人肿瘤坏死因子及其突变体的基因工程下游工艺研究

研究了重组人肿瘤坏死因子(rhTNFα)及其突变体[Lys²]-人肿瘤坏死因子[Lys²]-rhTNFα)的基因工程下游工艺。rhTNFα和[Lys²]-rbTNFα的温控表达工程菌株在B-BTaunE 10型15L自控罐中经发酵每升可得50g湿菌体。rhTNFα和[Lys²]-rhTNFα的表达水平仍能保持在50％以上,且表达产物为可溶性蛋白。所得菌体经超声破菌、硫酸铵沉淀,然后依次用DEAE—Sepharose FF、CM-Sepharose FF和Sephacryl S-200柱层析进行分离纯化,由每升发酵液菌体最终可得1g左右的纯品,纯度达到98％左右,rhTNFα的比活为～1.5×10⁸IU／mg,[Lys²]－rhTNα的比活为～6×10⁸IU／mg。     

野生型和突变型荞麦蛋白酶抑制剂的活性比较及抗肿瘤功能分析

运用定点突变技术研究重组荞麦胰蛋白酶抑制剂(rBTI)的作用位点,先后构建了R45A-aBTI 和R45F-fBTI 两个突变体．抑制活性测定显示,aBTI 和fBTI 均丧失了胰蛋白酶抑制活性,却分别增加了对弹性蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶的抑制活性,确定Arg⁴⁵为野生型rBTI 的作用位点．稳定性分析表明,rBTI、aBTI 和fBTI 均具有很高的热稳定性及酸碱稳定性．采用MTT 比色法分别检测野生型和突变型抑制剂对肿瘤细胞生长的抑制作用．结果表明,突变前后的3种抑制剂对HL-60 和EC9706 细胞的生长均显示出很强的抑制作用,并且具有明显的浓度依赖性和时间依赖性．通过研究不仅确定了rBTI 的作用位点,而且获得了两种新型蛋白酶抑制剂,且作用位点的改变并不影响其对肿瘤细胞的生长抑制作用．为进一步研究胰蛋白酶抑制剂的结构与功能的关系以及抗肿瘤药物的研制提供了新的思路．     

人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)突变体FrGGI的构建、表达及特性分析

为了获得半衰期延长,特异活性提高及具有PAI—1抗性的新型t-PA溶栓剂,利用基因重组及定位突变技术成功地构建了t-PA的K1、K2区糖基化位点消除,PAI-1结合位点缺失,F与E区连接序列His44～Ser50置换为纤粘蛋白Ⅰ型F区间连接序列GluSerLysProGluAlaGluGlu的t-PA的组合突变体FrGGI,并在中国仓鼠卵巢细胞中获得了高效表达。对表达产物的生物学特性分析表明,FrGGI在大鼠血浆中的半衰期延长了15倍,特异活性提高了40％,并获得了PAI-1抗性,是一株很有希望的新型溶栓剂候选株。     

人尿激酶原cDNA序列缺失突变体的构建及表达

采用PCR重叠延伸法和基因重组技术构建了人尿激酶原cDNA序列中缺失150～156位氮基酸的突变体,以COS-7细胞中获得暂时性表达以及在CHO细胞中稳定高效表达,其表达水平为450～500IU／10⁶cell／24h,表达产物经SDS-PAGE电转溶实验和westemblot分析证明,细胞分泌的Pro-UK突变体与天然Pro-UK以及完整全长DNA序列表达Pro-UK的分子量相同,为54kDa．绝大多数为单链,比完整cDNA序列表达产物的单链比例明显增高,与纤维蛋白的亲和性有所提高。     

抗CD20嵌合抗体片段Fab′突变体的表达和活性研究

利用PCR方法从抗CD20单链抗体（ScFv）表达载体上扩增抗CD20抗体轻链可变区基因（V^L）、重链可变区基因（V^H）,同时在抗体的可变区引入突变,然后将V^H、V^L基因重组到Fab′表达载体pYZF1中,构建抗CD20嵌合抗体Fab′片段表达载体,并在大肠杆菌16c9中进行高效可溶性分泌表达。经大量的筛选,获得一个产量和活性均有所提高的突变克隆。其突变位点在轻链可变区的CDR1区,即G77→A（Ser→Asn）。突变的抗体的表达量为每克干菌3.8 mg,而未突变抗体的表达量为每克干菌1.3 mg。突变体的亲和力常数K_a为2.2×10⁹ L/mol,约为突变前的2倍。竞争性免疫荧光抑制实验表明,突变的Fab′片段能竞争性抑制鼠源性抗CD20抗体HI₄₇和CD20表达细胞Raji细胞的结合,使HI₄₇的结合阳性率由98%下降至37.55%,体外细胞生长抑制试验亦证明突变的Fab′片段的抑制活性明显高于未突变的抗体。     

大肠埃希菌不耐热肠毒素双突变体的表达及活性研究

为了使大肠埃希菌不耐热肠毒素(LT)的毒性丧失或减弱的同时仍保留其较强的免疫原性,通过PCR和重叠—延伸PCR扩增突变体LTK⁶³/G¹⁹²基因片段, IPTG诱导表达目的蛋白,经Western免疫印迹检测目的蛋白,在HPLC系统上纯化目的蛋白,经ADP-核酸转移酶试验及Patent-mouse毒性试验检测其酶活性与毒性,纯化的目的蛋白与鸡新城疫病毒弱毒疫苗联合一起经滴鼻免疫鸡。结果表明：制备的突变体LTK⁶³/G¹⁹²的基因片段经酶切和测序发现,所构建的表达载体pLTK⁶³/G¹⁹² 阅读框架正确,且相应位点氨基酸获得了替换;经SDS-PAGE电泳检测,野生型LT及双突变体均表达出约33.0 ku和13.0 ku的两条蛋白带,与LTA、LTB亚基分子质量相吻合;经Western bolt检测,两个蛋白亚基均可与His抗体发生特异性反应;双突变蛋白的酶活性和毒性与野生型LT相比酶活性和毒性都有所降低;突变体LTK⁶³/G¹⁹²能辅助新城疫疫苗在血清和黏膜中产生较高抗新城疫病毒的IgG和IgA。说明LTK⁶³/G¹⁹²是一个良好的免疫佐剂。     

含RGD序列的山蛭素突变体的克隆、表达及性质研究

根据LAP（leech antihemostatic protein）理论,在分析山蛭素和decorsin结构特征的基础上,利用重组PCR方法,删除了山蛭素氨基酸序列的33位至35位,同时分别插入了RGDS和来源于decorsin的一段PRGDADP序列构建成为2种含RGD序列的山蛭素突变体,分别命名为HRGD1和HRGD2.这2种突变体在毕赤酵母菌株GS115中得到成功表达.经过超滤、阳离子交换层析和凝胶过滤层析等纯化步骤之后,得到纯度高于95%的目的蛋白.通过以chromozym TH为底物的凝血酶酰胺水解实验和血小板聚集抑制实验证实了其体外生物学活性,HRGD1和HRGD2抑制凝血酶的动力学常数达到10^-13 mol/L水平,抑制血小板的IC₅₀在10^-6 mol/L水平上.     

抗人PAI－1单克隆抗体制备、鉴定和应用

以重组PAI－（rPAI－1)为抗原,通过杂交瘤技术获得6株阳性杂交瘤细胞(Apl、AP2、AP3、AP4、AP5和AP6),并用SPA亲和层析纯化了抗Pal－1单克隆抗体(McAb)。所有McAb均能识别rPAI和天然PAI－1,腹水滴度均为10　6以上。6种McAb对PAI－1亲和常数在3．45×10⁷--1.05×10⁹mol／L之间。AP2、AP3McAb能完全抑制PAI－1活性,AP4、AP和AP6只能部分抑制PAI－1活性,Apl则不抑制PAI-1活性。6种McAb中只有Apl、AP4和AP5能识别Pal－1／t－PA复合物。利用Apl、AP3、和AP4 McAb制备免疫亲和柱一步纯化HepG2细胞分泌的PAI－1,纯度大于98％,回收率92％,纯化倍数51倍。利用抗PAI－1 McAb建立了夹心法ELISA,测定了人血浆PAI－1水平,正常人血浆PAI－1平均含量(X士D)为24．7±7．75ng／ml。     

人尿激酶原cDNA在昆虫杆状病毒真核表达系统中的高效表达

人尿激酶原(pro-urokinase,pro-UK)是一种新型溶栓剂,优于尿激酶,具有血纤维蛋白特异性。为了在昆虫杆状病毒表达系统中高效表达pro-UK,我们在pAc373基础上,插入野生型AcMNPV polyhedrin启动子区-7～1碱基序列,构建了一个高表达转移载体pAcYT。分别经三次克隆将pro-UK cDNA正向插入到转移载体pAc373或PAcYT的BarnHI-KpnI位点上。用LiPofectin将pAcyT-UKDNA或pAc373-UK DNA与AcMNPV DNA共转染到昆虫Sf9细胞中,空斑法筛出重组病毒阳性克隆株。高效表达结果是:1.ELISA法确定重组病毒Sf9细胞分泌表达产物pro-UK为96mg/L培养基上清,平板法测定溶圈活性为1600IU/mL培养基上清;2.亲和层析一步法纯化表达产物,回收率选70％,以上,比活约为60000IU/mg;3.纯化的pro-UK,无论是否经还原处理,其SDS-PAGE图谱均为相同的单一条带,MR 50000;4.Western blot与SDS-PAGE图谱吻合。     

人纤溶酶原激活剂的抑制物2在昆虫细胞中的表达

纤溶酶原激活剂（Plasminogen Activator,PA）对血液中蛋白水解酶的活性有重要的调节作用。纤溶酶原激活剂的抑制物（Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor,PAI）可物异地抑制PA（t-PA和u-PA）,其作用迅速,是PA活性的重要调节因子。很多证据表明,PAI、Pat和体内许多生理反应有密节的关系,如炎症^[1]、组织重塑^[2]、肿瘤生长及恶性细胞的转移^[3,4]等。目前已发现了四种类型的PAI,PAI-2是基中的一种,它可由人胎盘滋养层细胞合成,在孕妇血浆中大理存在^[5].该蛋白具有两种形式：一种分子量为43~47kDa的非糖基化形式：另一种分子量为58~60kDa的糖基化形式^[6,7].对其结构与功能深入的研究将有助于了解许多生于现象,但由于PAI-2基因在大肠杆菌和哺乳动物细胞中的表达都不理想,不能获得足够量的该活性蛋白,本文在以轩状病毒为载体在昆虫细胞中成功地表达了该基因。     

Cysteine-scanning mutagenesis around transmembrane segment VI of Tn10-encoded metal-tetracycline/H(+) antiporter

Each amino acid in putative transmembrane helix VI and its flanking regions, from Ser-156 to Thr-185, of a Cys-free mutant of the Tn10-encoded metal-tetracycline/H(+) antiporter (TetA(B)) was individually replaced by Cys. All of the cysteine-scanning mutants showed a normal level of tetracycline resistance except for the S156C mutant, which showed moderate resistance, indicating that there is no essential residue located in this region. All 20 mutants from S159C to W178C showed no reactivity with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), whereas the mutants of the flanking regions from S156C to H158C and F179C to T185C were highly or moderately reactive with NEM. These results indicate that like transmembrane helices III and IX, the transmembrane helix VI comprising residues Ser-159-Trp-178 is totally embedded in the hydrophobic environment.     

ut-PA抗PAI-1突变体的构建及在sf-9细胞中的表达

为使嵌合分子 ut- PA获得抗 PAI- 1抑制作用的性质 ,将删除了编码 u- PA中 R1 78- R1 79-H1 80 - R1 81的 1 2个核苷酸的 u- PA c DNA[u- PA( 1 ) ]的 Bam H - Eco R 部分酶切片段 ,克隆到含嵌合蛋白 ut- PA基因的转移载体 p VL 1 392 - ut- PA的相应位点中 ,构建了一个含有新的嵌合蛋白基因 ut- PA( 1 )的转移表达载体 p VL1 392 - ut- PA( 1 ) .在昆虫病毒表达系统 sf- 9细胞中表达该嵌合蛋白基因 ,表达上清具有纤溶性 ,用血纤维蛋白平板法和 S2 4 44 显色底物法分别测得活力为 2 4 8IU/ml和 380 IU/ml     

ut-PA抗PAI-1突变体的构建及在sf-9细胞中的表达

为使嵌合分子 ut- PA获得抗 PAI- 1抑制作用的性质 ,将删除了编码 u- PA中 R1 78- R1 79-H1 80 - R1 81的 1 2个核苷酸的 u- PA c DNA[u- PA( 1 ) ]的 Bam H - Eco R 部分酶切片段 ,克隆到含嵌合蛋白 ut- PA基因的转移载体 p VL 1 392 - ut- PA的相应位点中 ,构建了一个含有新的嵌合蛋白基因 ut- PA( 1 )的转移表达载体 p VL1 392 - ut- PA( 1 ) .在昆虫病毒表达系统 sf- 9细胞中表达该嵌合蛋白基因 ,表达上清具有纤溶性 ,用血纤维蛋白平板法和 S2 4 44 显色底物法分别测得活力为 2 4 8IU/ml和 380 IU/ml     

Energetic contributions of four arginines to phosphate-binding in thymidylate synthase are more than additive and depend on optimization of "effective charge balance"

In thymidylate synthase, four conserved arginines provide two hydrogen bonds each to the oxygens of the phosphate group of the substrate, 2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate. Of these, R23, R178, and R179 are far removed from the site of methyl transfer and contribute to catalysis solely through binding and orientation of ligands. These arginines can be substituted by other residues, while still retaining more than 1% activity of the wild-type enzyme. We compared the kinetics and determined the crystal structures of dUMP complexes of three of the most active, uncharged single mutants of these arginines, R23I, R178T, and R179T, and of double mutants (R23I, R179T) and (R178T, R179T). The dramatically higher K(m) for R178T compared to the other two single mutants arises from the effects of R178 substitution on the orientation of dUMP; 10-15-fold increases in for R23I and R178T reflect the role of these residues in stabilizing the closed conformation of TS in ternary complexes. The free energy for productive dUMP binding, DeltaG(S), increases by at least 1 kcal/mol for each mutant, even when dUMP orientation and mobility in the crystal structure is the same as in wild-type enzyme. Thus, the four arginines do not contribute excess positive charge to the PO(4)(-2) binding site; rather, they ideally complement the charge and geometry of the phosphate moiety. More-than-additive increases in DeltaG(S) seen in the double mutants are consistent with quadratic increases in DeltaG(S) predicted for deviations from ideal electrostatic interactions and may also reflect cooperative binding of the arginines to the phosphate oxygens.     

Expression and characterization of Flavikunin: A Kunitz‐type serine protease inhibitor identified in the venom gland cDNA library of Bungarus flaviceps

Trancriptomic analysis of the venom gland cDNA library of Bungarus flaviceps revealed Kunitz‐type serine protease inhibitor as one of the major venom protein families with three groups A, B, C. One of the group B isoforms named Flavikunin, which lacked an extra cysteine residue involved in disulfide bond formation in β‐bungarotoxin, was synthesized, cloned, and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. To decipher the structure‐function relationship, the P1 residue of Flavikunin, histidine, was mutated to alanine and arginine. Purified wild‐type and mutant Flavikunins were screened against serine proteases‐thrombin, factor Xa, trypsin, chymotrypsin, plasmin, and elastase. The wild‐type and mutant Flavikunin (H?R) inhibited plasmin with an IC ₅₀ of 0.48 and 0.35 µM, respectively. The in‐silico study showed that P1 residue of wild‐type and mutant (H?R) Flavikunin interacted with S1′ and S1 site of plasmin, respectively. Thus, histidine at the P1 position was found to be involved in plasmin inhibition with mild anticoagulant activity.     

嵌合分子ut-PA(1)sf-9表达产物的纯化及其性质的初步鉴定

嵌合蛋白 ut- PA( u- PA与 t- PA的嵌合型纤溶酶原激活剂 )基因删除编码 u- PA中 R1 78—R1 81的 1 2个核苷酸后 ,得到的嵌合分子 ut- PA( 1 )在昆虫细胞 sf- 9中表达 ,通过苯甲脒 -Sepharose 6B亲和柱层析对表达产物进行纯化 .得到的纯品走 SDS- PAGE,结果显示 ,其分子量为60 k D.血凝块溶解实验结果表明 ,嵌合分子 ut- PA( 1 )有良好的体外溶栓能力 .在不同剂量 PAI- 1的抑制条件下测定 ,亲本嵌合蛋白 ut- PA的活力分别下降 2 2 .7%和 1 3.8%时 ,嵌合分子 ut- PA( 1 )只分别下降了 1 2 .9%和 9.1 % .说明突变体 ut- PA( 1 )具有一定的对 PAI- 1抑制作用的抗性     

The proteinase yscA-inhibitor, IA3, gene. Studies of cytoplasmic proteinase inhibitor deficiency on yeast physiology

The gene of the proteinase yscA inhibitor IA3, PAI3, of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated by oligonucleotide screening of a genomic DNA library and sequenced. The gene codes for a single protein of 68 amino acids. The structural PAI3 gene was deleted in vitro by oligonucleotide-site-directed mutagenesis. The mutated allele was introduced via homologous recombination into the genome of wild-type yeast and into the genome of a yeast mutant, which lacks the second cytoplasmic proteinase-inhibitor, IB2. The deficiency of either or of both inhibitors has no effect on the cell viability under various physiological conditions. The inhibitor mutants, however, show an increase in the general in vivo protein degradation rate. The IA3 mutant has a 2-3-fold increased protein degradation rate in the first 6 h after a shift from rich medium onto starvation-medium, whereas the IB2 mutant shows a constantly increased degradation rate of 20-50% under the same conditions. The inhibitor double null mutant has the same protein degradation rate as the IA3 null mutant. These results suggest an in vivo interaction between the vacuolor endopeptidases and their cytoplasmic inhibitors.     

Site-directed mutagenesis of charged amino acids of the human mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier: Insight into the molecular mechanism of transport

The structure/function relationships of charged residues of the human mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier, which are conserved in the carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier subfamily and exposed to the water-filled cavity of carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier in the c-state, have been investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. The mutants were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and reconstituted in liposomes, and their transport activity was measured as ³H-carnitine/carnitine antiport. The mutants K35A, E132A, D179A and R275A were nearly inactive with transport activities between 5 and 10% of the wild-type carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier. R178A, K234A and D231A showed transport function of about 15% of the wild-type carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier. The substitutions of the other residues with alanine had little or no effect on the carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier activity. Marked changes in the kinetic parameters with three-fold higher Km and lower Vmax values with respect to the wild-type carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier were found when replacing Lys-35, Glu-132, Asp-179 and Arg-275 with alanine. Double mutants exhibited transport activities and kinetic parameters reflecting those of the single mutants; however, lack of D179A activity was partially rescued by the additional mutation R178A. The results provide evidence that Arg-275, Asp-179 and Arg-178, which protrude into the carrier's internal cavity at about the midpoint of the membrane, are the critical binding sites for carnitine. Furthermore, Lys-35 and Glu-132, which are very probably involved in the salt-bridge network located at the bottom of the cavity, play a major role in opening and closing the matrix gate.     

Sorsby's fundus dystrophy tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) mutants have unimpaired matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory activities, but affect cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix.

The TIMP family of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors consists of four members, of which TIMP-1, -2 and -4 are secreted, freely diffusible proteins, whereas TIMP-3 is ECM-associated. Mutations in the TIMP3 gene have been linked to Sorsby's fundus dystrophy (SFD), an autosomal dominant inherited retinal degenerative disease that leads to blindness. The SFD mutations characterized result in introduction of an unpaired cysteine residue in the C-terminal domain of TIMP-3. We have expressed four SFD mutant TIMP-3 proteins in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells and evaluated their characteristics alongside wild-type TIMP-3. Analysis of the mutant proteins (Ser156Cys, Gly167Cys, Tyr168Cys and Ser181Cys) by SDS-PAGE and reverse zymography revealed that each of the mutants retained gelatinase A and gelatinase B inhibitory activity, and were localized to the ECM. Association rate constants for Ser156Cys TIMP-3 with gelatinase-A, gelatinase-B, stromelysin-1 and collagenase-3 were only moderately reduced compared to wild-type TIMP-3. However, all of the mutants displayed aberrant protein-protein interactions, resulting in the presence of additional proteins or complexes in ECM preparations. Two of the mutants (Ser156Cys and Ser181Cys) showed a marked propensity to form multiple higher molecular-weight complexes that retained TIMP activity on reverse zymography. Expression of the SFD mutant TIMP-3 (and to a lesser extent, wild-type TIMP-3) proteins in BHK cells conferred increased cell adhesiveness to the ECM. Our findings indicate that the pathogenesis of Sorsby's fundus dystrophy cannot be attributed to a failure to localize SFD TIMP-3 proteins to the ECM or defects in MMP inhibition, but may involve the formation of aberrant TIMP-3-containing protein complexes and altered cell adhesion.