自发性高血压大鼠血管α1肾上腺素受体亚型的改变

本工作在离体与整体条件下比较易卒中型自发性高血压(SHRSP)大鼠与WKY大鼠血管中α_1受体的两种亚型。在离体灌流的主动脉、肾动脉与肠系膜动脉,50μmol/L氯甲基可乐定(CEC)预温育30min可使α_1受体激动时引起的最大收缩张力在SHRSP与WKY大鼠分别降为对照时的31.4±8.3％与35.2±2.9％,68.4±8.2％与80.1±7.3％,68.4±6.3％与55.4±7.0％,两者间均无显著性差别。但10μmol/L硝苯吡啶对α_1受体收缩效应的阻断作用则在SHRSP大鼠大大超过WKY大鼠,最大收缩张力分别降为对照时的3.1±1.5％与56.5±4.8％(P<0.01),9.0±4.1％与23.6±3.5％(P<0.05),5.9±2.5％与28.0±0.8％(P<0.01)。整体动物实验也显示硝苯吡啶的降血压作用及对苯肾上腺素升血压效应的阻断作用在SHRSP大鼠都较WKY大鼠显著增强。离体主动脉a_1受体激动时的快速相与持续相收缩均主要由α_(1B)亚型激动引起,硝苯吡啶对快速相收缩的阻断作用在SHRSP与WKY大鼠无显著性差别,但对持续相收缩的阻断作用则在SHRSP大鼠显著强于WKY大鼠。上述结果提示SHRSP大鼠血管α_1受体两种亚型的分布没有显著改变,但α_(1B)受体激动时继发性细胞外Ca~(2+)进入的途径由非双氢吡啶敏感性钙通道转变为双氢吡啶敏感性钙通道。     

α1A-肾上腺素受体参与大鼠外周血压的调节

采用大鼠整体灌流模型,同时测定灌流大鼠后肢血管床灌流压和全身平均动脉压,通过动态观察,比较多种α_1-肾上腺素受体(α_1-AR)亚型选择性拮抗剂对两者影响的异同,初步探讨α_1-AR亚型在大鼠整体血压调节中的作用。结果表明:α_1-AR选择性拮抗剂(prazosin组13.5±3.6vs 15.1±4.3,n=11)和α_1-AR亚型选择性拮抗剂(5-mithyl-urapidil组2.4±0.9vs 3.7±2.3,n=12;RS-17053组3.2±1.6vs 4.4±3.3,n=12)均对正常大鼠苯肾上腺素引起后肢血管床升压反应曲线和平均动脉压升压反应曲线的右移程度(dose ratio,Dr)无明显影响,α_1-AR亚型选择性拮抗剂(BMY 7378组1.9±0.9vs 2.2±0.8,n=8)对正常大鼠两者苯肾上腺素加压反应也无差别;自发性高血压大鼠(RS-17053组3.4±0.6vs 4.3±0.9,n=5;BMY 7378组1.7±0.5vs 1.7±0.5,n=8)的反应同正常大鼠相似。提示介导苯肾上腺素引起麻醉大鼠全身动脉加压效应的α_1-AR与引起大鼠后肢血管床收缩的α_1-AR可能是同一种亚型,即α_1-AR。     

α1A-肾上腺素受体参与大鼠外周血压的调节

采用大鼠整体灌流模型, 同时测定灌流大鼠后肢血管床灌流压和全身平均动脉压, 通过动态观察, 比较多种α₁--肾上腺素受体(α₁-AR)亚型选择性拮抗剂对两者影响的异同, 初步探讨α₁-AR亚型在大鼠整体血压调节中的作用. 结果表明: α₁-AR选择性拮抗剂(prazosin组13.5±3.6 vs 15.1±4.3, n = 11)和α_1A-AR亚型选择性拮抗剂(5-methyl-urapidil组2.4±0.9 vs 3.7±2.3, n = 12; RS-17053组3.2±1.6 vs 4.4±3.3, n = 12)均对正常大鼠苯肾上腺素引起后肢血管床升压反应曲线和平均动脉压升压反应曲线的右移程度(dose ratio, Dr)无明显影响, α_1D-AR亚型选择性拮抗剂(BMY 7378组1.9±0.9 vs 2.2±0.8, n = 8)对正常大鼠两者苯肾上腺素加压反应也无差别; 自发性高血压大鼠(RS-17053组3.4±0.6 vs 4.3±0.9, n = 5; BMY 7378组1.7±0.5 vs 1.7±0.5, n = 8)的反应同正常大鼠相似. 提示介导苯肾上腺素引起麻醉大鼠全身动脉加压效应的α₁-AR 与引起大鼠后肢血管床收缩的α_1A-AR可能是同一种亚型, 即α_1A-AR.     

区域性血管床对局部注射胍丁胺的不同反应

在66只麻醉大鼠,分别采用后肢、肾脏和肠系膜动脉在体恒流灌注法,观察了向灌注环路中直接注射胍丁胺（agmatine,AGM）的血管效应,以所引起的灌流压增减反映血管的收缩和舒张。所得结果如下：（1）不同剂量的AGM（0.1、0.5、1mg/kg）注射于股部灌注环路时,可剂量依赖性地增高后肢血管的灌流压。无论预先注射咪唑啉受体(imidazoline receptor,IR）和α2－肾上腺素能受体阻断剂（α2－adrenergic receptor,α2－AR）idazoxan(0.5mg/kg）或注射α2-肾上腺素能受体阻断剂yohimbine(1mg/kg）均可完全阻抑上述AGM的效应。（2）向肾血管灌注环路中直接注射AGM也可剂量依赖性地增高肾血管的灌流压,需特别指出的是：大剂量AGM（1mg/mg）引起肾血管双相的灌注压增高,此效应可被idazoxan完全阻断。而在预先应用yohimbine后,再注射AGM则引起肾血管灌流压降低。（3）在肠系膜血管灌流环路中注射AGM可剂量依赖性地降低其灌流压。此效应可被idazoxan(0.5mg/kg）完全阻断,而yohimbine(1mg/kg）对此无作用。根据上述结果得出的结论是,AGM对后肢、肾脏和肠系膜血管床的血管紧张性具有不同的作用。     

缺氧与复氧对不同血管α_1肾上腺素受体收缩效应的影响

本实验观察离体大鼠肾动脉(含α_(1V)亚型)、主动脉(含α_(1B)亚型)和肺动脉(含α_(1V)和α_(1B)亚型)在缺氧与复氧时由α_1肾上腺素受体激动所致收缩效应的改变。结果显示肾动脉在缺氧时pD值增大,最大收缩效应降低,复氧时pD值恢复;主动脉在缺氧时pD值减小,最大收缩效应不变,复氧时pD值不恢复:而肺动脉的改变为上述两者的综合。提示σ_1受体不同亚型在缺氧与复氧时发生的变化不同,这可能是不同血管对缺氧、复氧反应不同的机制之一。     

糖尿病合并高血压大鼠心脏α1肾上腺素受体的变化

目的:探讨糖尿病合并高血压大鼠心脏α1肾上腺素受体(α1-AR)及其三种亚型的变化规律和可能的意义。方法:用Wistar雄性大鼠建立糖尿病合并高血压模型,放射配体结合实验和离体左心房收缩功能实验等方法观察心脏α1肾上腺素受体(α1-AR)及其三种亚型的改变。结果:与正常对照大鼠相比,糖尿病合并高血压大鼠心脏α1-AR最大结合容量(Bmax)显著增加(P<0.05),且α1A-AR和α1D-AR均增加。糖尿病合并高血压大鼠左心房α1-AR介导的最大收缩反应较对照组降低41%(P<0.05),pD2值不变。α1-AR亚型选择性拮抗剂5-MU、spiperon和BMY7378拮抗NE正性变力效应的pA2值不变。结论:糖尿病合并高血压大鼠心脏α1-AR介导的最大收缩反应的降低,其主要与受体后信号转导效应减弱有关,其中以α1A-AR和α1D-AR尤为显著。     

去甲肾上腺素对蟾蜍背根神经节细胞α-肾上腺素能受体的作用

在蟾蜍离体灌流背根神经节(DRG)标本上,用微电极进行细胞内记录。在51个细胞中A型神经元为46个,C型5个。此两类细胞的静息膜电位为60.06±1.34mV(x±SE)。当灌流液中滴加10~(-4)-10~(-3)mol/L去甲肾上腺素(NA)引起如下的膜电位改变:(1)超极化:幅值8.38±1.12mV(x±SE)(20/48);(2)去极化:幅值9.39±1.24mV(x±SE)(23/48);(3)无反应(5/48)。上述膜电位改变既不能由灌流液中滴加异丙基肾上腺素所拟似,也不能为心得安所阻断,因而排除了β-肾上腺能受体介导的可能性。加苯肾上腺素及可乐宁于灌流液,分别产生膜的去极化和超极化,而应用哌唑唪及育亨宾灌流,则分别阻断NA引起的膜去极化和超极化。因此认为:NA引起的DRG神经元的去极化和超极化反应分别是由胞体膜上之α_1-及α_2-肾上腺素能受体所介导的。     

大鼠左心房α1受体及其亚型对β受体正性变力效应的影响

本文用放射配体结合实验研究了α１－肾上腺素受体（α１－ＡＲ）及亚型在大鼠左心房的分布。结果表明,大鼠左心房α１－ＡＲ有α１Ａ与α１Ｂ两种亚型,α１Ａ亚型约占１／３,α１Ｂ亚型占２／３。离体灌流左心房功能实验结果表明,α１－ＡＲ不同亚型对β肾上腺素受体（β－ＡＲ）所介导的正性变力反应具有不同性质的协同作用。当酚妥拉明１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ同时阻断α１Ａ与α１Ｂ亚型时,ＮＥ（同时激动α１－与β－ＡＲ）的剂量－收缩效应曲线显著左移,当用ＣＥＣ２０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ预处理以阻断α１Ｂ亚型时,ＮＥ的剂量－收缩效应曲线则显著右移,而用ＷＢ４１０１１ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ阻断α１Ａ亚型后,ＮＥ的剂量－收缩效应曲线出现左移;此外,当用苯肾上腺素激动α１－ＡＲ时,异丙肾上腺素的剂量－收缩效应曲线亦显著右移。提示α１Ａ亚型可抑制β－ＡＲ介导的正性变力效应,而α１Ｂ亚型则可增强β－ＡＲ所介导的反应,但当α１－ＡＲ的上述两种亚型同时激动时,则以α１Ａ亚型的调节作用为主。     

α_1肾上腺素受体可分为两种亚型

北京医科大学附属第三医院心血管研究室韩启德在美国访问和工作期间,与美国学者合作,采用受体结合实验与生理、药理和生化等功能实验相结合的方法,从多种途径对α_1肾上腺素受体亚型问题进行了深入的研究,发现:(1)在受体结合实验中,将细胞膜标本与10μmol/L chlorethyl clonidine(CEC,一种不可逆性α_1受体拮抗剂)预孵育10min,使与~(125)I-BE 2254(IBE)特异性结合的位点在大鼠肝和脾几乎全部丧失,而在海马回、输精管、尾动脉、肾、大脑皮层和心脏则只丧失41～65%。在大鼠离体脾和输精管的功能性实验中,将组织与100μmol/L CEC预孵育30min,使去甲肾上腺素(NE)引起脾收缩的敏感性和     

中枢去甲肾上腺素和内阿片肽系统对苯二氮受体反相激动剂DMCM致焦虑作用的影响

在大鼠条件反射性惊恐反应致焦虑模型上,中枢苯二氮(艹卓)(BZD)受体激动剂安定,可使冲突惊恐反应期(PP)的操作数目显著增加,BZD受体反相激动剂DMCM则显著减少PP的操作数目;DMCM的这一作用,可分别为中枢BZD受体拮抗剂Ro 15-1788,GABA A型受体激动剂蝇蕈醇、阿片受体拮抗剂环丙甲羟二氢吗啡酮和中枢去甲肾上腺素能(NA)突触前α_2受体激动剂可乐定所阻断。结果表明,中枢阿片肽和NA系统共同参与BZD受体反相激动剂DMCM的致焦虑作用。     

Evidence against the role of alpha 1-adrenoceptor reserve in buffering the inhibitory effect of nifedipine on the contractility of canine vascular smooth muscle

The relationship between the postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptor reserve and the sensitivity of vasoconstriction induced by alpha-adrenoceptor agonists to the dihydropyridine Ca2+ entry blocker nifedipine was investigated in isolated muscle strips of dog mesenteric artery (DMA) and saphenous vein (DSV). The amplitudes of the contractile responses of DMA induced by phenylephrine were the same as those in DSV in the presence and in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. The use of 3 x 10(-9) M phenoxybenzamine to irreversibly block the alpha 1-adrenoceptors revealed a marked difference in the size of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor reserve between DMA (40%) and DSV (7%). In spite of a larger receptor reserve, the contractile responses induced by phenylephrine in DMA were more sensitive to nifedipine compared with those in DSV. These results suggest that the postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptor reserve in vascular smooth muscle, at least in DMA and DSV, does not play an important role in buffering the inhibitory effect of nifedipine on the contractile response to a full agonist of alpha 1-adrenoceptors. Other factors, such as the difference in the membrane depolarizing effect, the ability to utilize intracellular Ca2+ for contraction, and the possible existence of alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes, may contribute to the different inhibitory effects of nifedipine on these blood vessels.     

Release of prostaglandins by the mesenteric artery of the renovascular and spontaneously hypertensive rat

The release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha), the stable metabolite of prostacyclin (PGI2), by the perfused mesenteric arteries of renal and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have been measured. Unstimulated mesenteric arteries from two-kidney one-clip hypertensive rats (2K-1C) released 1.6 times as much PGE2 and 2.7 times as much 6-keto-PGF1 alpha as those of control rats. The release of PGE2 by mesenteric arteries from one-kidney one-clip hypertensive rats (1K-1C) was not significantly different from that of uninephrectomized normotensive rats, but the release of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was 3.5 times higher in the former than in the latter. Norepinephrine (NE) induced a dose-related increase in perfusion pressure, in PGE2, and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha release in all four groups. However, its effect on the release of PGE2 was more pronounced in 2K-1C than in sham-operated rats. There was no difference between 1K-1C and the uninephrectomized group. The effect of NE on the release of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was significantly higher for both renal hypertensive groups. These results indicate that the release of PGE2 is more dependent on the loss of renal mass than on hypertension, while the reverse applies to the release of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. Unstimulated mesenteric arteries from SHR released less PGE2 and less 6-keto-PGF1 alpha than those of Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats (WKY), but the release was not significantly different from Wistar rats. Under NE stimulation, WKY mesenteric arteries showed almost no increase in release of PGs. Compared with those of Wistar rats, SHR mesenteric arteries showed a greater pressor response to NE, a lower PGE2 release, and the same release of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. These findings reveal the difficulty of selecting an appropriate control group in studies involving SHR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The alpha adrenoceptors on endothelial cells

Endothelial cells release a powerful factor (endothelium-derived relaxing factor [EDRF]) that relaxes smooth muscle cells in response to some vasodilating agents such as acetylcholine. Contraction curves to norepinephrine (NE) in greyhound, mongrel dog, and pig coronary artery rings were studied in vitro in the presence of propranolol. Removal of endothelium increased the sensitivity and maximum contraction in response to NE. In other experiments pig coronary rings were precontracted with a thromboxane mimetic U 46619 in the presence of propranolol. NE relaxed these arteries only if endothelium was present. Methoxamine was without effect but the relaxation response to NE was antagonized by phentolamine, idazoxan, and yohimbine, which suggests that there are alpha 2 adrenoceptors on endothelial cells that mediate the release of EDRF. Greyhound and mongrel dog large coronary arteries relaxed to NE only if prazosin was present, which suggests that alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulation on the vascular smooth muscle can override the relaxation response to EDRF. Comparison of NE responses in carotid, mesenteric, renal, and femoral large arteries of the pig, greyhound, and mongrel dog indicate the nonuniformity of distribution of alpha 2 adrenoceptors on endothelium and alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle. The integrity of the endothelium must now be considered in interpreting the vascular responses to alpha-adrenoceptor agonists.     

Vascular responses to agonists in rat mesenteric artery from diabetic rats

The effect of diabetes on vascular smooth muscle function was investigated in the muscular arteries from spontaneously and chemically induced diabetic rats. Isolated ring segments of superior mesenteric arteries from BB diabetic and streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats (12 weeks after onset of diabetes) were used for isometric tension studies. Contractile responses to alpha-adrenoceptor agonists (norepinephrine, methoxamine, phenylephrine, B-HT 920, guanabenz, SKF 89748-A), serotonin, and K+ were significantly higher in STZ-diabetic rat arteries as compared with the controls. In spontaneously diabetic rat arteries only the contractile responses to the putatively selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists, K+ and prostaglandin E1, were significantly increased. pD2 values of the agonists in both groups of diabetic arteries were not significantly different from the respective controls. Nifedipine inhibited all contractile responses in a dose-dependent fashion. The responses to K+ and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists were attenuated to a greater extent by nifedipine in both groups of diabetic blood vessels. The calcium channel activator, BAY K 8644, produced a twofold increase in force of contraction in streptozotocin-diabetic and spontaneously diabetic rat arteries as compared with the responses in their respective controls. These results suggest caution in extrapolating all the findings from the streptozocin-induced diabetic model to the spontaneously diabetic model. However, increased activity of calcium channels in vascular muscle cells in both groups of diabetics may be responsible, at least in part, for the increased vascular contractility in diabetes mellitus.     

Tempol improves vascular function in the mesenteric vascular bed of senescent rats

Ageing is associated with structural and functional alterations of the vasculature. The nature of age-related vascular disorders is not completely understood. Oxidative stress is hypothesized to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of vascular complications. We investigated the effects of chronic treatment with the superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinoxyl) on vascular function in the mesenteric vasculature of aged rats. Young (3 weeks) and old (40 weeks) Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with tempol (1 mM in drinking water) or vehicle for 3 weeks. Arterial blood pressure was slightly, but significantly, higher in old than in young rats. Tempol had no effect on arterial blood pressure. The vasoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) were exaggerated in the mesenteric vascular bed (MVB) removed from old rats. Vasodilator responses to acetylcholine (ACh), papaverine (PPV), and isoprenaline (ISO) were reduced in the MVB of old rats in comparison with young rats. Chronic treatment of old rats with tempol normalized their responses to NE and 5-HT. The dilator responses to ACh, PPV, and ISO were similar between old rats receiving tempol and young rats. The present findings suggest that oxidative stress contributes to vascular dysfunction in the mesentery of old rats. The vasculoprotective effects of tempol remain to be elucidated.     

Impaired function of alpha2-adrenergic autoreceptors on sympathetic nerves associated with mesenteric arteries and veins in DOCA-salt hypertension

The present study tested the hypothesis that there is impaired function of alpha(2)-adrenergic autoreceptors and increased transmitter release from sympathetic nerves associated with mesenteric arteries and veins from DOCA-salt rats. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure the overflow of ATP and norepinephrine (NE) from electrically stimulated mesenteric artery and vein preparations in vitro. In sham arteries, nerve stimulation evoked a 1.5-fold increase in NE release, whereas in DOCA-salt arteries there was a 3.9-fold increase in NE release over basal levels (P < 0.05). In contrast, stimulated ATP release was not different in DOCA-salt arteries compared with sham arteries. In sham veins, nerve stimulation evoked a 2.9-fold increase in NE release, whereas in DOCA-salt veins there was a 8.4-fold increase in NE release over basal levels (P < 0.05). In sham rats NE release, normalized to basal levels, was greater in veins than in arteries (P < 0.05). The alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine (1 microM) increased ATP and NE release in sham but not DOCA-salt arteries. The alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor agonist UK-14304 (10 microM) decreased ATP release in sham but not DOCA-salt arteries. In sham veins, UK-14304 decreased, but yohimbine increased, NE release; effects that were not observed in DOCA-salt veins. These data show that nerve stimulation causes a greater increase in NE release from nerves associated with veins compared with arteries. In addition, impairment of alpha(2)-adrenergic autoreceptor function in sympathetic nerves associated with arteries and veins from DOCA-salt rats results in increased NE release.     

Effects of temperature on alpha adrenoceptors in limb veins: role of receptor reserve

In cutaneous veins of the dog, cooling augments the response to sympathetic nerve stimulation and exogenous norepinephrine (NE). The postjunctional alpha adrenoceptors in this blood vessel belong to both the alpha 1 and alpha 2 subtypes. Cooling augments alpha 2-adrenergic responses (presumably because of an increased receptor affinity), but depresses alpha 1-adrenergic responses (presumably because of a direct inhibitory effect on the contractile process). When agonists of high efficacy such as NE or phenylephrine are used, an alpha 1-adrenoceptor reserve is present that buffers the response from the inhibitory effect of cooling. This allows the potentiating effect of cold on the alpha 2-adrenergic component of the response to catecholamines to predominate, and the contractile response to exogenous NE and sympathetic nerve stimulation is augmented. By contrast, in deep veins of the limb, cold reduces the contractions evoked by alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic activation. This can be explained best by the absence of a receptor reserve for alpha 1-adrenergic agonists of high efficacy, combined with a reduced density of postjunctional alpha 2 adrenoceptors.     

Enhanced neurally evoked responses and inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake in rat mesenteric arteries after spinal transection

In patients with high thoracic spinal lesions that remove most of the central drive to splanchnic preganglionic neurons, visceral or nociceptive stimuli below the lesion can provoke large increases in blood pressure (autonomic dysreflexia). We have examined the effects of T4 spinal transection on isometric contractions of mesenteric arteries isolated from spinalized rats. Nerve-evoked contractions involved synergistic roles for norepinephrine and ATP. At 7 wk after spinal transection, responses to perivascular stimulation at 1-5 Hz were enhanced fivefold, whereas the alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (10 nM) produced a twofold larger reduction in contraction (to 20 pulses at 10 Hz) than in unoperated controls. In contrast, the reduction in nerve-evoked contractions by the P2-purinoceptor antagonist suramin (0.1 mM) and the responses to the P2-purinoceptor agonist alpha,beta-methylene ATP or to high K+ concentration did not greatly differ between groups, indicating that arteries from spinalized rats were not generally hyperreactive. Sensitivity to the alpha1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine was enhanced in arteries from spinalized rats, and the difference from controls was abolished by the norepinephrine uptake blocker desmethylimipramine. Sensitivity to the alpha1-adrenoceptor agonist methoxamine, which is not a substrate for the neuronal norepinephrine transporter, was similar among the groups. Thus the increased neurally evoked response after spinal transection appeared to be due to a reduction in neuronal uptake of released norepinephrine, a mechanism that did not explain the enhanced response of tail arteries after spinal transection that we previously reported. The findings provide further support for potentiated neurovascular responses contributing to the genesis of autonomic dysreflexia.