药理学科研和培养人才的经验和体会

吕富华教授自三十年代至今从事药理学教学和科研,工作五十年,积累了非常丰富的经验。他的与困难做斗争和严谨的治学精神,值得人们很好地学习。特约本文简略介绍他几十年来的研究成果,从中可以看出其严谨的理论概念和实验方法,以及培养干部和研究生的态度,给我们很多启发。     

甲肝和乙肝患者体内的抗原和抗体

在中学《生理卫生》课本中抗原和抗体的概念比较简单,学生往往认为针对某种抗原的技体对人体均具有保护作用,而实际上并不总是这样的,有些抗体对人体是没有保护作用的,下面我们就以甲肝和乙肝患者体内的抗体和抗原为例,谈一谈抗体抗原在临床上的意义。病毒性肝炎是由多种肝炎病毒引起的传染病。具有传染性强,传播途径复杂,流行面广,发病率高等特点。对人类的健康和劳动力影响很大。目前国内外科学工作者已能区分出5种肝炎病毒,它们是甲肝病毒（HAV）、乙肝病毒（HBV）、丙肝病毒（HCV）、了肝病毒（HDV）和戊肝病毒（HEV）。…     

单克隆抗体和功能细胞株的进展和应用

本书为专论单克隆抗体杂交瘤专著:这还是生物分析研究领域中开辟的新的领域。该书重点介绍了重组单克隆抗体和分子遗传分析技术,阐述了在分子水平上研究基因和基因产物的结构与功能的相互关系,并进一步介绍了单克隆抗体在医学领域中应用的潜力。本书可供遗传学、免疫学、生物工程学、医学、分子生物学等科研和教学人员参考。     

猪和牛轮状病毒的分离和鉴定

我国对动物轮状病毒的研究报道尚少。用细胞培养法分离轮状病毒又比较困难。本文报道用非洲罗猴胎肾细胞MA-104,结合胰酶处理及旋转培养技术,从北京地区腹泻仔猪和犊牛的粪便中成功地分离到6株猪轮状病毒(暂名为PRV1,PRV2,PRV8,PRY11,PRV15和PRV17)和4株牛轮状病毒(暂名为BRV6555,BRV6551,BRV6571和BRV6576)及其初步鉴定结果。     

糖类和蛋白质相互作用的应用和展望

既然糖和蛋白质相互作用与许多生理和病理过程有关,那么糖和蛋白质相互作用的研究也就有其广泛的应用价值。 (一)免疫毒素和“生物导弹”目前用于肿瘤治疗的免疫毒素被通俗地别称为“生物导弹”,很是引人注目。原因是免疫毒素以对肿瘤细胞表面特征抗原专一的单克隆抗体作为“导向”分子,使与之相连的作为“弹头”的毒素富集到肿瘤细胞内,从而既能提高疗效又能降低毒素对正常细胞的伤害。就“生物导弹”这一词而言,凡是能把某种分子或组份定向地送到特定的靶细胞或靶器官,     

当代磁性材料和磁学的研究和应用

本文论述了当代磁性材料和磁学的若干新的研究和应用 ,主要包含 :①高频磁性材料与磁谱学 ;②微波磁性材料与磁共振 ;③纳米磁性材料与介观磁学 ;④磁的普遍存在与交叉磁学     

SUMO化和磷酸化的相互作用和共同修饰

翻译后修饰如磷酸化、乙酰化、甲基化、泛素化和SUMO化调节不同蛋白质的不同功能。磷酸化可能是最常见的修饰之一,蛋白质磷酸化通过一系列的激酶和磷酸酶催化,从而改变蛋白质功能。SUMO修饰是一种类泛素化修饰。SUMO修饰包括活化、结合、连接和解离,涉及多个酶多个步骤的催化过程。SUMO化可调节蛋白质相互作用、亚细胞定位、蛋白质稳定性和转录活性。关于磷酸化和SUMO化的蛋白质翻译后修饰,已有广泛研究报道。但很少关注于磷酸化和SUMO化之间的相互作用,以及它们对蛋白质的共同修饰。本文综述了蛋白质磷酸化和SUMO化之间的相互作用,以及共同修饰对细胞生理和肿瘤的影响。     

当代磁性材料和磁学的研究和应用

本论述了当代磁性材料和磁学的若干新的研究和应用,主要包含：①高频磁性材料与磁谱学;②微波磁性材料与磁共振;③纳米磁性材料与介观磁学;④磁的普遍存在与交叉磁学。     

澳洲茄和扁豆的幼茎和子叶的培养

材材名称澳洲茄(Solanum aviculare)和扁豆(Dolichos llablab) 材料类别取十天幼龄无菌幼苗的茎(包括茎尖)和子叶,在无菌条件下,将幼茎切成2毫米长的切段,子叶剪成3毫米见方小块.     

观察和鉴别植物的同功器官和同源器官

植物的正常营养器官根、茎、叶,都有它自己形态和构造上的特征,学生一般比较容易辨认。可是,在自然界里,有些植物的营养器官却发生了变态,如枝卷须和叶卷须;枝刺和叶刺;块茎和块根等则容易混淆。针对上述教学中遇到的问题,我们组织学生按植物的器官变态种类和它们不同的生长季节,不失时机地先到野外观察、并采集标本,同时做好记录。然后进行整理、保存备用,以便进行研究、分析和鉴别。根据实地观察和采集的标本,可见到多种多样的变态器官,归纳起来有:刺、皮刺、卷须、根茎、块茎、鳞茎、各种花卉及捕虫器等等。依     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

颧骨颧弓骨折的分类及诊治

颧骨颧弓骨折是最常见的面中部骨折之一,迄今为止,在其分类及诊治的选择上仍然存在一定争议,本文对目前颧骨颧弓骨折的分类及诊治的现状和进展作一综述,以期对临床工作提供参考。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Biology and conservation of sturgeon and paddlefish

The Acipenseriformes (sturgeon and paddlefish)live in the Northern Hemisphere; half of thesespecies live in Europe, mostly in thePonto-Caspian region, one third in NorthAmerica, and the rest in East Asia and Siberia.They reproduce in freshwater and most of themmigrate to the sea, either living in brackishwater (Caspian, Azov, Black and Baltic Seas) orin full seawater on the oceanic continentalshelf. Most species feed on benthic organisms.Puberty usually occurs late in life (5–30 yearsof age) and adult males and females do notspawn on an annual basis. Adults continue togrow and some species such as the beluga (Huso huso) have reached 100 years of age andmore than 1,000 kg weight. Stocks of sturgeonsare dramatically decreasing, particularly inEurasia; the world sturgeon catch was nearly28,000 t in 1982 and less than 2,000 t by 1999.This decline resulted from overfishing andenvironmental degradation such as: accumulationof pollutants in sediments, damming of rivers,and restricting water flows, which becomeunfavorable to migration and reproduction.Several protective measures have beeninstituted; for example, fishing regulation,habitat restoration, juvenile stocking, and theCITES listing of all sturgeon productsincluding caviar. In addition, sturgeon farmingpresently yields more than 2,000 t per year(equivalent to wild sturgeon landings) andabout 15 t of caviar. Hopefully, thisartificial production will contribute to areduction of fishing pressure and lead to therehabilitation of wild stocks.     

Comparison of Physiology and Anatomy of Seedlings and Regenerants of Sugar Beet

Whole sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. cv. Ras poly) plants were grown in the greenhouse from the same seed stock used for an in vitro shoot tip culture. In vitro produced sugar beet plants exhibited a high content of chlorophylls a and b, carotene, and total and soluble sugars. On the other hand, total protein content of in vivo plants was higher than that of in vitro plants. No differences were found by SDS-PAGE analysis in the nature and contents of soluble proteins of in vitro propagated plants and greenhouse-grown plants. Surfaces of epidermal cells were larger and palisade and spongy paranchyma tissues were thicker in leaves of regenerants than in leaves of seedlings. Vascular tissues in leaf petioles in regenerants were flat and more differentiated than in seedlings. Closed and undeveloped stomata were found on the abaxial leaf surface of regenerants, whereas in seedlings the stomata were open. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.