孤束核内微电泳NPY对压力感受性和化学感受性激活神经元放电的影响

本实验观察了孤束核（ＮＴＳ）内微电泳神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）对压力感受性刺激和化学感受性刺激反应神经元放电的影响。在６２个单位放电中,其中对微电泳ＮＰＹ表现兴奋反应３４个单位,１９个单位表现抑制反应,无反应单位９个。微电泳ＮＰＹ对压力感受性刺激呈兴奋反应的单位主要表现兴奋作用（１６／２１）,对抑制反应单位主要表现抑制作用（７／１１）,对化学感受性刺激的兴奋单位（８／１４）和抑制单位（５／９）均主要以兴奋为主。     

地塞米松对大鼠孤束核压力感受性神经元微电泳NA/NPY所致反应的影响

实验采用多管微电泳记录神经元胞外放电技术,观察地塞米松（Ｄｅｘ）、去甲肾上腺素（ＮＡ）及神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）对孤束核（ＮＴＳ）压力感受反射性神经元的作用,以及将这些神经元用Ｄｅｘ预处理后对ＮＡ／ＮＰＹ反应的变化。向ＮＴＳ内３８个压力感受神经元微电泳Ｄｅｘ后,压力感受兴奋性神经元主要表现为抑制（８／１９）,压力感受抑制性神经元则主要表现为兴奋（９／１９）。而电泳ＮＡ或ＮＰＹ,压力感受兴奋性神经性元以兴     

大鼠孤束核中神经肽Y样神经元与咽肌运动神经元的联系——PRV和…

用ＰＲＶ和ＰＹ免疫荧光双标记法研究了大鼠孤束核中ＮＰＹ样神经元对咽肌运动神经元的调控。ＰＲＶ注射大鼠咽肌后,在孤束核的中介记叙 中间亚核中可见许多ＰＲＶ和ＮＰＹ双标记细胞。首次证明了大鼠孤束核中的ＮＰＹ样神经元和咽肌运动神经元的联系。推测ＮＰＹ对咽肌运动的精确调控有关。     

孤束核内注NPY抗体对电刺激室旁核引起心血管反应的影响

本实验在乌拉坦麻醉的大鼠上进行。电刺激下丘脑室旁核（ＰＶＨ）使动脉血压升高,心率加快,并伴有瞳孔扩大,胡须抖动等交感反应。向孤束核（ＮＴＳ）微量注射神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）抗体后,电刺激ＰＶＨ引起的升压反应被阻断５３．８％,心率加快被阻断５７．１％,交感反应也被减弱。兴奋缰核（Ｈｂ）可对抗孤束核内注射ＮＰＹ抗体对室旁核引起的心血管反应的影响。结果提示：孤束核参与电刺激ＰＶＨ引起的心血管作用,其间有ＮＰＹ纤维的参与,同时证明Ｈｂ在其中起一定的作用。     

大鼠孤束核中神经肽Y样神经元与咽肌运动神经元的联系——PRV和NPY免疫荧光双标记法研究

用PRV和NPY免疫荧光双标记法研究了大鼠孤束核中NPY样神经元对咽肌运动神经元的调控。PRV注射大鼠咽肌后,在孤束核的中介亚核和中间亚核中可见许多PRV和NPY双标记细胞。首次证明了大鼠孤束核中的NPY样神经元和咽肌运动神经元的联系。推测NPY可能对咽肌运动的精确调控有关。     

猫颈动脉区压力和化学感受性刺激对孤束核自发放电的影响

对27只氯醛糖和氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉的猫观察了选择性激活颈动脉压力和化学感受器对孤束核(NTS)及其附近区域单位放电的影响。共记录到103个对颈动脉压力感受器激活(新福林1—2μg/kg,iv)和/或颈动脉化学感受器激活(尼古丁,5—20μg,注入甲状腺动脉)起反应的单位,其中81个位于NTS,在这些单位中,14个仅对化学感受器激活起反应(10个兴奋和4个抑制),44个以各种组合形式对化学和压力感受性刺激都起反应,23个仅对压力感受器刺激起反应(18个兴奋和5个抑制)。在定位分布上,对两种刺激都起反应的单位主要位于NTS尾部,仅对化学感受性刺激起反应的单位多位于NTS的腹外侧,其它有反应的单位分别位于舌下神经旁区,旁正中网状核和延髓腹侧尾端。这些结果表明,颈动脉区压力和化学感受器活动传入到NTS,并在其中的一些神经元上发生会聚。 在全部有反应的NTS单位中,68个对压力感受性刺激起反应,其中46个兴奋,21个抑制(P<0.005);58个对化学感受性刺激起反应,其中36个兴奋,22个抑制(P>0.05)。这些结果提示,化学感受性刺激对NTS神经元引起兴奋和抑制两种反应,而压力感受性刺激则诱发兴奋为主的反应。     

微电泳OMF和U-50488对大鼠孤束核呼吸相关单位电活动的影响

本工作用微电泳给予μ受体激动剂羟甲芬太尼(OMF)和κ受体激动剂U-50488,主要观察它们各自对大鼠孤束核呼吸相关单位自发放电的影响。 在44个呼吸相关单位中,微电泳给予OMF呈现压抑效应的21个,兴奋效应的7个,双相效应的5个,其余11个单位未见明显改变。在7个OMF产生压抑效应的单位中,有6个单位的压抑效应能被纳洛酮对抗。在3个OMF引起兴奋效应的单位中,有2个单位的兴奋效应能被纳洛酮对抗。 在45个呼吸相关单位中,微电泳U-50488呈压抑效应的15个,兴奋效应的5个,双相效应的3个,其余22个单位自发放电无明显改变。在9个U-50488产生压抑效应的单位中,有7个单位的压抑效应能被纳洛酮对抗。在2个U-50488产生兴奋效应的单位中,1个单位的兴奋效应能被纳洛酮对。在6个OMF产生压抑效应的单位中,4个单位能被U-50488对抗。结果提示OMF和U-50488产生的压抑、兴奋效应可能是由阿片受体介导的,并且可能是由不同亚型受体介导的。     

糖皮质激素在孤束核内对去甲肾上腺素/神经肽Y引起的心血管效应的影响及其机制

本研究观察了糖皮质激素自身在孤束核（ＮＴＳ）内的心血管效应,以及它在ＮＴＳ内对ＮＡＮＰＹ诱导的心血管活动变化的影响及机制。结果发现,大剂量地塞米松（Ｄｅｘ）在大鼠ＮＴＳ内能很快导致血压下降,血清中ＮＯ浓度升高。小剂量Ｄｅｘ在ＮＴＳ内能很快抑制ＮＡＮＰＹ在ＮＴＳ内诱导的心血管效应,并维持较长时间。表明Ｄｅｘ对ＮＡＮＰＹ在ＮＴＳ诱导的心血管效应的抑制作用可能有基因和非基因两种途径参与。进一步分析它的非基因机制发现这种快速抑制作用与胞内糖皮质激素受体无关,而是通过兴奋ＧＡＢＡＡ受体,降低减压反射;或者降低α２受体的敏感性,抑制ＮＯ的形成;或者直接作用于细胞膜上的离子通道以影响它们对ＮＡＮＰＹ的反应;从而抑制ＮＡＮＰＹ在ＮＴＳ内诱导的降压和心率减慢的效应     

Reaction of cell population of the rat nucleus tractus solitarius to disorders of carbohydrate metabolism]

Cell responses in disparate subnuclei of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) to experimental alloxan diabetes were studied using light microscopic morphometric methods. Histophysiological features in seven of fourteen cell divisions distinguished in the rat NTS, demonstrated their dependence on impaired carbohydrate metabolism. The data obtained are consistent with the hypothesis of the NTS involvement in the control of carbohydrate homeostasis.     

Effects of cholecystokinin-8s in the nucleus tractus solitarius of vagally deafferented rats

We have shown recently that cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8s) increases glutamate release from nerve terminals onto neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius pars centralis (cNTS). The effects of CCK on gastrointestinal-related functions have, however, been attributed almost exclusively to its paracrine action on vagal afferent fibers. Because it has been reported that systemic or perivagal capsaicin pretreatment abolishes the effects of CCK, the aim of the present work was to investigate the response of cNTS neurons to CCK-8s in vagally deafferented rats. In surgically deafferented rats, intraperitoneal administration of 1 or 3 mug/kg CCK-8s increased c-Fos expression in cNTS neurons (139 and 251% of control, respectively), suggesting that CCK-8s' effects are partially independent of vagal afferent fibers. Using whole cell patch-clamp techniques in thin brain stem slices, we observed that CCK-8s increased the frequency of spontaneous and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in 43% of the cNTS neurons via a presynaptic mechanism. In slices from deafferented rats, the percentage of cNTS neurons receiving glutamatergic inputs responding to CCK-8s decreased by approximately 50%, further suggesting that central terminals of vagal afferent fibers are not the sole site for the action of CCK-8s in the brain stem. Taken together, our data suggest that the sites of action of CCK-8s include the brain stem, and in cNTS, the actions of CCK-8s are not restricted to vagal central terminals but that nonvagal synapses are also involved.     

Cholecystokinin octapeptide immunoreactivity in the nucleus tractus solitarius of the cat

The nucleus tractus solitarius possessed distinct patterns of cholecystokinin immunoreactive fibers and cell bodies within its various subdivisions. The commissural, medial, intermediate, parvocellular, dorsolateral and interstitial subdivisions contained relatively dense amounts of CCK immunolabelled fibers. In contrast, CCK immunoreactivity within the ventrolateral subdivision consisted of a few scattered fibers and small neurons. The commissural, intermediate, medial, dorsolateral and parvocellular subdivisions contained CCK immunoreactive neurons following colchicine treatment. The presence of CCK in the NTS suggest that it may be involved as a neuromodulator and/or neurotransmitter in circuitry that mediate cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and taste functions.     

Glucocorticoids reduce responses to AMPA receptor activation and blockade in nucleus tractus solitarius

We tested the hypothesis that glucocorticoids attenuate changes in arterial pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in response to activation and blockade of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Experiments were performed in Inactin-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats treated for 7 +/- 1 days with a subcutaneous corticosterone (Cort) pellet or in control rats. Baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP) was significantly higher in Cort-treated rats (109 +/- 2 mmHg, n = 39) than in control rats (101 +/- 1 mmHg, n = 48, P < 0.05). In control rats, microinjection of AMPA (0.03, 0.1, and 0.3 pmol/100 nl) into the NTS significantly decreased MAP at all doses and decreased RSNA at 0.1 and 0.3 pmol/100 nl. Responses to AMPA in Cort-treated rats were attenuated at all doses of AMPA (P < 0.05). Responses to the AMPA-kainate receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) were also significantly reduced in Cort-treated rats relative to control rats. Blockade of glucocorticoid type II receptors with mifepristone significantly enhanced responses to CNQX in both control and Cort rats. We conclude that glucocorticoids attenuate MAP and RSNA responses to activation and blockade of AMPA receptors in the NTS.     

Substance P binding sites in the nucleus tractus solitarius of the cat

Substance P binding sites in the nucleus tractus solitarius were visualized with receptor autoradiography using Bolton-Hunter [¹²⁵I]substance P. Substance P binding sites were found to have distinct patterns within the cat nucleus tractus solitarius. The majority of substance P binding sites were present in the medial, intermediate and the peripheral rim of the parvocellular subdivisions. Lower amounts of substance P binding sites were present in the commissural, ventrolateral, interstitial and dorsolateral subdivisions. No substance P binding sites were present in the central region of the parvocellular subdivision or the solitary tract. The localization of substance P binding sites in the nucleus tractus solitarius is very similar to the patterns of substance P immunoreactive fibers previously described for this region. Results of this study add further support for a functional role of substance P in synaptic circuits of the nucleus tractus solitarius.     

外侧臂旁核神经元对穹窿下器逆向刺激和孤束核顺向剌激的反应

Single unit discharges were extracellularly recorded from the neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) and responses of the recorded units to antidromic stimulation of the subfornical organ (SFO) and to orthodromic stimulation of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) were observed in urethane-anesthetized rats. Following electrical stimulation of the SFO, 9.9% (51/151) of the LPBN units were antidromically activated. After activation of peripheral baroreceptors by raising arterial blood pressure with an intravenous injection of phenylephrine, 40.7% (22/54) of the LPBN units were inhibited and 27.8% (17/54) excited. Following orthodromic stimulation of the depressor area in the NTS, 55.6% (94/169) of the LPBN units showed an increase and 22.5% (38/169) a decrease in firing rates. Among the LPBN neurons antidromically activated by SFO stimulation, 2 units were inhibited by phenylephrine administrated i.v.; of the 8 units tested, when the NTS was stimulated, 6 were excited and 2 inhibited. The results suggest that the LPBN neurons may receive inhibitory or excitatory baroreceptive inputs from the NTS and then relay it directly to SFO.