Iris japonica×Iris confusa种间杂种的细胞遗传学研究

对Irisjaponica、I confusa和它们的人工种间杂种花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对行为、形态学和繁育特征进行了分析 ,结果表明 :(1)I japonica和I confusa的形态差异较小 ,杂种F1形态介于亲本之间 ;(2 )人工杂交比较容易 ,杂种种子能正常发育 ;杂种F1体细胞染色体数为 2n =30 ,减数分裂中期I染色体配对频率很高 ,为 13 9个二价体 ,构型为0 95Ⅰ + 5 95Ⅱ (棒形 ) + 7 95Ⅱ (环形 ) + 0 0 5Ⅲ + 0 2 7Ⅳ ,表明它们有相似的染色体组 ,亲缘关系很近 ;(3)杂种中有少量的三价体和四价体存在 ,可能是亲本染色体间发生了结构重排或是部分同源染色体配对 ;(4)杂种中大多数细胞存在 2个单价体 ,有的高达 8个单价体 ;花粉育性为 5 0 5 1% ,不能正常结实 ,表明I japonica和I confusa间存在生殖隔离 ,是独立的生物学物种 ;(5 )杂种F1减数分裂前期可观察到细胞融合 ,这可能是造成I japonica和I confusa不同居群出现多倍体和非整倍体的重要原因。     

辣椒属种间杂种F1植析的细胞遗传学研究

本文分析了早椒和Ｃ;ｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ 二亲本及Ｆ１杂种花粉母细胞减数分裂终变期和中期Ⅰ期染色体配对的构型。结果表明;二亲本工粉母细胞减娄分裂染色体配对均正常,为１２个二价体。Ｆ１杂种花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体配对很不规则。其平均频率为单价体０．０３６,二价体９．１８,三价体０．０３６,四价体０．８０,六价体０．３８。     

马铃薯杂种无性株系的SSR鉴定及花粉育性和染色体构型分析

为明确马铃薯‘MB09’ב陇薯7号’杂种F1无性株系在DNA和细胞遗传学水平上的差异,该试验以亲本材料为对照,利用SSR分子标记技术对其20个优良无性株系(F1无性系一代)的DNA指纹特征进行分析,并采用常规制片镜检方法对已选出的8个杂种优良株系(F1无性系二代)的花粉育性及花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ(PMCMⅠ)的染色体配对构型进行了研究,为马铃薯杂交新品系选育提供分子细胞遗传学依据。结果显示:(1)试验共筛选出2对SSR特异引物C57和S25,通过PCR扩增建立了能识别出这20个杂种株系及其双亲的SSR指纹图。(2)杂种优异株系F1-1、F1-2、F1-7、F1-11、F1-13、F1-14、F1-15和F1-20的花粉可育率变幅为36.73%~87.08%,并以株系F1-7最高(87.08%),而且显著超过高亲(83.33%),说明各优良株系花粉育性有一定差异。(3)对8个优异株系花粉母细胞的PMCMⅠ观察发现,各优良株系的染色体配对构型明显不同,均包括单价体、二价体、三价体和四价体4类,其中二价体构型的比例最高,其介于49.13%~82.91%之间,其中以株系F1-7的二价体比例最高(82.91%)。该研究明确了20个马铃薯杂种优良株系的SSR指纹特征和8个优异株系的花粉育性及染色体配对构型差异。     

异源多倍体杂种棉的研究

异源多倍体化是植物进化的重要因素之一.棉属植物有四个栽培种,即草棉(Gossypium. herbaceum)2n=2x=20、亚洲棉(G.arboreum)2n=2x=26、陆地棉(G.hirsutum)2n=4x=52、海岛棉(G.barbadense)2n=4x=52.其中四倍体栽培种是由两个二倍体棉种通过种间杂交、自然加倍而来的.四倍体栽培种在生长势、抗逆性以及农艺性状等方面均比二倍体栽培种优越.但是,随着倍性的增加,这种优越性具有一定的限度.因此,研究棉属植物最适染色体倍性,在棉花遗传理论研究与育种实践中,均具有重要意义.     

披碱草与新麦草属间杂种的细胞遗传学研究

将澳大利亚披碱草(Elymus scabervar.scaber,2n=6x=42,StYW)和华山新麦草(Psathyrostachys huas-hanica,2n=2x=14,Ns)进行属间杂交,成功获得杂种F1。分析亲本及其杂种F1的形态特征、繁育特性及花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体配对行为发现:杂种F1形态特征介于父母本之间,分蘖数等农艺性状超过双亲;花粉完全不育,结实率为0。亲本减数分裂染色体配对正常,但杂种F1花粉母细胞在减数分裂中期I染色体几乎没有配对,其构型为:27.31Ⅰ 0.01Ⅱ(环) 0.32Ⅱ(棒) 0.01Ⅲ,C值仅为0.01。以上结果表明:澳大利亚披碱草的StYW染色体组与华山新麦草的Ns染色体组间无同源性,它们之间的亲缘关系甚远。     

番茄属种间杂种离体培养F1植株的细胞学分析

本文报道了栽培番茄（Lycopersico esculentum)“北京早红”等5个品种分别与野生型秘鲁番茄（L.peruvianum)PI128657中8号株系杂交,离体胚培养,得F1杂种植株,对花粉母细胞在减数分裂中染色体行为和终变期二价体交叉点的频率,以及亲和性程度等进行了.结果表明,6个亲本植株花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体的行为是正常的,中期I为12个二价体。其中环状二价体占多数,棒状二价体数较少,中期I没有单价体,后期I和II均正常,四分体阶段无微出现,但各亲本在终变期和中期I的环状二价体和棒状二价体的数有一定的差异,这可能与不同亲本基因型的亲和性程度和在遗传学上的不协调有关。5个组合的大多数F1杂种花粉母细胞减数分裂中染色体行为基本正常,12个二价体占多数,但染色体配对不稳定,有较多的单价体,染色单体桥。四分体阶段有微核,此外,在5个组合的F1杂种植株中,均出现双二倍体花粉母细胞,这些双二倍体花粉母细胞的染色体,在减数分裂中,也均,出现落后染色体和染色单体桥,以及较多的多价体,四分体阶段有微和不同类型的四分孢子群。     

小黑麦×小滨麦三属杂种F1小孢子发生和雄配子体发育的细胞学特点研究

用压片法对八倍体小黑麦和八倍体小滨麦杂种F1的小孢子发生和雄配子体发育进行了细胞学观察.结果表明小黑麦/小滨麦F1 PMC MI染色体平均构型为13.17Ⅰ+20.82Ⅱ+0.37Ⅲ+0.02Ⅳ,与其理论构型基本一致.在三属杂种F1减数分裂后期Ⅰ可观察到较高频率的落后染色体;四分体时期的子细胞普遍具有微核;所形成的小孢子有部分能进行正常的有丝分裂,产生成熟的花粉,其成熟花粉的可育率为44.1%.在三属杂种F1的小孢子发生和雄配子体发育过程中,还观察到了一些特殊的细胞学现象在同一个细胞中的染色质活动不同步,小孢子发生对称的有丝分裂,四分体不能正常形成,以及小孢子无丝分裂等现象.     

普通小麦与鹅观草属间杂种F1及BC1的分子细胞遗传学、育性和赤霉病抗性研究

通过胚拯救, 成功获得鹅观草Roegneria kamoji (2n=6x=42, SSHHYY)和普通小麦中国春Triticum aesti-vum (2n=6x=42, AABBDD)的正反交属间杂种F1, 并对这些杂种F1及其BC1的形态学、减数分裂配对行为、育性和赤霉病抗性进行研究。结果表明, (鹅观草×中国春)F1和(中国春×鹅观草)F1的形态介于双亲之间。杂种F1花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I染色体构型分别为40.33I + 0.78II + 0.03III和40.40I + 0.79II 。杂种F1高度雄性不育, 用中国春花粉与其回交可获得BC1代种子。(鹅观草×中国春) F1×中国春BC1植株的染色体数目主要分布在55~63之间, 单价体较多, 植株高度不育; (中国春×鹅观草)F1×中国春BC₁植株染色体数目也主要分布在55~63之间, 但其中部分植株拥有整套小麦染色体且能正常配对、分离, 可形成部分可育花粉粒, 能收到少量自交结实种子。在 (鹅观草×中国春)F1中有1株穗型趋向中国春, 其染色体数目为2n=63, 经染色体分子原位杂交(GISH)检测, 含有42条小麦染色体和21条鹅观草染色体。该杂种F1在减数分裂中期I平均每个花粉母细胞有26.40I+18.30II, 但植株高度雄性不育, 用中国春花粉回交能收到BC₁种子。(鹅观草×中国春) F₁ (2n=63)×中国春BC₁的染色体数目主要分布在40~59之间, 其中的外源染色体已经逐渐减少, 虽然该BC₁的穗型已接近中国春, 但仍然高度不育。赤霉病抗性鉴定结果显示, 所有杂种F1及大部分BC₁对赤霉病均表现出较好的抗性。     

Cucumis sativus × C.hystrix种间杂种的形态学和细胞学观察

以甜瓜属种间杂种F1(2n=19,华南型黄瓜"二早子"×Cucumis hystrix)为试材,对其形态学、细胞学和育性作了观察分析.结果表明该杂种无雌花,雄花不能正常开放,表现高度不育.该杂种F1长势瘦弱,与笔者以前报道的种间杂种F1(C. hystrix与华北型黄瓜"北京截头"正反交)相比,在育性和形态学性状上有明显差异.花粉母细胞减数分裂观察发现,杂种F1的终变期和中期Ⅰ主要以17条单价体(Ⅰ)和1个二价体(II)存在;整个花粉母细胞的减数分裂行为异常,经常可见染色体滞后和纺锤丝定向紊乱,形成多极染色体,末期II后形成多分体,以致不能发育成正常的花粉粒,导致杂种F1高度不育.     

辣椒属种间杂种F_1植株的细胞遗传学研究

本文分析了南京早椒（ＣａｐｓｉｃｕｍｆｒｕｔｅｓｃｅｎｓＬ．ｖａｒ．ＣｏｎｏｉｄｅｅｓＢａｉｌｅｙ）和Ｃ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ二亲本及Ｆ１杂种花粉母细胞减数分裂终变期和中期Ｉ染色体配对的构型。结果表明：二亲本花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体配对均正常,为１２个二价体（双单倍体２ｎ＝２４）。Ｆ１杂种花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体配对很不规则。其平均频率分别为单价体０．０３６,二价体９．１８,三价体０．０３６,四价体０．８０,六价体０．３８。南京早椒和Ｃ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ染色体间存在着相互易位,因此,二亲本间彼此有差异。单价体出现极少,这可断定南京早椒与Ｃ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ染色体间是部分同源的,但染色体组结构上存在着差异。由于染色体结构上差异,所以Ｆ１杂种的育性较低。     

The Cultivation of Hybrid Cotton in Vitro to Overcome the Incompatibility of Hybridization between the Species

2—3 days after cross-pollination the hybrid ovules of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum×G. arboreum) were cultivated in vitro. The hybrid zygot in excised ovule started to divide, frequently passing through several stages to develop into cotyledonous embryos. The embryos were inducted into seedlings. The hybrid plants in blossom were obtained as a result. The histological study was done for ovules of self- pollination in vivo and of cross-pollination in vitro. The early abortion of endosperm in hybrid ovules was observed. In the prophase the nucellus was disintegrated slowly, and in the middle and terminal phase it disintegrated more rapidly. These were identified in hybrid F1. The size of corolla is intermadiate form between female and male. The violet-red spots at the base of petals are similar to male, while there are no such spots in female. None of the pollen can fertilize. Hybrid F1 is not fertile after self-pollination or backcross by the pollen of parent. The chromosome number in root tip Cell of hybrid F1 is 2n=3x=39.     

Protein markers for identification of different species and varieties of cotton

Reference electrophoretic spectra that allow compiling electrophoretic formulas of certain cotton species and varieties were obtained on the basis of analysis of the electrophoretic spectrum of water-soluble and barely soluble proteins of seeds of diploid cotton species of genomic group A (Gossypium arboretum var. indicum, G. arboreum ssp. obtusifolum, G. herbaceum ssp. africanum, and G. herbaceum Harga), group C (G. australe, G. bickii, G. nelsone, and G. sturtianum), group D (G. davidsonii. G. harknessii. G. klotzschianum, G. raimondii, G. thurberi, and G. trilobum), and amphidiploid species of group AD (G. mustelinum, G. hirsutum ssp. palmeri, G. tricuspidatum Bagota, G. tricuspidatum Mari Galanta, G. barbadense L., and G. hirsutum L.).     

Introgression of cotton leaf curl virus-resistant genes from Asiatic cotton (Gossypium arboreum) into upland cotton (G. hirsutum)

Cotton is under the constant threat of leaf curl virus, which is a major constraint for successful production of cotton in the Pakistan. A total of 3338 cotton genotypes belonging to different research stations were screened, but none were found to be resistant against the Burewala strain of cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV). We explored the possibility of transferring virus-resistant genes from Gossypium arboreum (2n = 26) into G. hirsutum (2n = 52) through conventional breeding techniques. Hybridization was done manually between an artificial autotetraploid of G. arboreum and an allotetraploid G. hirsutum, under field conditions. Boll shedding was controlled by application of exogenous hormones, 50 mg/L gibberellic acid and 100 mg/L naphthalene acetic acid. Percentage pollen viability in F(1) hybrids was 1.90% in 2(G. arboreum) x G. hirsutum and 2.38% in G. hirsutum x G. arboreum. Cytological studies of young buds taken from the F(1) hybrids confirmed that they all were sterile. Resistance against CLCuV in the F(1) hybrids was assessed through grafting, using the hybrid plant as the scion; the stock was a virus susceptible cotton plant, tested under field and greenhouse conditions. All F(1) cotton hybrids showed resistance against CLCuV, indicating that it is possible to transfer resistant genes from the autotetraploid of the diploid donor specie G. arboreum into allotetraploid G. hirsutum through conventional breeding, and durable resistance against CLCuV can then be deployed in the field.     

Studies of Karyotypes in Three Wild and Four Cultivated Species of Gossypium

Karyotypes in seven species of Gossypium, G. thurberi, G. advidsonii, G. raimondii of D group; G. herbaceum, G. arboreum of A group; G. hirsutum and G. ba- rbadense of AD group were studied in 1983. It can be simplified as follows: G. thurberi 2n = 2x = 26 = 24m + 2Sm (2SAT); G. davidsonii 2n= 2x = 26 20m+6Sm(4SAT); G. raimondii 2n=2x= 26= 20m+6Sm(2SAT); G. herbaceum 2n = 2x = 26 = 18m + 4Sm+4St(4SAT); G. arboreum 2n = 2x = 26 = 18m + 6Sm (2SAT) + 2St(2SAT); G. hirsutum 2n = 4x =52 = 32m + 18Sm(4SAT) +2St (2 SAT); G. barbadense 2n = 4x = 52 = 38m + 12Sm (2SAT) + 2St(2SAT). This paper also deals with the supplier in A group and D group of tetraploids.     

三种野生和四个栽培棉种的核型研究

作者对棉属 D 组的瑟伯氏棉(Gossypium thurberi)、戴维逊氏棉(C.davidsonii)、雷蒙德氏棉(G.raimondii)、A 组的草棉(G.herbaceum)、中棉(G.arboreum)、AD 组的陆地棉(G.htrsutum)和海岛棉(C.barbadense)等7个种的核型进行了研究。各个种的核型可简式为:瑟伯氏棉2n=2x=26=24m 2Sm(2SAT);戴维逊氏棉20=2x=26=20m 6Sm(4SAT);雷蒙德氏棉2n=2x=26=20m 6Sm(2SAT);草棉2n=2x=26=18m 4Sm 4St(4SAT);中棉2n=2x=26=18m 6Sm(2SAT) 2St(2SAT);陆地棉2n=4x=52=32m 18Sm(4SAT) 2St(2SAT);海岛棉20=4x=52=38m 12Sm(2SAT) 2St(2SAT)。此外,作者对四倍体种的 A 组和 D 组的供体问题进行了讨论。     

Esterase Isozyme analyses of the Species and Their Varieties of the Genus Gossypium

The isozyme make up of esterases of the seeds from fifteen species and twenty-three cultivar of Gossypium was analyzed by isoelectrofocusing. The experimental results are summarized as follows: 1. Differeces were observed in the number of esterase isozyme bands among the species of different genome groups. The cultivated species, G. hirsutum (AD)1 gave rise to 46 isozyme bands, the most among the species of the genus Gossypium. G. barba- dense (AD)2, G. arboreum (A2) and G. herbaceum (A1) gave rise to 42, 40 and 38 bands, respectively. In wild species, G. australe (C3) had 20 esterase bands, the least in all species of Gossypium. The bands given rise from other wild species ranged from 26 to 40. 2. Each species of every genome groups had its marker bands. The results were in agreement with the traditional classification and provided some biochemical evidence for modern classification of Gossypium. 3. It was clear that all cotton species of different genome groups contain 5 main isozyme bands, viz. PI=3.85, 4.61, 5.48, 5.73 and 5.91 in the zymograms. In other words, these zymograms are common characters of Gossypium. 4. The esterase of 23 cultivers in four cultivated species studied showed that no variation in isozyme patterns existed within one species, except the disease-resistant variety Hea-7124 which differs from other 4 cultivars of G. barbadense.     

Completely distinguishing individual A-genome chromosomes and their karyotyping analysis by multiple bacterial artificial chromosome - fluorescence in situ hybridization

Twenty bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones that could produce bright signals and no or very low fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) background were identified from Gossypium arboreum cv. JLZM, and G. hirsutum accession (acc.) TM-1 and 0-613-2R. Combining with 45S and 5S rDNA, a 22-probe cocktail that could identify all 13 G. arboreum chromosomes simultaneously was developed. According to their homology with tetraploid cotton, the G. arboreum chromosomes were designated as A1-A13, and a standard karyotype analysis of G. arboreum was presented. These results demonstrated an application for multiple BAC-FISH in cotton cytogenetic studies and a technique to overcome the problem of simultaneous chromosome recognition in mitotic cotton cells.     

Studies on Chromosome Behaviour of F1 and Fertility Restoration in Hybrid of Gossypium hirtutum ×G. bickii

By means of dripping GAs(50 ppm) and NAA(40 ppm) on the hybrid boll-embryo culture in vitro, one F1 plant of G. hirsuturn × G. bickii was obtained in 1982, the Fx plant flowered profusely but failed to produce any seeds when selfed or back crossed. In meiosis of the pollen mother cell (PMC), mean chromosome coniugation was 33.24 Ⅰ +2.67 Ⅱ +0.095 Ⅲ + 0.048 Ⅳ with high frequence (77.6%) of one chiasma attenuated bivalents. Mean number of chiasmta per bivalents was 1.23. The univalents were scattered over the achromatic figure for most PMCs. Although a few of the bivalents were located in' the equatorial region, but they did not form a definite plate. At the second anaphase the distribution of chromosomes was very irregular. In the majority of cases, multipolar distripution of chromosomes was observed. At the completion of meiosis highly abnormal sporads occurred, which contained from 2 ro 13 spores of various sizes. Thus, all of the pollen grains produced were sterile. When the F1 branches were grafted onto the upland cotton and thence they were backcrossed under short day (12 hours) and cold night(15–18℃) exposure, BC1 seeds could be harvested. BC1 and BC2 plants could grow up later. In the BC, generation, the fertility of the hybrid was restored. By 1988, ten pure lines of hybrid with the characers of both male parent (viz.red petal with purple spot and strong fibre) and female parent (white fibre, high yield, earliness ect.) were selected for the first time.     

Creation of the technique of interspecific hybridization for breeding in cotton

The new technique of interspecific hybridization was created in Gossypium, which could remarkably overcome abortion of interspecific hybridization and hybrid sterility of F1. A large number of germplasm resources were obtained from seventy cross combinations among the cultivated species and between the cultivated and the 14 wild species, respectively. 8 varieties have been developed, of which 4 were from the cross combination of G . hirsutum×G . arboretum and the other are the first breed from the hybrids between G . hirsutum and 4 wild species, respectively. Of them Shiyuan 321 (jimian 24) is a new variety which had the highest increase in the national Yellow River Valley Regional test, with planting area added up to 933333 ha in the recent three years. The breeding system of interspecific hybridization was established.     

Hybridization between Gossypium herbaceum and Gossypium stocksii through embryo rescue

INTRODUCTIONGOSndumherbaceuminoneofthetwo'A'genomediploidcultivatedspeciesofcotton.ItisgrowninsomepartsofcentralIndia,esDeciallyasarainfedcrop.G-sto~isawiIdspeciesbelongingto'E'ge11omeandisfoundinWestAsia.Thisspecieshasaverygoodrootsystemandistoleranttodrought[1]-Thus,thehybridizationbetweenG.herbaceumandG.stock8iisdesiredtodevelopdrought-tolerantvarietiesinG.herbaceum.Theattemptstoproduceinterspecifichybridsbytheconventionalmethodsareoftenunsuccessfulduetotheformationofunderdevel-op…