棘胸蛙人工授精试验

1988—1989年利用雄蛙活体取精、雌蛙活体挤卵的试验,对棘胸蛙卵子实行人工授精37次,成功率达100％。卵子受精率和孵化率达90％以上。不仅改变了传统的杀蛙取精方法,而且探索了棘胸蛙人工授精及受卵的孵化技术。通过试验得知,秋后对棘胸蛙注射蛙脑垂体液进行人工催产和授精的效果是极差的,不宜采用。     

饰纹姬蛙求偶鸣声特征分析

2012年5月,用SX950录音笔和Praat声音分析软件对浙江丽水繁殖季节饰纹姬蛙(Microhyla ornata)求偶鸣声进行录制和特征分析.结果表明,饰纹姬蛙发出的求偶鸣声具有单一谐波鸣声结构、多脉冲(7、9～16)及纺锤形振幅等特征;所有鸣声主频率范围为1.22～4.09 kHz (n=233),且由不同脉冲数组成的鸣声主频率平均值几近相等;叫声时程随脉冲数的增加而增大,脉冲时程在不同脉冲数鸣声中的大小几近相等,但最后一个脉冲的时程大小≤其他脉冲;脉冲间隔与叫声时程则刚好相反,即叫声时程越短,脉冲间隔就越大.在7个脉冲的鸣声中,其脉冲间隔最大,脉冲率最小;而在16个脉冲的鸣声中,脉冲间隔则最小,脉冲率最大.除7个脉冲和16个脉冲鸣声的脉冲率分别与其他鸣声存在显著性差异以外,随着叫声时程和脉冲数的增加,脉冲率也出现相应变化.在声强方面,除16个脉冲鸣声与其余所有的脉冲鸣声出现显著性差异以外,其他脉冲鸣声之间的两两比较差异不显著.丽水种群与其他5个地理种群(杭州、宣城、Kamoor、Bajipe和Padil)的鸣声特征比较显示饰纹姬蛙在不同地理种群的鸣声结构相似,而鸣声主频率、叫声时程、脉冲时程及脉冲率等在6个地理种群种均出现不同程度的差异.了解不同物种的声信号特征有助于更好地理解动物通讯行为及其进化特点.     

棘胸蛙养殖

棘胸蛙（ＲａｎａＳｐｉｎｏｓａＤａｖｉｅｌ）又名石林鸡、棘蛙、石鸡、坑蛙、山鸡、石蛙。属两栖纲无尾目蛙科蛙属。分布在我国四川、贵州、安徽、浙江、福建、江西、湖北、湖南、云南、广东、广西和台湾等省。多生活在海拔１５０～１０００ｍ,以阔叶林或针阔混交林覆...     

双团棘胸蛙与棘腹蛙酯酶同工酶的比较研究

采用垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对六盘水境内的双团棘胸蛙Paa yunnanensis与棘腹蛙P.boulengeri的肝、肠、胃、肺等4种组织中的酯酶(EST)同工酶进行了研究.结果 显示:两种蛙酯酶同工酶共有10条带,其中双团棘胸蛙EST同工酶有9条带,棘腹蛙EST同工酶有7条带,两种蛙EST同工酶存在较大的种间差异,同种蛙不同组织的酯酶(EST)同工酶迁移率、表达强度也不同.双团棘胸蛙酯酶同工酶酶谱较棘腹蛙的复杂.     

棘胸蛙的性腺分化及温度对其性别决定的影响

单性养殖在棘胸蛙(Quasipaa spinosa)养殖中意义显著。为了了解棘胸蛙性腺分化,并探讨在不同的培育温度条件下性腺分化的差异。通过组织切片观察了棘胸蛙原始性腺的形成和性腺分化。棘胸蛙的性腺分化有其特殊性:生殖嵴形成时,其中既有体细胞,又有原始生殖细胞(PGCs);无论原始性腺是分化成为精巢还是卵巢,其中都出现一个带有单层扁平上皮初生性腔,当单层扁平上皮逐渐消失后形成次生性腔。性腔周围的PGCs开始长大2—3倍时,性腺将分化成为卵巢;体细胞渗入性腔中,使腔隙变小直至消失,这种原始性腺分化成为精巢。棘胸蛙蝌蚪孵化后的l7—80 d(Gosner 25—26期)为性腺分化的敏感时期。实验选取同一批次刚孵出蝌蚪(Gosner 24期),分别用不同水温(16±1)℃、(27±1)℃、(31±1)℃3组实验组及自然水温(23±1)℃对照组条件下的培育蝌蚪。结果显示,对照组的雌、雄性比为26∶24,雄性率接近50%;(16±1)℃实验组的雌、雄比例为33∶17,雄性率仅34%(P0.05);从(27±1)℃实验组起,雄性率提高,(31±1)℃实验组的雄性率达70%(P0.05)。棘胸蛙的性别分化属于温度依赖型性决定(TSD)。较高的培育温度可使棘胸蛙蝌蚪性别分化趋向雄性,而较低的培育温度则使蝌蚪雌性化。     

同一噪音环境下武夷湍蛙与凹耳蛙的求偶鸣声特征比较及其适应策略

为了解同域分布的两种无尾两栖类动物武夷湍蛙(Amolops wuyiensis)和凹耳蛙(Odorrana tormotus)在高噪音环境下的求偶鸣声特征及其适应策略,该研究利用超声录音设备录制并分析了繁殖季节武夷湍蛙和凹耳蛙雄性个体在同一噪音环境下的求偶鸣声。结果显示,繁殖期武夷湍蛙在不同时段均能发出3~6个音节数不等的单一鸣声,每个音节由2~10个声脉冲组成,鸣声平均持续时间为2198.20ms,主频为2231.90Hz,信噪声强差为33.00dB,且鸣声不含超声组分,不具备超声通讯的基础。凹耳蛙在每天的18:00—21:00有集中鸣叫行为,鸣声平均持续时间为331.80ms,主频为6665.50Hz,信噪声强差为37.00dB,且鸣声谐波包含超声组分,与前人描述一致。经进一步分析发现,武夷湍蛙和凹耳蛙的鸣声主频和声强均高于背景噪音,噪音不会对其鸣声产生掩蔽作用。通过比较分析得知,武夷湍蛙鸣声主频率<凹耳蛙,推测其声信号传播距离相对后者更远,该蛙在噪音环境下有可能通过调整自身的发声策略(即采用多音节鸣叫声、增加鸣叫时长和鸣叫频次等)来完成种内通讯,并通过改变鸣声时长来体现雄性自身的品质,以便提高对雌性的吸引力。而相同噪音环境下的凹耳蛙则可能采用较为节约能量的方式提高声信号频率的通讯策略,完成种内竞争和交流。     

棘胸蛙营养成分的分析

介绍了棘胸蛙的生物学特性及繁殖饲养要求,并报道其营养成分的分析结果。     

人工驯养棘胸蛙的繁殖研究

在历时三年人工驯养棘胸蛙的繁殖研究中发现,静水或水势平缓的水域内,棘胸蛙不能繁殖;营养不良、环境噪杂对棘胸蛙的繁殖行为也有很大抑制作用。促进棘胸蝗在人工驯养条件下繁殖,必须提供流水及流水直接冲击到的浅水层产卵附着物;保证繁殖亲蛙充足的营养及足够的活动空间;保持繁殖场所安静荫凉和隐蔽。     

棘胸蛙早期胚胎发育的初步观察

在２５．１５±０．２２℃恒温条件下观察了棘胸蛙的正常胚胎发育。根据外部形态特征、主要生理特征及胚胎行为的出现,将棘胸蛙的胚胎发育划分为２７期,从受精卵到孵化出膜约２３４ｈ．胚胎发育期间的总积温（总热量）为５８８７℃。卵的受精期１．５ｈ。卵裂期历时２９ｈ３３ｍｉｎ,原肠形成期历时１６ｈ４２ｍｉｎ,器官形成期共历时１８６ｈ８６ｍｉｎ。     

棘胸蛙、虎纹蛙、黑斑蛙血细胞的比较

应用Giemsa染色法对棘胸蛙、虎纹蛙和黑斑蛙的血细胞进行显微观察和各形态参数测定,并对各类细胞作了图示和描述。结果表明,红细胞和白细胞的形态和数量比例有一定属和种的特征,并与其生长环境和进化地位有一定联系。     

Viral Richness is Positively Related to Group Size,but Not Mating System,in Bats

Characterizing host traits that influence viral richness and diversification is important for understanding wildlife pathogens affecting conservation and/or human health. Behaviors that affect contact rates among hosts could be important for viral diversification because more frequent intra- and inter-specific contacts among hosts should increase the potential for viral diversification within host populations. We used published data on bats to test the contact-rate hypothesis. We predicted that species forming large conspecific groups, that share their range with more heterospecifics (i.e., sympatry), and with mating systems characterized by high contact rates (polygynandry: multi-male/multi-female), would host higher viral richness than species with small group sizes, lower sympatry, or low contact-rate mating systems (polygyny: single male/multi-female). Consistent with our hypothesis and previous research, viral richness was positively correlated with conspecific group size although the relationship plateaued at group sizes of approximately several hundred thousand bats. This pattern supports epidemiological theory that, up to a point, larger groups have higher contact rates, greater likelihood of acquiring and transmitting viruses, and ultimately greater potential for viral diversification. However, contrary to our hypothesis, there was no effect of sympatry on viral richness and no difference in viral richness between mating systems. We also found no residual effect of host phylogeny on viral richness, suggesting that closely related species do not necessarily host similar numbers of viruses. Our results support the contact-rate hypothesis that intra-specific viral transmission can enhance viral diversification within species and highlight the influence of host group size on the potential of viruses to propagate within host populations.     

基于睾丸尺寸比较研究中缅树鼩的婚配制度

哺乳动物婚配制度的研究是行为生态学中具有重要意义的领域之一。研究表明,中缅树鼩Tupaia belangeri的婚配制度主要有一雄一雌制和一雄多雌制2种。为了揭示野外环境下中缅树鼩的婚配制度,本文在繁殖季节测定了雄性中缅树鼩的睾丸质量和体质量,再结合一雄一雌制、一雄多雌制和一雌多雄制的60个灵长类物种进行睾丸质量和体质量的比较分析。结果表明:研究对象的睾丸质量均随体质量增加而增大(r=0.31,P<0.05),睾丸质量和体质量在3种婚配类型之间的差异有统计学意义(睾丸质量:F=11.36,P<0.01;体质量:F=4.09,P<0.05)。不同婚配制度的物种的睾丸尺寸存在差异,中缅树鼩可能属于一雄一雌制婚配动物。研究结果还暗示,哺乳动物的睾丸尺寸可以作为预测其婚配制度的一个"可靠因子"。     

棘腹蛙消化道脂肪酶的分布及pH和温度对脂肪酶活力的影响

采用聚乙烯醇橄榄油乳化液水解法,测定了棘腹蛙消化道不同部位的脂肪酶活力,研究了pH和温度对脂肪酶活力的影响。结果显示,棘腹蛙消化道不同部位脂肪酶活力依次为回肠>直肠>十二指肠>胃>食道。pH和温度显著影响脂肪酶的活力,二者对脂肪酶活力影响的关系曲线均呈现为单峰型,食道、胃和肠道脂肪酶活力的最适pH值分别为5.0、5.0和7.5,最适温度均为35℃。     

Size Assortative Mating and Reproductive Success of the Funnel-Web Spider, Agelena limbata (Araneae; Agelenidae)

Field observations and laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the relation between male size and reproductive success in the funnel-web spider, Agelena limbata Thorell (Agelenidae), in 2 years. In this species, the body size of males is similar to that of females. In the field, size assortative mating occurred in both years. In 1 year, partial correlation coefficient analysis indicates that male cephalothorax width is a beter predictor of the copulated female cephalothorax width than of the date of pairing. In laboratory experiments, females tended to reject courting males that were smaller in relative body size, and males that were larger in relative body size had greater copulation success. Consequently female rejection of smaller courting males has some contribution to size assortative mating. Since larger females deposited more numerous eggs in the field, larger males are expected to have a higher reproductive success.     

Body size influences mating success of the Eucalyptus longhorned borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Both sexes of adultPhoracantha semipunctata F. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) congregate on stressedEucalyptus that are the larval hosts. In a field study, 721 adultP. semipunctata captured on host trees varied considerably in body size with the largest individuals being about twice the length of the smallest. Females that were paired with a mate were similar in size to solitary females, suggesting that the probability of a female being mated was not affected by her size. However, large males had greater success than smaller males in obtaining mates. MaleP. semipunctata rely on antennal contact to locate and identify females on the larval host. Therefore, the rate at which males search for mates is a function of the area swept by their antennae per unit time. Because of their greater antennal spread, large males were able to search for females at double the rate of the smallest males. Large males also dominated in aggressive contests for females. The superior abilities of large maleP. semipunctata in both locating and defending mates account for the influence of body size on mating success.     

Test of the Optimal Body Size Model for Strepsirhines

We determined if data on strepsirhine body and home range sizes support an optimal body size (OBS) model of 100 g, as predicted from studies of energetics in terrestrial mammals. We also tested the following predictions of the OBS model: 1) relationships between body and home range sizes will change slope and sign above and below the OBS threshold of 100 g and 2) best-fit lines for OBS regression models (above and below the 100-g threshold) will intersect at ca. 100 g (range of 80–250 g). We collected data on body mass, home range size, and vertical ranging behavior for 37 strepsirhines from the literature. Linear regression analyses and phylogenetic independent contrasts methods revealed that body size is a significant determinant of both 2-dimensional (ha) and 3-dimensional (km³) home range sizes only in taxa weighing >100 g. There were consistent changes in the sign of the slopes above and below the OBS threshold. The intersections of the best-fit lines were within the OBS range for the body size to 3-dimensional home range comparisons. Thus, the data provide some support for the OBS model in strepsirhines. However, no regression model was statistically significant for the taxa below the OBS threshold, which may reflect small sample sizes. Also, no slope differed significantly between taxa above and below the OBS. Significant correlations between body and home range sizes for the complete data sets refute the √-shaped constraint space predicted via the OBS model.     

交配和温度对小地老虎雌蛾性信息素产生的影响

研究了交配和温度对小地老虎雌蛾性信息素产生的影响,结果表明,交配对性信息素各组分的滴度无显著影响,因此不影响小地老虎在下一暗期的再次求偶和交配.但环境温度对小地老虎性信息素的含量则有显著的影响,20～25℃最有利于小地老虎性信息素的生物合成,而低温和高温则均不利于小地老虎性信息素的正常产生与释放.     

Effects of Temperature and Body Size on the Swimming Speed of Larval and Juvenile Atlantic Cod (Gadus Morhua): Implications for Individual-based Modelling

Synopsis The routine swimming speed (S) of three groups of 4, 9 and 32 cm total length (L_T) juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) was quantified in the laboratory at 6 – 10 different temperatures (T) between 3.2 and 16.7°C. At temperatures between 5 and 15°C, mean group S increased exponentially with increasing T (S=a e^bT) and the effect of temperature (b = 0.082, Q₁₀ = 2.27) was not significantly different among the groups (over the 8-fold difference in fish sizes of early- and post-settlement juveniles). Differences in mean S among individuals within each group were quite large (coefficient of variation = 40 – 80%). Swimming data for juveniles and those collected for groups of 0.4, 0.7 and 0.9 cm standard length (L_S) larvae were combined to assess the effect of body size on S. At 8°C, S (mm s⁻¹) increased with L_S (mm) according to: S = 0.26L_S^Φ−5.28L_S⁻¹, where Φ = 1.55L_S^−0.08. Relative S (body lengths s⁻¹) was related to L_S by a dome-shaped relationship having a maximum value (0.49 body lengths s⁻¹) at 18.5 – 19 mm L_S corresponding to the sizes of fish at the end of larval-juvenile metamorphosis. Previous larval cod IBM’s using a cruise-predator mode likely overestimated rates of foraging (prey searching and encounters) by a factor of ~2, whereas foraging rates in pause-travel models are closer to estimates of swimming velocities obtained in this and other laboratory studies.