Construction and Characterization of aMagnaporthe griseaBacterial Artificial Chromosome Library

Diaz-Perez, S. V., Crouch, V. W., and Orbach, M. J. 1996. Construction and characterization of aMagnaporthe griseabacterial artificial chromosome library.Fungal Genet. Biol.20,280–288. A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library ofMagnaporthe griseacontaining 4128 clones with an average insert size of 66-kb has been constructed. This library represents seven genome equivalents ofM. griseaand has been demonstrated to be representative of the genome by screening for the presence of several single-copy genes and DNA markers. The utility of the library for use in map-based cloning projects was shown by the spanning of a nine-cosmid, 207-kb DNA contig with only 3 BAC clones. In addition, using alys1-3auxotroph, we have shown that BAC clones at least 113 kb can be transformed intoM. griseato screen for complementation of mutations. Thus, BACs isolated in chromosome walks can be rapidly screened for the presence of the sought after gene. The ease of construction of BAC libraries and of isolation and manipulation of BAC clones makes the BAC system an ideal one for physical analyses of fungal genomes.     

Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Magnaporthe grisea</Emphasis>: genes involved in appressorium formation

Treatment with cyclic AMP (cAMP) induces appressorium formation in the phytopathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea, the causative agent of rice blast disease. In a search for the M. grisea genes responsible for appressorium formation and host invasion, SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) was carried out using mRNA isolated from fungal conidia germinating in the presence and absence of cAMP. From cAMP-treated conidia 5087 tags including 2889 unique tags were isolated, whereas untreated conidia yielded 2342 unique tags out of total of 3938. cAMP treatment resulted in up- and down-regulation of genes corresponding to 57 and 53 unique tags, respectively. Upon consultation of EST/cDNA databases, 22 tags with higher representation in cAMP-treated conidia were annotated with putative gene names. Furthermore, 28 tags corresponding to cAMP-induced genes could be annotated with the help of the recently published genome sequence of M. grisea. cAMP-induced genes identified by SAGE included many genes that have not been described so far, as well as a number of genes known to be involved in pathogenicity, e.g. MPG1, MAS1 and MAC1. RT-PCR of 13 randomly selected genes confirmed the SAGE results, verifying the fidelity of the SAGE data.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at Communicated by E. Cerdá-Olmedo     

枯草芽孢杆菌N2-10的基因组测序和比较基因组分析

【背景】枯草芽孢杆菌N2-10是一株具有较强抑菌能力且能产纤维素酶等多种水解酶的革兰氏阳性菌,在发酵饲料中具有较大的应用潜力。【目的】通过获得枯草芽孢杆菌N2-10的全基因组序列信息,进一步解析菌株次级代谢产物合成基因信息,并通过比较基因组学分析菌株N2-10与模式菌株的差异性,为阐明N2-10抑菌和益生机制提供理论基础。【方法】通过二代Illumina NovaSeq联合三代PacBio Sequel测序平台,对菌株N2-10进行全基因组测序,将测序数据进行基因组组装、基因预测与功能注释,并利用比较基因组学分析N2-10与其他菌株的差异。【结果】菌株N2-10基因组大小为4 036 899 bp,GC含量为43.88%;共编码4 163个编码基因,所有编码基因总长度为3594369bp,编码区总长度占基因组总长度的89.04%;含有85个tRNA、10个5S rRNA、10个16S rRNA、10个23S rRNA,以及2个CRISPR-Cas、1个前噬菌体和6个基因岛;在GO (gene ontolog)、COG (clusters of orthologous groups of...     

MAGGY, a retrotransposon in the genome of the rice blast fungusMagnaporthe grisea

Full-length copies of a previously described repetitive DNA sequence (CH2-8) were isolated from the genome of theMagnaporthe grisea strain 2539. One copy of the complete element was sequenced and found to resemble agypsy-like LTR retrotransposon. We named this element MAGGY (MAGnaporthe GYpsy-like element). MAGGY contains two internal ORFs putatively encoding Gag, Pol and Env-like proteins which are similar to peptides encoded by retroelements identified in other filamentous fungi. MAGGY was found to be widely distributed amongM. grisea isolates from geographically dispersed locations and different hosts. It was present in high copy number in the genomes of all nine rice-pathogenic isolates examined. By contrast,M. grisea strains isolated from other Gramineae were found to possess varying copy numbers of MAGGY and in some cases the element was completely absent. The wide distribution of MAGGY suggests that this element invaded the genome ofM. grisea prior to the evolution of rice-specific form(s). It may since have been horizontally transmitted to other sub-specific groups. One copy of MAGGY, corresponding to the element we sequenced, was located at identical locations in the genomes of geographically dispersed strains, suggesting that this copy of the element is a relatively ancient insertion.     

植物内生链霉菌Streptomyces sp. SAT1的基因组测序和比较基因组分析

【背景】一直以来,链霉菌都是活性物质的主要生产者,近年来随着抗生素滥用引起的环境和微生物抗药性问题越发严重,挖掘高效生物防治因子和新型抗生素成为了解决以上问题的重要手段。【目的】通过获得植物内生链霉菌SAT1全基因组序列和次级代谢基因簇信息,利用比较基因组学和泛基因组学分析SAT1菌株的特殊性以及与其他链霉菌的共性,为阐明SAT1抑菌和内生机制提供理论基础,为揭示链霉菌的生态功能提供可靠数据。【方法】通过三代测序平台PacBio Sequel完成SAT1基因组测序,利用生物信息学技术进行注释和功能基因分类;分别利用RAxML和PGAP软件进行系统发育树的构建和泛基因组分析;次级代谢基因簇的预测和分析通过antiSMASH网站完成。【结果】获得SAT1菌株的全基因组完成图,该菌线性染色体长度约7.47 Mb,包含有4个质粒,GC含量近73%,共预测到7 550个蛋白编码基因,含有37个次级代谢基因簇,分属29个类型,其中默诺霉素基因簇与加纳链霉菌具有较高相似性。42株代表链霉菌中,单个菌株次级代谢基因簇数量为20-55个,主要类型为PKS类、Terpene类和Nrps类,而且含有大量杂合基因簇,各个菌株中特有基因数目较为庞大。【结论】链霉菌SAT1菌株在基因组特点以及次级代谢基因簇的数量和类型上与其余41株链霉菌具有一定的共性,其中潮霉素B基因簇和默诺霉素基因簇合成的相关物质可能与SAT1抑菌活性密切相关。42株链霉菌中次级代谢基因簇数量的多少与基因组大小成正相关,同时大量杂合基因簇以及庞大的特有基因数目的存在说明链霉菌在长期进化过程中存在了很高程度的水平基因转移现象,可能具有重要的生态功能。     

出芽短梗霉菌株PA-2全基因组测序及分析

【背景】出芽短梗霉菌株PA-2是一株分离自青海省海东市平安区患病杨树叶片上的真菌,前期研究表明该菌株具有除草和抑菌能力,说明其在生物农药方面具有潜在的应用前景。【目的】了解菌株PA-2的基因组序列信息,挖掘其生防相关功能基因簇,为进一步研究解析该菌株生防机理及生防功能改造提供遗传背景信息。【方法】利用IlluminaHiSeq高通量测序平台对生防菌株PA-2进行全基因组测序,用生物信息学的方法对测序数据进行基因组组装、基因预测及功能注释、碳水化合物活性酶预测、次级代谢产物合成基因簇预测,利用刚果红染色等方法对水解酶活性进行衡量。【结果】菌株PA-2基因组序列全长28 932 793 bp,平均GC含量为50%,共编码10 839个基因,预测到该菌株具有4个已知的次级代谢产物合成基因簇,编码Melanin、Burnettramic Acid A、ACR-Toxin I、Abscisic Acid,该菌株能水解纤维素和果胶。【结论】有助于在基因组层面上解析菌株PA-2生防机制的内在原因,为深入了解出芽短梗霉菌次级代谢物合成途径提供参考,对菌株PA-2的下一步相关研究具有重要意义。     

基于基因组挖掘的农抗120活性成分制霉菌素和丰加霉素的发现和鉴定

【目的】分析刺孢吸水链霉菌北京变种(农抗120产生菌)基因组和次级代谢产物组分,研究并鉴定农抗120产生菌中未被发现的活性组分。【方法】利用antiSMASH在线分析农抗120产生菌Streptomyces hygrospinosusvar.beijingensis基因组信息,锁定可能的制霉菌素和丰加霉素生物合成基因簇。利用HPLC和LC-MS等分析方法对农抗120产生菌发酵产物进行分析,同时利用制霉菌素和丰加霉素标准品作为对照,以鉴定该菌株代谢组分中的次级代谢产物。此外,通过构建目标基因簇大片段缺失突变株,并对所得突变株发酵产物进行检测,以确定生物合成基因簇与目的代谢产物的对应关系。【结果】本研究综合利用基因组序列分析、基因缺失突变株构建以及代谢产物检测方法,鉴定了农抗120产生菌中制霉菌素和丰加霉素两种活性成分,并确定了负责这些化合物合成的基因簇。【结论】本研究所构建的多重基因簇失活突变株为挖掘刺孢吸水链霉菌北京变种更多的天然次级代谢产物奠定了基础。     

Genetic mapping with dispersed repeated sequences in the rice blast fungus: mapping the SMO locus

Summary The SMO genetic locus in strains of the fungus Magnaporthe grisea that infect weeping lovegrass, directs the formation of correct cell shapes in asexual spores, infection structures, and asci. We have identified and characterized a Smo^– strain of M. grisea that infects rice. The smo mutation in this strain segregates as a single gene mutation and is allelic to previously identified smo alleles. A marked reduction in pathogenicity co-segregates with the Smo^– phenotype, suggesting that the SMO locus plays a role in rice pathogenicity. A family of dispersed repeated DNA sequences, called MGR, have been discovered in the nuclear DNA of M. grisea rice pathogens. Genetic crosses between Smo^– rice pathogens and Smo⁺ non-rice pathogens were used to follow the segregation of the SMO locus and individual MGR sequences. Using DNA blot analysis with cloned MGR hybridization probes, we mapped the SMO locus to a chromosomal region flanked by two closely linked MGR sequences. We demonstrated that the copy number of MGR sequences could be reduced in subsequent crosses to non-rice pathogens of M. grisea, and that new MGR sequences did not occur following meiosis indicating that these sequences are stable in the genome. We conclude that restriction fragment polymorphism mapping with cloned MGR sequences as hybridization probes is an effective way to map genes in the rice blast fungus.     

Identification and characterization of rhizosphere fungal strain MF‐91 antagonistic to rice blast and sheath blight pathogens

Aim

To examine the inhibition effects of rhizosphere fungal strain MF‐91 on the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe grisea and sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani.

Methods and Results

Rhizosphere fungal strain MF‐91 and its metabolites suppressed the in vitro mycelial growth of R. solani. The inhibitory effect of the metabolites was affected by incubation temperature, lighting time, initial pH and incubation time of rhizosphere fungal strain MF‐91. The in vitro mycelial growth of M. grisea was insignificantly inhibited by rhizosphere fungal strain MF‐91 and its metabolites. The metabolites of rhizosphere fungal strain MF‐91 significantly inhibited the conidial germination and appressorium formation of M. grisea. Moreover, the metabolites reduced the disease index of rice sheath blight by 35·02% in a greenhouse and 57·81% in a field as well as reduced the disease index of rice blast by 66·07% in a field. Rhizosphere fungal strain MF‐91 was identified as Chaetomium aureum based on the morphological observation, the analysis of 18S ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequence and its physiological characteristics, such as the optimal medium, temperature and initial pH for mycelial growth and sporulation production.

Conclusions

Rhizosphere fungus C. aureum is effective in the biocontrolling of rice blast pathogen M. grisea and sheath blight pathogen R. solani both in in vitro and in vivo conditions.

Significance and Impact of the Study

This study is the first to show that rhizosphere fungus C. aureum is a potential fungicide against rice blast and sheath blight pathogens.     

The use of secondary metabolite profiling in chemotaxonomy of filamentous fungi

A secondary metabolite is a chemical compound produced by a limited number of fungal species in a genus, an order, or even phylum. A profile of secondary metabolites consists of all the different compounds a fungus can produce on a given substratum and includes toxins, antibiotics and other outward-directed compounds. Chemotaxonomy is traditionally restricted to comprise fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates, or secondary metabolites, but has sometimes been defined so broadly that it also includes DNA sequences. It is not yet possible to use secondary metabolites in phylogeny, because of the inconsistent distribution throughout the fungal kingdom. However, this is the very quality that makes secondary metabolites so useful in classification and identification. Four groups of organisms are particularly good producers of secondary metabolites: plants, fungi, lichen fungi, and actinomycetes, whereas yeasts, protozoa, and animals are less efficient producers. Therefore, secondary metabolites have mostly been used in plant and fungal taxonomy, whereas chemotaxonomy has been neglected in bacteriology. Lichen chemotaxonomy has been based on few biosynthetic families (chemosyndromes), whereas filamentous fungi have been analysed for a wide array of terpenes, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, and combinations of these. Fungal chemotaxonomy based on secondary metabolites has been used successfully in large ascomycete genera such as Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Hypoxylon, Penicillium, Stachybotrys, Xylaria and in few basidiomycete genera, but not in Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota.     

Expression of the bacteriophage T4 lysozyme gene in tall fescue confers resistance to gray leaf spot and brown patch diseases

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is an important turf and forage grass species worldwide. Fungal diseases present a major limitation in the maintenance of tall fescue lawns, landscapes, and forage fields. Two severe fungal diseases of tall fescue are brown patch, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, and gray leaf spot, caused by Magnaporthe grisea. These diseases are often major problems of other turfgrass species as well. In efforts to obtain tall fescue plants resistant to these diseases, we introduced the bacteriophage T4 lysozyme gene into tall fescue through Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. In replicated experiments under controlled environments conducive to disease development, 6 of 13 transgenic events showed high resistance to inoculation of a mixture of two M. grisea isolates from tall fescue. Three of these six resistant plants also displayed significant resistance to an R. solani isolate from tall fescue. Thus, we have demonstrated that the bacteriophage T4 lysozyme gene confers resistance to both gray leaf spot and brown patch diseases in transgenic tall fescue plants. The gene may have wide applications in engineered fungal disease resistance in various crops.     

Applications of dimethylallyltryptophan synthases and other indole prenyltransferases for structural modification of natural products

A series of putative indole prenyltransferase genes could be identified in the genome sequences of different fungal strains including Aspergillus fumigatus and Neosartorya fischeri. The gene products show significant sequence similarities to dimethylallyltryptophan synthases from various fungi. These genes belong to different gene clusters and are involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Ten of them were cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and proven to be soluble proteins. They catalyse different prenyl transfer reactions onto indole moieties of various substrates and do not require divalent metal ions for their prenyl transfer reactions. These enzymes showed broad substrate specificities towards their aromatic substrates. Diverse simple tryptophan derivatives and tryptophan-containing cyclic dipeptides were accepted by several prenyltransferases as substrates and converted to prenylated derivatives. This feature of substrate flexibility was successfully used for regiospecific and stereospecific synthesis of different indole derivatives.     

一株稀有海洋真菌Stachybotrys longispora FG216的De Novo测序及基因组学分析

【背景】长孢葡萄穗霉菌(Stachybotrys longispora) FG216是一株稀有海洋真菌,其次生代谢产物FGFC1具有纤溶活性。进行S. longispora FG216的基因组序列分析,将充实和促进海洋微生物功能基因和次生代谢产物合成生物学的基础研究和应用研究。【目的】解析S. longispora FG216的基因组序列,分析基因组生物功能和同源相似性关系,分析次生代谢产物纤溶活性化合物FGFC1的相关基因。【方法】基于Illumina HiSeq高通量测序平台对S. longispora FG216菌株进行De Novo测序,使用SSPACE、Augustus等软件进行组装、编码基因预测、基因功能注释、物种共线性分析以及预测FGFC1次生代谢产物合成基因簇。【结果】S. longispora FG216的基因组测序总长度为45622830bp,共得到605个Scaffold,GC含量为51.31%,注释预测得到13329个编码基因和169个非编码RNA。基因组测序数据提交至国家微生物科学数据中心(编号为NMDC60016264),其中13 053、8 422、8 460、7 714和2 847个基因分别能够在NR、KEGG、KOG、GO和CAZy数据库匹配到注释信息。比较基因组学分析发现,Stachybotrys具有保守性,核心基因占基因家族总数目的71.44%,S. longispora FG216与S. chlorohalonata IBT 40285的相似性最高;同时,预测得到101个次生代谢产物合成基因簇,其中18个基因簇与已知的化合物相匹配。通过antiSMASH预测,Cluster57是编码合成FGFC1母核结构异吲哚啉酮的基因簇,与S.chlorohalonataIBT40285中的基因簇相似度为40%。【结论】海洋稀有真菌S.longisporaFG216的基因组信息已上传至国家微生物科学数据中心公开使用,为Stachybotrys种属的研究提供了重要的参考意义,同时发现了S. longispora FG216次生代谢产物纤溶活性化合物FGFC1母核部分编码基因是Cluster 57。     

Molecular mapping of two cultivar-specific avirulence genes in the rice blast fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Magnaporthe grisea</Emphasis>

Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe grisea, is a globally important disease of rice that causes annual yield losses. The segregation of genes controlling the virulence of M. grisea on rice was studied to establish the genetic basis of cultivar specificity in the interaction of rice and M. grisea. The segregation of avirulence and virulence was studied in 87 M. grisea F₁ progeny isolates from a cross of two isolates, Guy11 and JS153, using resistance-gene-differential rice cultivars. The segregation ratio indicated that avirulence and virulence in the rice cultivars Aichi–asahi and K59, respectively, are controlled by single major genes. Genetic analyses of backcrosses and full-sib crosses in these populations were also performed. The χ² test of goodness-of-fitness for a 1:1 ratio indicated that one dominant gene controls avirulence in Aichi-asahi and K59 in this population. Based on the resistance reactions of rice differential lines harboring known resistance genes to the parental isolates, two genetically independent avirulence genes, AVR–Pit and AVR–Pia, were identified. Genetic linkage analysis showed that the SSR marker m355–356 is closely linked to AVR–Pit, on the telomere of chromosome 1 at a distance of approximately 2.3 cM. The RAPD marker S487, which was converted to a sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker, was found to be closely linked to AVR–Pia, on the chromosome 7 telomere at a distance of 3.5 cM. These molecular markers will facilitate the positional cloning of the two AVR genes, and can be applied to molecular-marker-assisted studies of M. grisea populations.     

Further secondary metabolites produced by the fungus Pyricularia grisea isolated from buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris)

The fungal pathogen Pyricularia grisea has been studied to evaluate its production of phytotoxins for the biocontrol of the buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) weed. A first investigation allowed to isolate several new and known phytotoxic metabolites. However, the further investigation on the organic extract obtained from the fungus liquid culture showed the presence of other metabolites possibly contributing to its phytotoxicity. Thus, four known metabolites were isolated and identified by spectroscopic (nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry [HRESIMS]) methods as dihydropyriculol ( 1 ), epi-dihydropyriculol ( 2 ), 3-methoxy-6,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin ( 3 ), and (R)-mevalonolactone ( 4 ). The absolute configuration of 1 – 3 was determined for the first time by a computational analysis of their electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. When the isolated compounds were bioassayed at a concentration of 5 × 10^–3 M in a buffelgrass coleoptile and radicle elongation test no toxicity was detected. On the contrary, compounds 1 and 3 showed a significant stimulating effect of radical elongation. Furthermore, the difference in growth stimulation between 1 and its epimer 2 highlights the tight relationship between absolute configuration and biological activity of these fungal metabolites.     

基因组分析揭示拟茎点霉XP-8产松脂醇及其糖苷等多种次级代谢产物的合成途径

【目的】通过解析拟茎点霉属XP-8的基因组序列信息,揭示该菌株潜在的代谢途径,并分析松脂醇及其糖苷化合物等次级代谢产物生物合成相关的关键基因。【方法】使用Illumina Hi Seq 2500高通量测序平台对拟茎点霉XP-8菌株进行全基因组测序,并通过不同软件对测序数据进行序列拼接,基因预测与功能注释。【结果】组装后的拟茎点霉XP-8基因组大小为55.2 Mb,GC含量53.5%,含有17094个蛋白编码基因和310个非编码基因。获得了松脂醇及其糖苷化合物等次级代谢产物生物合成相关的基因。系统发育分析揭示出拟茎点霉XP-8与5种子囊菌共有12635个同源基因和5626个基因家族。【结论】拟茎点霉XP-8具有用于合成松脂醇及其糖苷化合物等多种次级代谢物的基因组基础,为下一步的代谢工程改造提供依据。