玉米脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶基因的克隆和特性研究

通过电子克隆方法得到玉米脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶基因,命名为ZmDHAR1。结果显示,ZmDHAR1基因全长723bp,开放阅读框642bp,编码214个氨基酸。ZmDHAR1基因与高粱、水稻及小麦等植物的脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶基因高度相似,其中与高粱的DHAR基因相似性为85%,与水稻的DHAR1基因相似性为83%。基因表达分析显示,ZmDHAR1基因在根以外的其他部位都可以检测到表达,而且ZmDHAR1基因可以在4℃低温、100μmol/L ABA、100mmol/L PEG、250mmol/L NaCl和机械损伤等多种逆境胁迫下均可应答表达。研究表明,ZmDHAR1基因可能在玉米抗逆境胁迫反应中发挥重要的作用。     

棉花抗逆基因GhAREB4的克隆及功能分析

AREBs转录因子家族基因主要参与干旱、高盐、低温等胁迫应答反应,在植物抵御各种逆境胁迫中起着非常重要的作用。该研究经序列电子拼接克隆了陆地棉GhAREB4基因,该基因全长1 784bp,其开放阅读框为1 227bp,编码408个氨基酸,预测分子量为44.3kD,等电点为8.88。蛋白结构预测发现,该蛋白二级结构中含有bZIP基因家族的保守结构域。系统进化树分析表明,GhAREB4与可可的AREB转录因子同源性最高。绿色荧光蛋白亚细胞定位分析表明,GhAREB4蛋白分布在细胞核内。qRT-PCR分析表明,GhAREB4基因在花中的表达量最高;且GhAREB4基因表达受到干旱、高盐、低温、脱落酸(ABA)等处理的诱导,其可能调控棉花对非生物逆境的耐性响应。研究结果为进一步研究该基因对棉花耐逆调控机制奠定了基础。     

白色念珠菌ALS家族基因的克隆与功能分析

利用ＣＸ２ ０．５ｋｂ探针,研究在不同白色念珠菌菌株中ＣＸ２串联重复序列的分布,发现多种白色念珠菌中都含有这个重复序列。为证明ＣＸ２的表达与形态转变有关,选用了多种诱导和非诱导菌丝生长的条件培养白色念珠菌ＳＣ５３１４,然后用串联重复序列作控针进行Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交分析,证明ＣＸ２ ｃＤＮＡ片段的表达与菌丝形态紧密相关。用它作为探针进行染色体定位和基因组Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交分析,表明白色念珠菌中多     

马铃薯StNPR4基因的克隆与功能分析

为探究StNPR4基因在马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum）中应对生物胁迫和非生物胁迫的功能,本研究通过克隆StNPR4的CDS序列和启动子序列,进行生物信息学分析;利用qRT-PCR进行组织表达特异性分析;同时构建了由其自身启动子驱动的StNPR4双元表达载体,转化马铃薯获得了转基因马铃薯,研究转基因马铃薯对水杨酸、致病疫霉和高盐胁迫的响应。结果显示：StNPR4具有典型的NPR1家族的功能结构域,启动子上具有响应于生物胁迫和非生物胁迫的顺式作用元件。StNPR4在叶中的表达量最高;StNPR4受SA诱导表达,且在转基因植株中的诱导表达程度高于对照;转基因马铃薯增强了对致病疫霉的抗性,在高盐胁迫下生根率更高。说明StNPR4不仅在马铃薯生物胁迫中发挥重要作用,而且在非生物胁迫中也扮演着重要角色。     

ZmJAZ与ZmMYC2的BiFC互作研究

JAZ(jasmonate ZIM-domain)蛋白是茉莉酸(jasmonic acid,JA)信号途径中关键的负调控因子,明确JAZ蛋白和MYC2之间的结合关系对整个JA信号通路至关重要。通过qRT-PCR筛选了在籽粒中较特异表达的ZmJAZ4、生殖器官中高表达的ZmJAZ8以及组成型表达的ZmJAZ12,利用玉米叶肉细胞原生质体瞬时表达体系,通过亚细胞定位和双分子荧光互作(bimolecular fluorescence complementation)研究了这些JAZ蛋白的定位以及是否可以与ZmMYC2相互作用。研究结果发现ZmJAZ4、ZmJAZ8和ZmJAZ12均定位于细胞核,同时BiFC结果显示这些JAZ蛋白都可与ZmMYC2在细胞核中相互作用,证实了ZmJAZ家族蛋白可与JA信号通路关键转录因子ZmMYC2结合的功能,提示它们可通过与ZmMYC2的结合影响其转录调控活性。     

山葡萄转录因子基因VaDREB的克隆及其抗逆功能分析

DREB/CBF（dehydration-responsive element binding protein/C-repeat binding factor）转录因子能特异的与DRE/CRT（dehydration-responsive element/C-repeat）顺式作用元件结合,在植物干旱、高盐和低温等非生物胁迫应答中起着重要的调控作用。本研究从山葡萄中克隆得到了一个VaDREB转录因子基因（登录号XM₀02283076.1）,并对其进行了序列分析、亚细胞定位分析以及酵母和拟南芥中的功能鉴定。序列分析表明,VaDREB开放阅读框全长459 bp,编码152个氨基酸,预测蛋白质分子量为17 kDa,等电点为8.67,包含一个AP2/ERF结合域。氨基酸序列比对和系统进化分析结果表明,该基因属于DREB/CBF转录因子A-5亚类。亚细胞定位结果表明VaDREB蛋白定位于细胞核中。重组酵母菌株与表达VaDREB基因的转基因拟南芥株系均表现出明显增强的盐、干旱、低温和高温胁迫耐受性表型,基因表达分析结果表明,转基因拟南芥株系中抗逆相关功能基因的表达量出现了明显上调,这些结果证明VaDREB转录因子在植物抗逆调控过程中起着重要作用。     

玉米铁还原酶基因ZmFRO2的功能分析

Fe是植物生长发育过程中最重要的微量元素之一,植物缺铁会导致叶片黄化,进而影响产量。植物吸收转运铁共有两种机理,即机理I和机理II,相应的植物称为机理I植物和机理II植物,机理I植物主要包括双子叶植物和非禾本科单子叶植物,机理II植物主要包括禾本科植物。铁还原酶基因FRO(Ferric reduction oxidase)作为机理I植物中的关键基因已在多种植物中被发现与研究,包括禾本科植物水稻。为了解该基因在玉米中的功能,对玉米铁还原酶基因ZmFRO2进行了基因功能的分析,包括生物信息学分析、表达模式分析及亚细胞定位分析,证明了ZmFRO2具有铁还原酶的结构基础且与OsFRO1、MtFRO2、AtFRO6和AtFRO7具有较近的亲缘关系,ZmFRO2定位在质膜与胞质,该基因主要在叶片中大量表达,且该基因的表达受缺铁先诱导后抑制。另外,通过农杆菌介导的方法获得了过表达ZmFRO2玉米植株,对其进行铁还原酶活力及锌铁含量测定发现过表达ZmFRO2能够提高玉米根部铁还原酶活力,根部、叶片和籽粒的铁含量均有不同程度的升高。通过这些分析和测定为之后基因功能的深入研究奠定基础,进而为提高玉米铁含量提供新的功能基因和新途径。     

胡杨PeECT8基因的克隆及功能分析

ECT基因家族已在拟南芥中被发现并报道,然而它们是否参与植物在逆境胁迫下的响应过程却鲜有报道。为研究胡杨PeECT8基因的功能,从胡杨叶片cDNA中克隆出PeECT8基因,构建CaMV 35S::Pe ECT8植物表达载体,利用花序浸染法转化拟南芥,经GUS组织化学染色和PCR检测,获得转基因植株,进而测定不同浓度盐(Na Cl)和甘露醇胁迫下转基因拟南芥种子的萌发率、生长势和根长。测序结果表明,该基因编码区长度为1821 bp,可编码606个氨基酸。蛋白序列比对发现,PeECT8基因与毛果杨PtrECT8同源基因所编码的氨基酸一致性达93.42%,PeECT8蛋白包含一个YT521-B-like保守结构域。相比于野生型,过量表达PeECT8的拟南芥在不同浓度NaCl胁迫下萌发率降低,在D-甘露醇胁迫下萌发率没有明显变化。在NaCl和D-甘露醇胁迫下,转基因拟南芥根的伸长长度小于野生型。这表明PeECT8基因在盐胁迫和渗透胁迫下发挥负调控的作用。     

甘草JAZ基因家族的鉴定及其在干旱胁迫下的表达分析

甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)是一味大宗中药材,黄酮类活性成分是其主要的药物活性成分之一。茉莉酸是甘草响应非生物胁迫调控类黄酮类活性成分的主要内源激素。JAZ是茉莉酸信号转导途径中的一个重要节点,其通过负向调节茉莉酸的信号转导,参与植物发育、非生物胁迫和对植物激素处理的响应的调节。本研究通过测定聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol,PEG) 6000诱导的干旱胁迫对乌拉尔甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.)中茉莉酸(jasmonic acid,JA)含量和JAZ基因家族表达水平以及JAZ基因家族的生物信息学分析,筛选受干旱胁迫诱导JAZ基因。研究结果显示:JA主要在甘草地下部分中积累,干旱胁迫明显提升地下部分JA含量,地下和地上部分中PEG处理2h时JA表达量最高。基于对上述材料的转录组测序数据分析,有10个GuJAZ基因具有完整的读码框,且这些JAZ基因具有时空表达差异性。干旱胁迫诱导地下部分中的GuJAZ基因上调,GuJAZ1、GuJAZ3、GuJAZ4、GuJAZ5、GuJAZ6和GuJAZ10在处理2h组上调最明显,表达量变化趋势与JA含量变化趋势相似。GuJAZ启动子调控元件分析显示GuJAZ1、GuJAZ5、GuJAZ6、GuJAZ8和GuJAZ10基因主要受逆境胁迫和光响应元件调控。本研究为优化甘草栽培体系、提升栽培甘草品质、探究GuJAZ基因在甘草中的功能以及对JA合成及调控机制提供研究基础。     

菘蓝IiLEA基因的克隆及胁迫表达分析

胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白(LEA蛋白),是指胚胎发育后期种子中大量积累的一系列蛋白质,大量研究表明这些蛋白质的积累与渗透胁迫耐受性密切相关.该实验以250 mmol/L NaCl溶液处理9 h的菘蓝幼苗为材料,经RT-PCR方法扩增得到LEA基因,命名为IiLEA.经测序确认该基因含有648 bp的开放阅读框,编码由215个氨基酸组成的亲水性蛋白质.对培养30 d的菘蓝无菌幼苗进行自然干旱处理和盐胁迫处理,Northern杂交结果显示,正常生长条件下,IiLEA基因在菘蓝幼苗体内不表达,随着胁迫时间的延长其表达量逐渐增加,到9 h时表达量达到峰值,干旱处理和盐处理有相似结果,表明该基因可能受逆境胁迫诱导表达.     

Cloning and Functional Characterization of the Maize (Zea mays L.) Carotenoid Epsilon Hydroxylase Gene

The assignment of functions to genes in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is necessary to understand how the pathway is regulated and to obtain the basic information required for metabolic engineering. Few carotenoid ε-hydroxylases have been functionally characterized in plants although this would provide insight into the hydroxylation steps in the pathway. We therefore isolated mRNA from the endosperm of maize (Zea mays L., inbred line B73) and cloned a full-length cDNA encoding CYP97C19, a putative heme-containing carotenoid ε hydroxylase and member of the cytochrome P450 family. The corresponding CYP97C19 genomic locus on chromosome 1 was found to comprise a single-copy gene with nine introns. We expressed CYP97C19 cDNA under the control of the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter in the Arabidopsis thaliana lut1 knockout mutant, which lacks a functional CYP97C1 (LUT1) gene. The analysis of carotenoid levels and composition showed that lutein accumulated to high levels in the rosette leaves of the transgenic lines but not in the untransformed lut1 mutants. These results allowed the unambiguous functional annotation of maize CYP97C19 as an enzyme with strong zeinoxanthin ε-ring hydroxylation activity.     

一个与玉米基因表达沉默有关的cDNA片段的克隆及序列分析

利用cDNA-AFLP技术分离了一个与玉米基因表达沉默有关的cDNA片段,Northern杂交分析表明,该基因在Mo17的苗期和雄穗生长锥伸长期都表达,但在Mo17与其亲缘关系较近的另一亲本杂交的F1代中却表现沉默,即表现单亲沉默。同源性分析表明,该克隆片段与GenBank中玉米通用调控因子(GRF)部分区段有98．6％的同源性,与玉米通用调控因子编码的mRNA部分序列有83％的同源性。以上结果表明,基因沉默可能是亲本GRF在F     

玉米尿卟啉原Ⅲ脱羧酶同功酶生物信息学分析、基因克隆和原核表达

尿卟啉原Ⅲ脱羧酶是生物卟啉类化合物分支合成的关键酶。从GenBank中搜寻到4种玉米尿卟啉原Ⅲ脱羧酶:Les22、UROD1、UROD2和截短UROD,氨基酸序列比对显示N端的同源性较差;玉米les22基因比urod1基因在开放阅读框的上游少3个碱基,导致阅读框移码。植物除玉米外存在高度同源的UROD1和UROD2,具有结构完整性。本文以玉米幼叶总RNA为模板,通过RT-PCR克隆了玉米les22和urod2基因,并对突变位点进行校正,同时通过定点突变获得urod1基因,它们都编码去除叶绿体导肽的尿卟啉原Ⅲ脱羧酶。再分别将les22、urod2和urod1基因插入大肠杆菌的不同表达载体,转化表达菌株BL21(DE3),16℃诱导表达18h,SDS-PAGE分析显示,Les22的N端含有组氨酸标签或SUMO蛋白,重组蛋白表达为包涵体,UROD2的N端含有组氨酸标签或SUMO、TRX、GST或MBP蛋白,未检测到目的蛋白在上清液的特异表达,而UROD1和MBP融合为可溶性表达,表明玉米UROD的N端氨基酸残基可能参与蛋白在大肠杆菌的折叠。这为研究玉米UROD的种类和功能奠定基础。     

Purification and Partial Characterization of Maize (Zea mays L.) beta-Glucosidase

Maize (Zea mays L.) β-glucosidase (β-d-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) was extracted from the coleoptiles of 5- to 6-day-old maize seedlings with 50 millimolar sodium acetate, pH 5.0. The pH of the extract was adjusted to 4.6, and most of the contaminating proteins were cryoprecipitated at 0°C for 24 hours. The pH 4.6 supernatant from cryoprecipitation was further fractionated by chromatography on an Accell CM column using a 4.8 to 6.8 pH gradient of 50 millimolar sodium acetate, which yielded the enzyme in two homogeneous, chromatographically different fractions. Purified enzyme was characterized with respect to subunit molecular weight, isoelectric point, amino acid composition, NH₂-terminal amino acid sequence, pH and temperature optima, thermostability, and activity and stability in the presence of selected reducing agents, metal ions, and alkylating agents. The purified enzyme has an estimated subunit molecular mass of 60 kilodaltons, isoelectric point at pH 5.2, and pH and temperature optima at 5.8 and 50°C, respectively. The amino acid composition data indicate that the enzyme is rich in Glx and Asx, the sum of which approaches 25%. The sequence of the first 20 amino acids in the N-terminal region was H₂N-Ser-Ala-Arg-Val-Gly-Ser-Gln-Asn-Gly-Val-Gln-Met-Leu-Ser-Pro-(Ser?) -Glu-Ile-Pro-Gln, and it shows no significant similarity to other proteins with known sequence. The enzyme is extremely stable at 0 to 4°C up to 1 year but loses activity completely at and above 55°C in 10 minutes. Likewise, the enzyme is stable in the presence of or after treatment with 500 millimolar 2-mercaptoethanol, and it is totally inactivated at 2000 millimolar 2-mercaptoethanol. Such metal ions as Hg²⁺ and Ag⁺ reversibly inhibit the enzyme at micromolar concentrations, and inhibition could be completely overcome by adding 2-mercaptoethanol at molar excess of the inhibitory metal ion. The alkylating agents iodoacetic acid and iodoacetamide irreversibly inactivate the enzyme and such inactivation is accelerated in the presence of urea.     

Characterization and Fine Mapping of a Necrotic Leaf Mutant in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a commercially important crop. Its yield can be reduced by mutations in biosynthetic and degradative pathways that cause death. In this paper, we describe the necrotic leaf (nec-t) mutant, which was obtained from an inbred line, 81647. The nec-t mutant plants had yellow leaves with necrotic spots, reduced chlorophyll content, and the etiolated seedlings died under normal growth conditions. Transmission electron microscopy revealed scattered thylakoids, and reduced numbers of grana lamellae and chloroplasts per cell. Histochemical staining suggested that spot formation of nec-t leaves might be due to cell death. Genetic analysis showed that necrosis was caused by the mutation of a recessive locus. Using simple sequence repeat markers, the Nec-t gene was mapped between mmc0111 and bnlg2277 on the short arm of chromosome 2. A total of 1287 individuals with the mutant phenotype from a F₂ population were used for physical mapping. The Nec-t gene was located between markers T31 and H8 within a physical region of 131.7 kb.     

Characterization of Paraquat Transport in Protoplasts from Maize (Zea mays L.) Suspension Cells

Protoplasts isolated from maize (Zea mays L.) suspension cells were used to study transport of paraquat. [14C]Paraquat uptake was measured in 400-[mu]L centrifuge tubes using silicon oil centrifugation techniques. Approximately 50% of accumulation from a 100 [mu]M paraquat solution occurred in the first 10 s, and net accumulation reached a maximum after about 10 min. Membrane binding accounted for about 30% of apparent accumulation. Concentration-dependent uptake kinetics were characterized by a non-saturating curve, which was resolved into a linear and a saturable component. The Km of the saturable component was 132 [mu]M, and the Vmax was 0.512 nmol [mu]L of protoplasts-1 min-1. In the absence of sucrose, the Vmax of the saturable component was reduced by 52%, suggesting that paraquat uptake across the plasmalemma is energy dependent. Measurement of concentration-dependent binding of paraquat to burst protoplasts showed a linear response. This suggests that the linear component from intact protoplast concentration kinetics represented paraquat binding to the plasmalemma surface. Calcium inhibited the saturable component, and this inhibition was shown by Lineweaver-Burk analysis to be noncompetitive. Putrescine, a divalent cationic polyamine with a charge distribution similar to that of paraquat, competitively inhibited paraquat uptake. These results show that paraquat transport characteristics at the plasmalemma of maize protoplasts are similar to those reported earlier for paraquat transport in roots of intact maize seedlings.     

斜带石斑鱼CD4基因克隆和组织表达分析

CD4 作为TCR的共受体可以提高TCR/抗原-MHC复合体的稳定性,辅助TCR识别抗原,并且参与T细胞活化.本研究从斜带石斑鱼Epinephelus coioides头肾中克隆得到全长2240 bp的CDM cDNA序列,该序列包含长1410 bp的ORF,编码469个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子包含一段信号肽,4个Ig样区...     

Endopolyploidy in Diploid and Tetraploid Maize (Zea mays L.)

Nuclei from different tissues such as stem, mesocotyl, nodalroot and root tip of diploid and tetraploid maize were isolated,stained with propidium iodide and passed through an EPICS-751flow-cytometer cell sorter. Variations in flow histograms wereobserved in different tissues. Stem tissues of both the diploidand tetraploid had two peaks representing G1 and G2 somaticnuclei. The remaining tissues in both the diploids and tetraploidsexhibited three peaks. The first peak observed in these tissuesrepresents G1 somatic nuclei of the lowest ploidy level. Thesecond peak represent G2 somatic nuclei of the lowest ploidylevel+G1 somatic nuclei of the next ploidy level. The thirdpeak represents G2 of the higher ploidy level+G1 somatic nucleiof the next higher ploidy level. Statistically significant differenceswere observed between the diploid and tetraploid maize tissueswith respect to nuclei distribution in the higher ploidy levelpeaks implying variation in the degree of endopolyploidy inthe diploid and tetraploid maize. The results of this studysuggest that the amount of endopolyploid observed in maize genotypeshas an effect on their overall agronomic performance under thefield conditions.Copyright 1993, 1999 Academic Press Zea mays L., maize, endopolyploidy, diploid, tetraploid, flow cytometry     

Cloning and Characterization of Functional Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase Gene in Maize

Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide of glucose that functions as a compatible solute in the stabilization of biological structures under heat and desiccation stress in bacteria, fungi, and some “resurrection plants”. In the plant kingdom, trehalose is biosynthesized by trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP). Over-expression of exogenous and endogenous genes encoding TPS and TPP is reported to be effective for improving abiotic stress tolerance in tobacco, potato, tomato, rice, and Arabidopsis. On the basis of bioinformatics prediction, we cloned a fragment containing an open reading frame of 2,820 bp from maize, which encodes a protein of 939 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this gene belongs to the class I subfamily of the TPS gene family. Analysis of conserved domains revealed the presence of a TPS domain and a TPP domain. Yeast complementation with TPS and TPP mutants demonstrated that this protein has the activity of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and real-time quantitative PCR indicated that the expression of this gene is upregulated in response to both salt and cold stress.     

Purification and Characterization of Phospholipase D (PLD) from Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Cloning of cDNA for PLD from Rice and Maize (Zea mays L.)

Phospholipase D (PLD) was purified to high homogeneity fromrice bran (Oryza sativa L.). Two peaks of PLD activity wereresolved by Mono Q anion-exchange chromatography. The molecularmass of PLD in both peaks was 82 kDa on SDS-PAGE and 78 kDain gel filtration. Antibodies raised against the protein inone of the peaks precipitated the enzyme activities in bothpeaks. Enzymatic characteristics of PLD in the two peaks wereidentical except for a difference of 0.1 in the isoelectricpoints. Sequence analysis covering more than 10% of the aminoacids of the proteins and peptide mapping did not detect anydifference in the primary structure of the proteins. A cDNAfor PLD was isolated from rice and it encoded a protein of 812residues. The N-terminal sequences of purified PLDs matchedthe deduced amino acid sequence starting from residue 47. ANorthern blot showed this gene was expressed in leaves, roots,developing seeds and cultured cells, and a Southern blot detecteda single band of rice genomic DNA hybridizing to the cDNA. AcDNA for PLD was also isolated from maize. The similarity ofthe deduced amino acid sequences of PLD was 90% between riceand maize, 73% between the cereals and castor bean. ²Present address: Agribusiness Division, Japan Tobacco Inc.2-1,Toranomon, 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 140 Japan