血栓形成增大而持续强化,显示了与P-选择素表达一致的信号强化效果.另从股静脉损伤部位的远心端注射对比剂后30 min至1 h,也显示上述成像效果,2 h 至4 h血栓信号强度由明显上升渐见趋缓,延迟24 h信号强度减弱.此外,该对比剂对实验犬的生命体征及心、肺、肝、肾等理化指标均无明显影响.研究结果提示,研制的MR对比剂对P-选择素具有靶向特异性,可活体内早期定位显像及反映血栓形成状态,且对机体重要脏器功能无影响,这为早期诊断血栓性疾病提供了一种可行的方法.     

一氧化氮和动脉粥样硬化

动脉粥样硬化是脂蛋白、单核细胞、巨噬细胞、T淋巴细胞与血管壁内皮细胞相互作用而导致的慢性炎症反应。这个炎症的过程由脂质浸润开始,涉及氧化应激反应,最终导致复杂的病理损伤和斑块的形成,斑块突出入血管,破裂形成血栓而导致急性的心肌梗塞或中风。激活内皮源性的一氧化氮合成酶而生成的一氧化氮（NO）能够预防动脉粥样硬化,并对不周发展阶段的动脉粥样硬化的病理形成均有改善和逆转作用。其生成的NO能抗氧化、清除自由基、抑制低密度脂蛋自在血管壁被氧化,防止氧化低密度脂蛋白（oxLDL）的产生,而影响脂质浸润;能抑制NFKB的激活和核内迁移,阻抑激活的内皮细胞表达黏附分子,减少嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞的黏附和活化,减少血管壁的炎症反应;能抑制血小板黏附、聚集,抑制凝血酶诱导的血小板活性因子的表达以减少血栓形成;能阻止凋亡,保持内皮细胞的完整性;还能有效地抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖、迁移和细胞外基质的合成,对动脉粥样硬化病理形成和发展具有阻抑作用。     

ICAM-1与脑梗死关系的研究进展

炎症在脑梗死的发病机制中扮演着非常重要的角色,动脉粥样硬化是脑梗死的病理基础,动脉粥样硬化被认为是一种慢性炎症过程,这种炎症过程与黏附分子的表达有关,如细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1),它能黏附循环中的白细胞,促进内皮细胞表面粥样斑块的形成,许多研究表明,ICAM-1与脑梗死密切相关,本文就二者的关系做一综述.     

树突状细胞迁移在肾小管间质炎症中作用及抗黏附干预调节

损伤因素刺激下产生的肾间质炎细胞浸润及肾小管间质炎症免疫反应,是导致和促进肾小管间质早期损伤、病变以及纤维化形成的重要原因。已证明炎症状态下的树突状细胞(DC)肾内迁移及其启动的炎症免疫反应与肾小管间质损害密切相关,既是导致肾间质纤维化形成的重要病理基础,也是肾脏局部免疫病理机制中的关键因素。鉴于选择素等黏附分子介导参与了DC肾内迁移及炎症免疫反应,而针对此的抗黏附调节已取得良好的干预效果,故可能不失为一个新的肾小管间质损伤及纤维化的防治途径和手段。     

P-选凝素在肿瘤生长和转移中的作用

P-选凝素是细胞粘连分子家族的成员,表迭在活化的内皮细胞和血小板表面。P-选凝素能介导白细胞在激活的内皮细胞上滚动,还能介导白细胞和激活的血小板的聚集。另外P-选凝素可以介导肿瘤细胞和活化的血小板聚集,并帮助肿瘤细胞黏附到活化的内皮细胞表面。本文从肿瘤生物学角度综述了P-选凝素的表达和肿瘤相互关系的实验及临床研究。在临床上,P-选凝素作为肿瘤治疗的靶分子可能成为一种适宜于某些病人的选择性疗法。     

L-选择素在白细胞活化中的作用

白细胞沿着血管内皮滚动、稳定黏附,最终到达炎症部位是一个复杂的、多步骤的过程,该过程需要众多分子协同完成。选择素家族分子对于白细胞沿着血管内皮的滚动起重要作用。L-选择素是选择素家族的一员,组成性的表达在白细胞微绒毛顶端,在白细胞沿血管内皮起始黏附过程中起主要作用。除具有黏附作用外,L-选择素还作为信号分子在黏附事件中发挥作用。该文结合作者的研究工作,综述了L-选择素在白细胞活化过程中的功能。     

用原子力显微镜研究炎症反应中粘附分子间相互作用

在炎症反应中,白细胞在血液流动动力和粘附分子的作用下在血管内皮上的滚动,是白细胞从流动的血液中浸润、迁移到炎症部位整个过程的第一步。白细胞在内皮细胞上滚动由选择素分子与其配体分子相互作用所导致,其中P选择素分子（P-selectin）与其对应的P-选择素糖蛋白配体-1（PSGL-1）的相互作用起着重要的作用。原子力显微镜技术能定量分析P-seleetin／PSGL-1相互作用的动力学反应。     

炎症反应中选择素粘附分子与配体间相互作用的研究

在炎症反应中,白细胞在内皮细胞上滚动由选择素分子与其配体分子相互作用所导致,选择素分子有3种,P选择素分子（P—selectin）、E选择素分子（E—selectin）、L选择素分子（L—selectin）,选择素分子与其对应的P-选择素糖蛋白配体-1（PSGL-1）的相互作用起着重要的作用。用等离子共振、流动腔、原子力显微镜等技术能定量分析选择素分子与其配体分子相互作用的动力学反应。     

Mechanisms of selective leukocyte recruitment from whole blood on cytokine-activated endothelial cells under flow conditions

Selective recruitment of eosinophils to sites of allergic and parasitic inflammation involves specific adhesion and activation signals expressed on or presented by stimulated endothelial cells. Here we examined leukocyte recruitment on cytokine-activated HUVEC under flow conditions. We perfused whole blood through a flow chamber to examine mechanisms of selective leukocyte recruitment. Although there was substantial recruitment of leukocytes on TNF-alpha-stimulated HUVEC, we found no selective accumulation of any particular leukocyte subpopulations. In contrast, fewer leukocytes were recruited to IL-4-stimulated HUVEC, but the recruitment was selective for eosinophils. We examined the role of adhesion molecules in these interactions and found that eosinophil recruitment was completely blocked with an alpha4 integrin mAb at the shear rates examined. A significant number of neutrophils were also recruited to IL-4-stimulated HUVEC, and these interactions required P-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1. Thus, whole blood perfusion over cytokine-activated endothelium revealed that IL-4-stimulated HUVEC support selective recruitment of eosinophils, whereas TNF-alpha-stimulated HUVEC lack selectivity for any leukocyte subclass.     

Interaction of P-selectin and PSGL-1 generates microparticles that correct hemostasis in a mouse model of hemophilia A

High plasma levels of soluble P-selectin are associated with thrombotic disorders and may predict future cardiovascular events. Mice with high levels of soluble P-selectin have more microparticles in their plasma than do normal mice. Here we show that chimeras of P-selectin and immunoglobulin (P-sel-Ig) induced formation of procoagulant microparticles in human blood through P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1; encoded by the Psgl1 gene, officially known as Selpl). In addition, Psgl1-/- mice produced fewer microparticles after P-sel-Ig infusion and did not spontaneously increase their microparticle count in old age as do wild-type mice. Injected microparticles specifically bound to thrombi and thus could be involved in thrombin generation at sites of injury. Infusion of P-sel-Ig into hemophilia A mice produced a 20-fold increase over control immunoglobulin in microparticles containing tissue factor. This significantly improved the kinetics of fibrin formation in the hemophilia A mice and normalized their tail-bleeding time. P-sel-Ig treatment could become a new approach to sustained control of bleeding in hemophilia.     

Mechanisms of platelet and leukocyte recruitment in experimental colitis

Both leukocytes and platelets accumulate in the colonic microvasculature during experimental colitis, leading to microvascular dysfunction and tissue injury. The objective of this study was to determine whether the recruitment of leukocytes and platelets in inflamed colonic venules are codependent processes. The rolling and adherence of leukocytes and platelets in colonic venules of mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis were monitored by intravital videomicroscopy. DSS elicited an increased recruitment of both rolling and adherent leukocytes and platelets. DSS-colitic mice rendered thrombocytopenic with anti-platelet serum exhibited profound reductions in leukocyte adhesion. Neutropenia, induced with anti-neutrophil serum, significantly reduced the adhesion of leukocytes and the accumulation of platelet-leukocyte aggregates while greatly enhancing the number of platelets that roll and adhere directly to venular endothelial cells. The enhanced platelet adhesion associated with neutropenia was mediated by platelet P-selectin interactions with endothelial cell P-selectin glycoprotein ligand (PSGL-1). DSS colitis was also associated with an increased expression of PSGL-1 in the colonic vasculature. These findings indicate that the recruitment of leukocytes and platelets in inflamed colonic venules are co-dependent processes.     

A new role in hemostasis for the adhesion receptor P-selectin

The adhesion receptor P-selectin has long been known to support leukocyte rolling and emigration at sites of inflammation. Recently, P-selectin was also revealed to be a key molecule in hemostasis and thrombosis, mediating platelet rolling, generating procoagulant microparticles containing active tissue factor and enhancing fibrin deposition. Elevated levels of plasma P-selectin are indicative of thrombotic disorders and predictive of future cardiovascular events. Because the interaction between P-selectin and its receptor P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) represents an important mechanism by which P-selectin induces the formation of procoagulant microparticles and recruits the microparticles to thrombi, anti-thrombotic strategies are currently aimed at inhibiting this interaction. Recent developments also suggest that the procoagulant potential of P-selectin could be used to treat coagulation disorders such as hemophilia A.     

Tissue factor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor and cytoadhesive molecules in patients with an acute coronary syndrome

The tissue factor plays a crucial role in initiating blood coagulation after plaque rupture in patients with acute coronary syndrome. It is abundant in atherosclerotic plaques. Moreover, P-selectin, some cytokines, endotoxin and immune complexes can stimulate monocytes and induce the tissue factor expression on their surface. The aim of the study was to compare plasma levels of the tissue factor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, P-selectin, E-selectin and ICAM-1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, stable coronary artery disease and normal control subjects. In addition, plasma levels of the tissue factor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, P-selectin, E-selectin and ICAM-1 were measured in the blood withdrawn from the coronary sinus in a subgroup of patients with unstable angina pectoris and stable coronary artery disease in which the difference between concentrations in the coronary sinus and systemic blood was calculated. A significant increase in tissue factor pathway inhibitor plasma levels was detected in patients with acute myocardial infarction (373.3+/-135.1 ng/ml, p<0.01) and unstable angina pectoris (119.6+/-86.9 ng/ml, p<0.05) in contrast to the patients with stable coronary artery disease (46.3+/-37.5 ng/ml) and normal subjects (45.1+/-14.3 ng/ml). The plasma levels of tissue factor pathway inhibitor were significantly increased both in the coronary sinus and systemic blood in the patients with unstable angina pectoris. There was only a non-significant trend to higher plasma levels of the tissue factor in patients with acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris as compared to the patients with stable coronary artery disease and normal subjects, the values being 129.1+/-30.2 pg/ml, 130.5+/-57.8 pg/ml, 120.2+/-45.1 pg/ml and 124.9+/-31.8 pg/ml, respectively. Plasma levels of soluble P-selectin was only slightly, but non-significantly higher in patients with unstable angina pectoris and stable coronary artery disease (184.2+/-85.4 ng/ml and 201.6+/-67.9 ng/ml, respectively) than in patients with the acute myocardial infarction (157.4+/-88.4 ng/ml) or normal subjects (151.4+/-47.1 ng/ml). The difference in plasma levels of soluble ICAM-1 between the blood withdrawn from the coronary sinus and systemic circulation correlated significantly with the corresponding difference in plasma levels of soluble P-selectin and E-selectin. In conclusion, the tissue factor and the tissue factor pathway inhibitor play a crucial role in the initiation of arterial thrombosis. The tissue factor pathway inhibitor levels are increased both in the systemic blood and in the coronary sinus of patients with the acute coronary syndrome.     

Interactions through L-selectin between leukocytes and adherent leukocytes nucleate rolling adhesions on selectins and VCAM-1 in shear flow

We demonstrate an additional step and a positive feedback loop in leukocyte accumulation on inflamed endothelium. Leukocytes in shear flow bind to adherent leukocytes through L-selectin/ligand interactions and subsequently bind downstream and roll on inflamed endothelium, purified E-selectin, P-selectin, L-selectin, VCAM-1, or peripheral node addressin. Thus adherent leukocytes nucleate formation of strings of rolling cells and synergistically enhance leukocyte accumulation. Neutrophils, monocytes, and activated T cell lines, but not peripheral blood T lymphocytes, tether to each other through L-selectin. L- selectin is not involved in direct binding to either E- or P-selectin and is not a major counterreceptor of endothelial selectins. Leukocyte- leukocyte tethers are more tolerant to high shear than direct tethers to endothelial selectins and, like other L-selectin-mediated interactions, require a shear threshold. Synergism between leukocyte- leukocyte and leukocyte-endothelial interactions introduces novel regulatory mechanisms in recruitment of leukocytes in inflammation.     

Role of shear forces and adhesion molecule distribution on P-selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling in postcapillary venules

Rolling on the venular endothelium is a critical step in the recruitment of leukocytes during the inflammatory response. P-selectin is a key mediator of leukocyte rolling, which is an early event in the inflammatory cascade; this rolling is likely to be directly regulated by both local fluid shear forces and P-selectin site densities in the microvasculature. However, neither the spatial pattern of P-selectin expression in postcapillary venules nor the effect of local expression patterns on rolling behavior in intact functional venules is known. We investigated the influence of local shear forces and the spatial distribution of endothelial P-selectin in intact blood perfused post capillary venules in anesthetized mice using intravital confocal microscopy, high temporal resolution particle tracking, and immunofluorescent labeling. We demonstrated a shear-dependent increase in average leukocyte rolling velocity that was attributable to a shear-dependent increase in the occurrence of transient leukocyte detachments from the endothelial surface: translational velocity during leukocyte contact with the vessel wall remained constant. P-selectin expression was not different in venules with characteristically different shear rates or diameters but varied significantly within individual venules. In postcapillary venules, regions of high P-selectin expression correlated with regions of slow leukocyte rolling. Thus the characteristically variable leukocyte rolling in vivo is a function of the spatial heterogeneity in P-selectin expression. The study shows how the local hydrodynamic forces and the nonuniform pattern of P-selectin expression affect the behavior of interacting leukocytes, providing direct evidence for the local variation of adhesion molecule expression as a mechanism for the regulation of leukocyte recruitment.     

Molecular mechanisms underlying IL-4-induced leukocyte recruitment in vivo: a critical role for the alpha 4 integrin.

IL-4 is known to induce recruitment of eosinophils and mononuclear leukocytes. In vitro this occurs in part by selective expression of VCAM-1, the ligand for the alpha 4 integrin. The objective of this study was to determine the molecular mechanisms that underlie IL-4-induced leukocyte recruitment in vivo. Mice received an intrascrotal injection of IL-4 (100 ng). Twenty-four hours later, leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and emigration in cremasteric postcapillary venules were examined via intravital microscopy, and expression of VCAM-1 and P- and E-selectin was quantitated using a radiolabeled mAb technique. IL-4 increased VCAM-1 expression, but P-selectin and E-selectin remained at constitutive levels. IL-4 induced significant increases in leukocyte adhesion and emigration, with 50% of the emigrated cells being eosinophils and the remainder being mononuclear leukocytes. Leukocyte rolling in IL-4-treated mice was >95% inhibitable using an anti-P-selectin Ab. However, IL-4-induced leukocyte recruitment was unaltered in mice treated chronically with P-selectin Ab or mice deficient in either P-selectin or P- and E-selectin, suggesting that the residual rolling supported all of the IL-4-induced recruitment. In IL-4-treated mice following P-selectin blockade, tethering and rolling were not dependent on L-selectin, but were abolished by alpha 4 integrin blockade. These findings show that the alpha 4 integrin can initiate leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in the absence of selectins under shear conditions in vivo, and that the absence of selectins does not affect recruitment of eosinophils and mononuclear cells to IL-4-treated tissue.     

Characterization of glycoprotein ligands for P-selectin on a human small cell lung cancer cell line NCI-H345.

P-selectin (CD62P) is a cell adhesion molecule expressed on stimulated endothelial cells and on activated platelets. It interacts with PSGL-1 (P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1; CD162) on leukocytes and mediates recruitment of leukocytes during inflammation. P-selectin also binds to several types of cancer cells in vitro and facilitates growth and metastasis of colon carcinoma in vivo. Here we show that P-selectin, but not E-selectin, binds to NCI-H345 cells, a cell line derived from a human small cell lung cancer. EDTA or P7 (a leukocyte adhesion blocking mAb to P-selectin), but not PL5 (a leukocyte adhesion blocking mAb to PSGL-1), can inhibit this binding. P-selectin affinity chromatography can precipitate a approximately 110-kDa major band and a approximately 220-kDa minor band from [3H]-glucosamine-labeled NCI-H345 cells. No expression of PSGL-1 protein and mRNA can be detected in NCI-H345 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that NCI-H345 cells express glycoprotein ligands for P-selectin that are distinct from leukocyte PSGL-1.     

重组人P-选凝素及P-选凝素糖蛋白配基-1的表达与鉴定

P-选凝素表达于血管内皮细胞及血小板膜上,它可以与白细胞膜表面的P-选凝素糖蛋白配基-1(P-selectin glyco-protein ligand-1,PSGL-1)相互作用,在炎症过程中介导白细胞的滚动并启动随后的白细胞迁移级联过程.我们构建了重组人野生型可溶性P-选凝素及其钙离子结合位点突变体,同时构建了重组PSGL-1免疫球蛋白融合分子(PSGL-1-Rg),并应用昆虫杆状病毒表达系统在Sf9细胞中表达这些重组蛋白,最后用镍金属螯和柱或Protein A亲和柱予以纯化.结果显示,用该系统表达的P-选凝素或PSGL-1是有活性的,但是P-选凝素的4个钙离子结合位点突变体却没有活性.该研究证明了P-选凝素钙离子结合位点在其与配基相互作用中的重要性.