直播羊草在不同pH土壤环境下的生物学特性和生理反应

采用人工配制的不同pH梯度的碱化土进行盆栽试验,研究了直播羊草在不同pH土壤环境下的生物学特性和生理反应.结果表明:pH 8.50以下的弱碱性土壤环境有利于直播羊草的生长,但随着土壤pH的升高其分蘖和地上部生物量均呈下降趋势;当土壤pH达到9.78时,直播后第2年羊草总株数比对照(pH 7.15)降低了42.0%,地上部干质量比对照降低了74.1%.此外,在盐碱胁迫下,羊草地上部含水量、可溶性糖、叶绿素和K 含量亦呈下降趋势,Na 含量和叶片外渗液电导率显著升高,地上部K /Na 比值从对照的28.5下降到1.6(pH 9.78),说明较高的K 水平以及较高的K /Na 比值可能是羊草耐盐碱的重要生理机制.     

松嫩草地两种趋异型羊草克隆构型特征比较

This paper studied the clonal architecture of two divergent Leyrnus chinensis types (grey-green type and yellowgreen type) in Songnen grassland, and compared their internode length, spacer length, interbranching length, interbranching angle, and ramet population density and height under the same habitat. The results showed that there was no significant difference in these clonal characteristics except spacer length and ramet population density between the two types of L. chinensis, and yellow-green type, with less spacer length and more ramet density than grey-green type, should be more adaptable to the resourceful habitat. Moreover, the V-indices of the clonal architecture of two divergent L. chinensis types were all close to 1, and the difference was not significant. Therefore, both of the two types belonged to typical guerilla clonal plant.     

Genetic relationship in ecotypes of Leymus chinensis revealed by polymorphism of amplified DNA fragment lengths

Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel is a perennial grass in the tribe Gramineae and important forage in Northern China. Knowledge of its genetic diversity is a prerequisite for using modern breeding techniques. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was first used to evaluate the genetic relationship among and within three ecotypes. Distinct clusters were produced based on AFLP markers. All accessions from the same ecotype were grouped in a cluster except accessions 6. According to AFLP profile ecotype-specific bands differ from each other. The genetic differentiation within the ecotype of the species was much smaller than that among ecotypes. Self-incompatibility in this species contributes to evident genetic differentiation together with environment. These results indicate that ecotypes were distinguished visually similarly to genetic variation. Published in Russian in Fiziologiya Rastenii, 2006, Vol. 53, No. 5, pp. 764–770. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

羊草不同地理种群的同工酶研究

对我国从内蒙古到吉林的荒漠草原、典型草原、草甸草原、盐碱地草原的５个样点上羊草的６种同工酶进行了研究,通过聚类分析发现羊草种群随着地理生态环境的不同,在同工酶水平上发生着不同程度的种内分化．羊草在同工酶水平上的分化受多个环境因子的综合影响,而且与羊草耐寒性能存在一定的内在联系．     

松嫩平原两个生态型羊草种群生长机制

对松嫩平原两个生态型羊草种群生长机制进行了研究.结果表明,两个生态型羊草种群分株重与密度之间关系呈幂函数变化,方程中b值（-0.098～-0.272）大于-1.两个生态型羊草种群生物量、分株重随着密度、高度的增加而逐渐增加,它们之间的关系符合幂函数或直线变化规律,达到显著或极显著相关水平.两个生态型羊草种群生物量和分株重随密度和高度的变化速率在营养生长期内均最小.灰绿生态型的变化速率b（0.7872、0.0134）在营养生长期小于黄绿生态型（0.8793、0.0222）;到果后营养期,灰绿生态型（0.8048、0.0303）逐渐超过黄绿生态型（0.7796、0.0258）.两个生态型羊草种群在研究样地环境中未达到环境容纳量,两个生态型羊草种群在整个生育期内不断生长,具有相同的生长规律,且灰绿生态型羊草种群具有更强的生长潜力.     

内蒙古中东部不同草原地带羊草种群遗传分化

运用 RAPD技术对内蒙古不同草原地带分布的 5个羊草种群 (共 10 0个个体 )的遗传多样性进行分析。 31个随机引物(10 nt)在 5个羊草种群中共检测到 4 96个扩增片断 ,其中多态性片断 4 89个 ,总的多态位点百分率达 98.6 %。利用 Nei指数和Shannon指数估算了 5个种群的遗传多样性 ,并计算种群相似系数和遗传距离运用 UPGMA法进行聚类分析。结果表明 :无论是种群内还是种群间 ,羊草均存在较高的遗传变异 ,大部分的遗传变异存在于种群内 (Nei指数和 Shannon指数估算结果分别为 85 .4 %和 72 .5 % ) ,只有少部分的遗传变异存在于种群间 ;不同种群的遗传多样性存在差异 ,各种群的遗传多样性与其所处的地理位置具有显著的相关性 ;5个种群的平均遗传距离为 0 .5 0 95 ,变异范围为 0 .4 6 84～ 0 .5 4 76 ;聚类分析结果显示地理距离较近的种群遗传距离较小 ,首先聚在一起 ,而地理距离较远的种群遗传距离较大 ,说明羊草种群间的遗传分化与地理距离存在一定相关性 ;但地理距离最近的两个种群并未最先聚集 ,说明羊草种群间的分化还与其生境的异质性有关     

羊草草原不同退化阶段群落蒸散量比较

运用微型蒸渗仪法对重度、中度和无退化羊草草原群落的日蒸散量进行了测定,并对其与土壤含水量、日均气温、大气湿度等因子的相关关系进行了分析。结果表明:各群落的日蒸散量均随着生长季推移逐渐增大,于6月中旬至7月中旬达到最大,而后逐渐降低;表层土壤含水量和日均气温是影响群落日蒸散量的主要因子,这2个因子与群落日蒸散量的回归关系极显著;群落生长季的累积蒸散量随着羊草草原群落的退化程度加深逐渐降低,且该值均低于生长季累积降水量。     

羊草无性系构件在不同环境下的可塑性变化

对温室内栽培羊草,人为控制温度及光照强度的条件,观测无性系构件的生长与分化的结果表明,羊草的无性系构件生长存在明显的可塑性变化,长时间的低温显著抑制羊草根茎和无性小株的分化（Ｐ＜０．０５）,而对分蘖无明显抑制作用．遮荫显著抑制根茎和无性小株的分化（Ｐ＜０．０５）,但对分蘖的影响并不显著．羊草的这种生态适应特征有利于对环境变化的适应．     

羊草种群克隆分株之间光合产物的转移

羊草 (L eymuschinensis)是具有克隆生长习性的多年生根茎植物。其分株系统能存活 7a,其根茎甚至可在地上部分死亡后继续存活。羊草分株可分为 7个年龄 (AC) ,有 :AC0、AC1、AC2、AC3、AC4、AC5和 AC6 ;4个世代 ,即祖代开花分株世代 (G(1) )或祖代营养分株世代 (G1)、母代开花分株世代 (G(2 ) )或母代营养分株世代 (G2 )、当代开花分株世代 (G(3) )或当代营养分株世代 (G3)和子代营养分株世代 (G4 )。揭示了羊草克隆分株之间存在 3种光合产物的转移格局 ,它们是向项性转移、向基性转移和水平性转移。还观察到 ,不同类型分株可调节不同类型分株之间的光合产物转移量。对于向项性转移 ,光合产物主要输出到营养分株 (VR) ,以低转移速率输出到开花分株 (FR)。对于向基性转移 ,光合产物主要输出到 FR,而以低转移速率输出到 VR。对于水平性转移 ,该种转移出现在同一世代的姊妹分株 (SR)之间 ,在从 FR到 VR的转移或在从 VR到 FR的转移 ,转移速率较高 ,但在同种类型分株 (即从 FR到 FR或从 VR到 VR)之间的转移速率较低。幼嫩的 VR比同一世代的 FR能保留更多的光合产物     

扎龙自然保护区不同生境条件下羊草种群构件的年龄结构

对黑龙江国家级自然保护区扎龙湿地不同生境条件下羊草种群构件的年龄结构进行了研究。结果表明,在7月末羊草种群的腊熟期,3种生境种群分蘖株均由3个龄级组成,林间风沙土生境为1 080株.m-2,沙土生境为1 290株.m-2,草甸土生境为1 011株.m-2,均以1龄和2龄级分蘖株占绝对优势,3龄级分蘖株所占比例甚小,呈增长型年龄结构。根茎均由4个龄级组成,以沙土生境最多,累积长度为8 000 cm.m-2,草甸土生境最少,为6 948 cm.m-2,均呈增长型年龄结构。各生境根茎物质的储量随着龄级的升高而降低。芽均由4个龄级组成,其数量以草甸土生境最大,为2 279个.m-2,沙土生境次之为2 113个.m-2,林间风沙土生境最少为1 410个.m-2,均呈增长型年龄结构。     

羊草与灰色赖草F1代细胞悬浮系的建立及植株再生

本研究以羊草(L eym us ch inensis)与灰色赖草(L eym us cinereus)杂种F1代幼穗为外植体诱导愈伤组织,在3.0 m g/L 2,4-D M S培养基上继代1次后,转入不同浓度激素(2,4-D、IAA、KT)配比和不同浓度蔗糖的M S液体培养基进行振荡培养,建立杂种F1代细胞悬浮系和植株再生体系.结果表明,细胞悬浮培养时,M S 1.0 m g/L2,4-D 0.1 m g/L KT 4%蔗糖的液体培养基最佳;悬浮细胞分化时,1.0 m g/L 2,4-D 0.1 m g/L KT 4%蔗糖 M S和1.0 m g/L 2,4-D 4%蔗糖 M S培养的悬浮细胞在1.0 m g/L NAA 0.5 m g/L KT M S分化培养基上的绿苗分化率分别达到83%和80%.细胞悬浮系及再生体系的建立为杂种F1代育性恢复的研究奠定了基础.     

Anatomical and physiological plasticity in Leymus chinensis (Poaceae) along large-scale longitudinal gradient in northeast China

Background

Although it has been widely accepted that global changes will pose the most important constrains to plant survival and distribution, our knowledge of the adaptive mechanism for plant with large-scale environmental changes (e.g. drought and high temperature) remains limited.

Methodology/Principal findings

An experiment was conducted to examine anatomical and physiological plasticity in Leymus chinensis along a large-scale geographical gradient from 115° to 124°E in northeast China. Ten sites selected for plant sampling at the gradient have approximately theoretical radiation, but differ in precipitation and elevation. The significantly increasing in leaf thickness, leaf mass per area, vessel and vascular diameters, and decreasing in stoma density and stoma index exhibited more obvious xerophil-liked traits for the species from the moist meadow grassland sites in contrast to that from the dry steppe and desert sites. Significant increase in proline and soluble sugar accumulation, K⁺/Na⁺ for the species with the increasing of stresses along the gradient showed that osmotic adjustment was enhanced.

Conclusion/Significance

Obvious xerophytic anatomical traits and stronger osmotic adjustment in stress conditions suggested that the plants have much more anatomical and physiological flexibilities than those in non-stress habitats along the large-scale gradient.     

Relationships between soil nutrients and plant functional traits in different degradation stages of Leymus chinensis steppe in Nei Mongol,China

Aims Understanding ecological implications of plant functional traits is helpful in exploring community assembly under different environments of nature and human disturbances, and then to reveal the maintenance mechanism of the ecosystem services. By analyzing vegetation and soil data derived from field observations in Leymus chinensis steppe of Xilin River Basin in Nei Mongol, we aimed to explore the responses of plant functional traits to changing soil nutrients at different degradation stages. Methods We observed 69 plots for both plant community structure and soil attributes using quadrat and soil-drilling methods. Five plant functional traits, namely the specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N), leaf lignin content (LLC), and maximum height (MH), were measured for each plot. We also tested soil attributes, such as total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and organic carbon (OC). The sixty-nine communities were classified into four groups (undegraded L. chinensis + forbs, slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp., moderately degraded L. chinensis + Cleistogenes squarrosa, and heavily degraded L. chinensis + Artemisia frigida) using TWINSPAN software. The relationships between plant functional traits and soil nutrient variables were analyzed for the four community groups using the Pearson’s correlation test with SPSS 21.0 software. Important findings (1) The soil nutrients decreased with the grassland degradation process and there were significant differences in TN and TP between the undegraded L. chinensis + forbs and heavily degraded L. chinensis + A. frigida communities; (2) plant functional traits also showed strong differences between the degradation stages. MH and C:N decreased with degradation. A significant difference was observed in MH between the undegraded L. chinensis + forbs and slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp. communities. The difference in C:N was also significant between the undegraded L. chinensis + forbs and heavily degraded L. chinensis + A. frigida communities; (3) the effects of soil nutrients on plant functional traits changed with grassland degradation. AN was negatively correlated with MH, LLC, and C:N in the slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp. community. In the moderately degraded L. chinensis + C. squarrosa community, those three traits mentioned above showed significantly positive correlations with TP; (4) while analyzing the degraded grassland, different relationships between plant functional traits were found. In the slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp. community, LLC was positively correlated with all other traits. Moreover, positive correlations also occurred between C:N and MH, C:N and LDMC, and C:N and LLC. In the heavily degraded L. chinensis + A. frigida community, all traits demonstrated the most significantly positive correlations.     

不同地理种群羊草分子水平上生态型分化的研究

将来自内蒙古不同地区及吉林盐碱地的羊草（Ｌｅｙｍｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）种子同时栽培于校园,以５个样点（阿旗定位站、西乌旗、谢尔塔拉、吉林）的羊草幼叶为材料,选用２０个随机短引物（１００ｎｔ）进行了ＤＮＡ随机扩增,共计获得１００个多态性片段。所得ＲＡＰＤ数据利用自编的计算机软件进行聚类分析、构建分子进行树,结果表明：定位站和西乌旗遗传距离最近,应为同一生态型;而吉林和谢尔塔拉分属不同生态型;阿旗     

松嫩平原不同生境条件下羊草无性系的生长规律

通过对栽培条件下实验无性系的跟踪调查和对羊草草甸水淹后恢复演替过程中天然无性系种群的随机取样调查,分析了不同生境条件下羊草无性系的生长规律.结果表明,在松嫩平原具有充分生长空间而没有种间竞争的风沙土上,两个实验羊草无性系的移植时间相差1个月,翌年生长季末期无性系的大小相差近1倍,整个生长季营养繁殖数量的增长规律均为指数函数.在羊草草甸水淹后恢复演替6年中,在羊草+杂类草群落、羊草+寸草苔群落,羊草无性系种群营养繁殖数量的增长规律均为幂函数.在具有种间竞争的碱化草甸土上,羊草无性系在水淹后恢复演替过程中仍可以通过指数形式迅速地增加无性系的子代数量,同时也迅速地扩展着无性系的生态位空间.     

内蒙古羊草草原不同退化阶段土壤养分与植物功能性状的关系

深入认识植物功能性状的生态学含义, 对于阐明不同自然与人为干扰环境下的群落构建途径, 进一步揭示生态系统服务维持机制具有重要的理论意义。该文以内蒙古锡林河流域羊草(Leymus chinensis)草原不同退化演替阶段的群落为研究对象, 分析了土壤养分与植物功能性状的变化特征及两者之间的关系。结果表明: (1)退化导致土壤养分含量逐渐减少, 全氮和全磷在未退化的羊草+杂类草群落与严重退化的羊草+冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)群落之间差异显著; (2)随着退化演替的进程, 群落最大高度和叶片碳氮比减小, 群落最大高度在未退化的羊草+杂类草群落与轻度退化的羊草+针茅(Stipa sp.)群落之间差异显著, 碳氮比在未退化的羊草+杂类草群落与严重退化的羊草+冷蒿群落之间差异显著; (3)不同退化演替阶段的群落, 其土壤养分对植物功能性状的影响有所差异。在羊草+针茅群落, 速效氮与群落最大高度、叶片木质素含量和叶片碳氮比均呈显著负相关关系。而在羊草+糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)群落中, 上述3种植物功能性状则表现为均与全磷含量显著正相关; (4)群落植物功能性状之间的关系也因退化阶段不同而有所不同。在轻度退化的羊草+针茅群落中, 叶片木质素含量与其他4个功能性状显著正相关, 叶片碳氮比与群落最大高度、叶干物质含量、木质素含量呈显著正相关关系。在严重退化的羊草+冷蒿群落中, 所有性状均呈极显著正相关关系。表明植物通过功能性状的协调或组合, 以适应贫瘠的土壤环境。上述结果深化了对典型草原退化演替的认识, 对退化草地的恢复与保护具有一定的指导意义。     

QTL analysis of intraspecific differences between two Silene vulgaris ecotypes

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Serpentine soils provide a highly selective substrate for plant colonization and growth and represent an ideal system for studying the evolution of plant-ecotypes. In the present study the aim was to identify the genetic architecture of morphological traits distinguishing serpentine and non-serpentine ecotypes of Silene vulgaris. METHODS: Using an F(2) mapping population derived from an intraspecific cross between a serpentine and a non-serpentine ecotype of S. vulgaris, the genetic architecture of 12 morphological traits was explored using a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. KEY RESULTS: The QTL analysis identified a total of 49 QTLs, of which 24 were classified as major QTLs. The mean number of QTLs per trait category was found to correspond well with numbers reported in the literature for similar crosses. Clustering of QTLs for different traits was found on several linkage groups. CONCLUSIONS: Morphological traits that differentiate the two ecotypes are strongly correlated, presumably as a consequence of the joint effects of extensive linkage of QTLs for different traits and directional selection. The signature of consistent directional selection was found for leaf and shoot trait divergence. Intraspecific ecotype differences in S. vulgaris were found to be distributed across the entire genome. The study shows that QTL analyses on non-model organisms can provide novel insights into the genetic basis of plant diversification.     

不同生境条件下羊草种群无性系和有性生殖特征的比较研究

比较研究了东北草原不同生境条件下4个羊草种群无性系和有性生殖数量特征的差异,结果表明,由于各种群所处立地的资源差异(特别是土壤水分),导致各种群在无性系(包括营养枝和根茎芽密度)和有性生殖(生殖枝密度、生殖枝分化率、生殖贡献)等数量特征方面差异显著,尤其在低平原种群与沙丘种群之间最为显著.与沙丘种群相比,低平原种群营养枝平均密度高50%;根茎芽平均密度高30%以上;生殖枝密度平均值高200%以上.     

不同温度条件下土壤水分对羊草幼苗生长特性的影响

采用生长箱控制方法,研究了羊草幼苗生长对5个温度和5个水分梯度的响应。结果表明,不同温度改变了羊草生物量对土壤水分变化的响应类型。在20～26℃下羊草植株生物量对土壤水分的响应曲线呈三次多项式或抛物线变化规律,而在29～32℃下为指数方程。在温度较低或适度时,轻度乃至中度干旱有促进生长的作用,但在温度较高时轻度干旱及比其程度更高的干旱显著地影响羊草的生长,表明羊草在较高温度下对水分更加敏感。在适当的温度下(26℃),羊草根的贡献率或根冠比与土壤水分呈直线关系。高温加强了干旱对羊草幼苗生长的抑制作用,表明高温降低了羊草对干旱的适应能力。