苗期涝渍对黄淮地区夏玉米生长和产量的影响

以玉米品种"浚单20"为试验材料,采用盆栽方式,在4叶期分别设置持续淹水(3、5和7 d)和持续渍水(5、10和15 d)处理,研究苗期涝渍对夏玉米生长及产量的影响。结果表明:苗期连续淹水3 d以上或渍水15 d的产量显著降低;与对照相比,淹水3~7 d,产量下降58.8%~69.8%(P0.05);渍水15 d,产量下降47.8%(P0.05);淹水3~5 d以及渍水15 d导致产量下降的主要原因是穗粒数减少,而淹水7 d减产是穗粒数减少和千粒重下降共同作用的结果;产量相对损失率与淹水天数的回归分析表明苗期淹水应控制在1 d以内;涝渍胁迫显著降低了地上部分干物质质量,其后续影响与胁迫方式、涝渍天数和生育期有关;淹水显著降低了拔节期及以后各生育期的地上干物质质量(P0.05),而渍水对成熟期干物质重影响不显著(P0.05);淹水处理可显著降低穗部占地上部分干物质的比例,淹水3~7 d,收获指数下降48.7%~64.1%(P0.05)。由此可判断,玉米产量随涝渍时间的延长而减少,且淹水胁迫对产量的影响大于渍水。     

玉米耐渍功能基因组分析及相关基因Sicyp51的鉴定与克隆

选用耐渍性有明显差异的玉米自交系Mo17和Hz32, 对二叶一心期的幼苗进行淹水处理, 构建了这两个材料各自正向和反向的SSH(suppression subtractive hybridization)文库. 从SSH文库中筛选到105个阳性克隆; 利用处理及对照mRNA与Mo17全生育期cDNA芯片分别杂交, 得到57个3倍以上表达差异的克隆. 对所有162个克隆进行序列分析, 结果表明: 所有差异表达的克隆代表85个TUGs(tentative unique genes), 这些TUGs主要参与厌氧代谢、逆境自我保护、信号传导、细胞结构和能量代谢等生理生化途径, 同时还包括41个未知功能的cDNA, 说明玉米根系对淹水胁迫响应涉及到复杂的代谢反应. 对从Mo17和Hz32中筛选到的差异表达克隆进行比较分析发现, 在淹水条件下, 耐渍性不同的材料具有不同的耐渍相关基因的表达模式. 利用Northern及RT-PCR检测了部分阳性克隆的表达谱, 并克隆到一个与耐渍相关的新基因(Sicyp51).     

计算机模拟渍水时期及持续时间对春玉米生产及产量的影响

借助田间、水槽试验的结果结合Penning de Vries的MACROS模型建立玉米生长发育与水分动态耦合的模拟模型,通过验证后用于模拟不同渍水时期及持续时间对春玉米生长及产量影响的动态,模拟结果表明在田间全程控制水分为田间持水量90％以下,春玉米孕穗期为渍水危害的敏感期,其次为4－6叶期,在自然降水及土壤状况影响下,春玉米幼苗期4－6叶时为渍水的敏感期,8叶及孕穗期相对较耐渍,在玉米4、6叶期时,渍害造成产量下降的临界期为5天;而在8叶、孕穗期为10－15天,但持续20天的渍水对任何时期的春玉米生长都造成严重的影响,因此在生产中应注意在苗期及孕穗期及时排除田间多余的水分及降低地下水位。     

不同耐渍基因型芝麻在厌氧胁迫下根系的生理与结构变化

利用4种耐渍性不同的芝麻基因型,在厌氧胁迫条件下检测了根部无氧呼吸酶活性、内源乙烯含量并调查了根形态和解剖结构,以比较研究旱生植物耐渍性的主要机制。同时设计了田间分期多次淹水试验,观察早期淹水训练对芝麻生长和产量的影响。结果表明：耐渍种质的乙烯释放量在根中增加了6．06倍,茎中1．76倍,不定根数量增加了4．0～5．0倍,在初生根和不定根皮层形成典型的通气组织。非耐渍种质中未检测到乙烯变化,不定根数量增加了0．79～1．8倍,根中无明显的通气组织发生,但是乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)活性可增加4．2～9．3倍,高于耐渍种质。分期淹水试验以四对真叶期和初花期处理产量较高,与对照无显著差异,而终花期一次性淹水产量损失最大。综合分析认为,不定根增生和根皮层通气组织的形成是芝麻耐渍性的重要机制,根中内源乙烯的增加与结构适应变异有关。淹水训练能够有效地改善芝麻品种耐渍能力为结构适应提供了进一步的证据。     

涝渍胁迫对喜树幼苗形态和生理的影响

为了解喜树对涝渍土壤条件的适应性, 通过温室土培盆栽试验, 从形态和生理两方面探讨了涝渍胁迫对1年生喜树(Camptotheca acuminata)实生苗的影响, 试验分对照、轻度渍水、渍水和淹水等4个处理, 处理时间为 21 d。结果表明, 喜树根系生长以轻度渍水最好, 其次为对照, 而渍水和淹水的处理初生根系逐渐腐烂、死亡, 与之相对应, 轻度渍水处理的根系活力与对照无显著差异, 但渍水和淹水处理随着处理时间的延长逐渐下降, 同时观察到渍水和淹水的喜树茎在水面以下部位出现较多的皮孔。随着处理时间的延长, 轻度渍水处理喜树叶片内POD和SOD活性一直保持较高水平, 渍水和淹水处理则表现出先升高后下降的趋势, 各个处理叶片中O₂^-· 、H₂O₂和MDA含量有逐渐升高的趋势, 且各处理之间均表现为淹水>渍水>轻度淹水>对照。各处理根系LDH活性在处理前期较对照低, 而在处理的中后期, LDH活性均比对照高, 以渍水和淹水处理最高。因此, 喜树在轻度渍水条件下, 一方面由于皮孔和不定根的增多, 根系能够获得更多的氧气, 另一方面由于POD和SOD抗氧化酶活性的增强, 降低了O₂^-·和H₂O₂对细胞的伤害, 喜树能够在轻度渍水的立地上正常生长。     

细胞分裂素对渍水小麦衰老的影响

与土壤渍水同时向小麦地上部喷洒细胞分裂素类物质显著减轻了渍害,表现为叶绿素的降解及类脂过氧化产物丙二醛的积累均减慢。不同种类的细胞分裂素类物质减轻渍害的活性大小次序为:6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)>玉米素>6-呋喃氨基嘌呤,无生理活性的嘌呤类衍生物6-甲基嘌呤则没有减轻渍害的作用。地上部喷施IAA和GA_3不能延缓因渍水引起的衰老加速,ABA处理则有加重渍害趋势。 比较了经6-BA处理与不处理的植株在渍水时的乙烯产生和衰老出现的时间进程。未经6-BA处理的植株受渍3天时叶绿素含量明显下降,渍水诱导乙烯产生显著增加,约4天达到高峰。6-BA处理使植株叶绿素含量至少在受渍后5天内没有下降,而乙烯产生量大大地增加,高峰期同样也在受渍后4天。说明渍水引起乙烯增生和衰老加速是受渍小麦体内独立进行的两个过程,乙烯是衰老加速的促进剂,而不是触发这一过程的“板机”。 6-BA处理增加小麦幼苗乙烯产生是由于它提高了体内乙烯生物合成前体卜氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸的含量。     

渍水对四川小麦生理性状及产量的影响

采用二因素裂区设计,连续2年（2011-2012和2012-2013年）以川麦104和内麦836为对象,在小麦苗期、拔节期、孕穗期、开花期分别进行35 d的渍水处理,研究渍水对四川小麦生长和产量形成的影响.结果表明： 苗期渍水减产最大,减产10%～15%,随渍水时期的后移,对产量的影响减小.苗期渍水降低了第3～6叶SPAD值、单株分蘖力和单株成穗数,降低了有效穗数、花后干物质积累量和成熟期干物质量.拔节期渍水降低了第4～7叶SPAD值,孕穗期渍水降低了倒4、倒3、倒2叶SPAD值,拔节期和孕穗期渍水导致花后旗叶SPAD值下降,渐增期灌浆速率（R₁）和平均灌浆速率（R_mean）下降,千粒重下降.开花期渍水对产量影响较小.表明苗期渍水是四川稻茬小麦渍害临界期.     

涝渍胁迫对不同树种生长和能量代谢酶活性的影响

为了解涝渍条件下不同树种的耐涝性和适应性,通过田间模拟试验,分析了涝渍胁迫对1年生落羽杉、美国山核桃和乌桕实生苗生长及能量代谢酶的影响.试验分为对照、渍水和淹水3个处理,处理时间为60 d.结果表明：在渍水和淹水条件下,3种树种的相对生长率均表现为落羽杉>美国山核桃>乌桕,落羽杉耐涝性最强,乌桕耐涝性最弱.涝渍条件下,3种树种的根冠比显著增加,更多的光合产物被分配到根系.3树种乙醇脱氢酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性显著升高,其中耐涝性强的落羽杉增加幅度不大,但一直维持在较高水平;而乌桕和美国山核桃在处理初期增幅较大,在处理后期呈下降趋势.3种树种的苹果酸脱氢酶、磷酸己糖异构酶和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶-6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶的活性均低于对照,其中落羽杉降幅最低,淹水条件下分别下降35.6%、21.0%和22.7%.耐涝性强的树种能够通过自身的调节,维持各种能量代谢途径的强度,为树种在低氧条件下的生命活动提供能量,进而维持一定的生长量.     

在渍水前后的不同时期增加体内乙烯产生对小麦抗渍性的影响

加速衰老——渍害的主要表现,可以叶绿素含量的下降和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量的增加作为定量指标。在不同时期对小麦地上部喷施乙烯生物合成前体1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)或乙烯发生剂乙烯利以增加体内乙烯产生,发现渍水前10天喷施,使小麦生长受一定程度抑制,可显著提高抗渍性。在渍水前5天或渍水同时给予ACC,植株的叶绿素和丙二醛含量与未处理的受渍植株的含量无显著差异,而渍水5天再进行喷施时,则进一步加速叶绿素分解和丙二醛的积累,加重了渍害。此时期以ACC或乙烯利处理不渍水的对照植株,既不加速叶绿素分解,也不促进丙二醛累积,表明乙烯具有加速衰老的作用,但不是渍水启动衰老加速的内因。     

不同渍水时间对苗期和花期大豆生长及碳氮代谢的影响

以大豆品种南农99.6为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了苗期和花期渍水对大豆生长及碳氮代谢的影响.结果表明: 渍水显著抑制了大豆的生长,植株生物量、叶面积、叶片色素含量和光合速率均显著下降,而丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高;随着渍水时间的延长,各生理指标的变化幅度增大;渍水胁迫解除后有一定的恢复,渍水10 d处理后恢复能力较渍水20 d处理强.可溶性碳、氮物质及关键酶对渍水反应不同,可溶性糖含量以及叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶和蔗糖合成酶的活性上升,而可溶性蛋白含量下降.渍水对苗期大豆植株生物量、叶面积和MDA含量的影响比花期小.苗期和花期渍水时间越短,大豆受到的伤害越小,其恢复能力也越强.渍水时间在10 d内,大豆植株能够通过自身的调节逐渐恢复.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.