新一类植物激素—甾族油菜素

甾族油菜素(Brassinosteroid,Bs)是七十年代发现的第一类天然甾体植物激素,具有其独特的生物学意义,已引起国内外学者的广泛兴趣。本文就甾族油菜素的发现,生物活性、生理效应及其作用机理和农业应用等方面作一概述,以期为这些方面的深入研究和甾族油菜素的广泛应用提供参考。一、油菜素内酯的发现早在1968年,日本的丸茂晋吾从蚊母树的叶片中分离提取到一种比生长素活性高的物质,它能够引起水稻第二叶片的弯曲,但在《农业生物化学》(Agri,Biol.Chem)杂志上发表后,并     

生长素与油菜素甾醇相互作用机制的研究进展

植物生长发育是一个复杂、精细的调控过程,涉及细胞、组织和器官间多层次的信息交流,激素在其间发挥了重要调控作用．生长素和油菜素甾醇（BR）都能促进植物伸长,随着对其作用机制研究的深入,人们发现它们协同调控很多生理过程,对二者作用机制和信号转导的相互作用研究也成为激素研究领域的热点之一．对生长素和BR转导途径的揭示及直接下游基因的大规模发掘为二者通过相互作用调控不同生理过程的机制研究提供了重要线索．生长素和BR的相互作用涉及到下游基因转录的调控、信号组分互作以及合成代谢和极性运输等多层次的调控．     

拟南芥ABI5基因对BR胁迫响应及其对下胚轴生长的调节作用

植物脱落酸不敏感蛋白5(abscisic acid-insensitive 5,ABI5)是种子中大量表达的碱性亮氨酸拉链类型(basic leucine zipper,bZIP)转录因子,在调节种子萌发和幼苗早期生长的脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)信号中起着核心作用.油菜素内酯(brassinoster...     

植物的新型内源激素—油菜素甾醇类

1970年,美国学者米切尔(Mitchell)等人从油菜花粉中分离出一种具有很强生理活性的物质,称为油菜素,它能显著地促进豆类植物幼苗的生长。到1979年,美国格罗夫(Grove)等人证明了油菜素是一种混合物,提纯后具有高活性的结晶物,并鉴定了分子立体构型,定名为油菜素内酯。十多年来,有关油菜素内酯的研究发展很快,目前,至少有24种与油菜素内酯有关的化合物,从植物体内分离出来,它们被总称为油菜素甾醇类。研究发现油菜素甾醇类的     

植物甾醇在植物逆境胁迫中的研究进展

植物甾醇是一类重要的生理活性物质,对植物的生长发育具有重要作用,对响应植物逆境胁迫也具有重要功能.植物甾醇是细胞膜和脂质筏的重要组分,与膜的稳定性密切相关,主要通过甾醇含量的相对变化维持膜的稳定性及影响脂质筏的生物功能响应逆境胁迫.植物甾醇作为信号分子参与逆境胁迫中的信号传导,油菜素内酯类(BRs)是植物甾醇合成途径的重要产物,作为一种重要的信号分子调控植物甾醇合成酶基因的表达以响应逆境胁迫.     

油菜素甾醇类与生长素的相互作用

油菜素甾醇类(brassinosteroid,BR)和生长素是两类重要的植物激素,二者在许多生理功能上存在相关性。近年来的研究表明,BR与生长素能协同调节基因表达,二者在代谢、运输和信号转导途径等不同层次上存在相互作用,并且这两种信号与其他信号转导途径,如激素信号转导途径和光信号转导途径之间也存在信号对话。现对BR与生长素之间这种复杂的相互作用进行评述。     

BRs在植物响应非生物胁迫中的作用

油菜素甾体(brassinosteroids,BRs)是植物界普遍存在的一类多羟基化的植物甾体激素,不仅调节植物的生长发育过程,还参与植物对生物和非生物胁迫的响应.概述了BRs的生物合成途径以及信号转导途径,重点阐述了BRs参与非生物胁迫应答的分子机制,展望了BRs未来的研究方向,为深入理解BRs介导的非生物胁迫调控网...     

植物胁迫激素的生理生态作用

在生物趋利避害的反应中,动物以动制胜,植物则以感应求生。胁迫激素以其感应灵敏、遇激而增、量微效显、信息应变之特征,成为植物同环境间信息传递的媒介,使植物得以及时调整代谢,适应环境,逆境求生。     

植物磷饥饿信号与激素信号相互作用

磷酸盐是植物生长、发育、繁殖不可缺少的因子。然而在自然和农业环境中,植物可利用的磷酸盐极为低下,从而提高植物对磷酸盐的利用率至关重要。本文结合近年来国内外的相关研究,就缺磷环境下植物体内相应的信号分子及其相互作用机制进行了阐述。     

PIN-LIKES Coordinate Brassinosteroid Signaling with Nuclear Auxin Input in Arabidopsis thaliana

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Characterization of Shade Avoidance Responses in Lotus japonicus

Sessile plants must continuously adjust their growth and development to optimize photosynthetic activity under ever-fluctuating light conditions. Among such light responses in plants, one of the best-characterized events is the so-called shade avoidance, for which a low ratio of the red (R):far-red (FR) light intensities is the most prominent stimulus. Such shade avoidance responses enable plants to overtop their neighbors, thereby enhancing fitness and competitiveness in their natural habitat. Considerable progress has been achieved during the last decade in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the shade avoidance responses in the model rosette plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. We characterize here the fundamental aspects of the shade avoidance responses in the model legume, Lotus japonicus, based on the fact that its phyllotaxis (or morphological architecture) is quite different from that of A. thaliana. It was found that L. japonicus displays the characteristic shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) under defined laboratory conditions (a low R:FR ratio, low light intensity, and low blue light intensity) that mimic the natural canopy. In particular, the outgrowth of axillary buds (i.e., both aerial and cotyledonary shoot branching) was severely inhibited in L. japonicus grown in the shade. These results are discussed with special emphasis on the unique aspects of SAS observed with this legume.     

Automated analysis of hypocotyl growth dynamics during shade avoidance in Arabidopsis

Plants that are adapted to environments where light is abundant are especially sensitive to competition for light from neighboring vegetation. As a result, these plants initiate a series of changes known as the shade avoidance syndrome, during which plants elongate their stems and petioles at the expense of leaf development. Although the developmental outcomes of exposure to prolonged shade are known, the signaling dynamics during the initial exposure of seedlings to shade is less well studied. Here, we report the development of a new software-based tool, called HyDE (Hypocotyl Determining Engine) to measure hypocotyl lengths of time-resolved image stacks of Arabidopsis wild-type and mutant seedlings. We show that Arabidopsis grows rapidly in response to the shade stimulus, with measurable growth after just 45 min shade exposure. Similar to other mustard species, this growth response occurs in multiple distinct phases, including two phases of rapid growth and one phase of slower growth. Using mutants affected in shade avoidance phenotypes, we demonstrate that most of this early growth requires new auxin biosynthesis via the indole-3-pyruvate pathway. When activity of this pathway is reduced, the first phase of elongation growth is absent, and this is correlated with reduced activity of auxin-regulated genes. Finally, we show that varying shade intensity and duration can affect the shape and magnitude of the growth response, indicating a broad range of the elongation response to shade.     

Photosynthetic Responses of Four Hosta Cultivars to Shade Treatments

The effects of shade on the gas exchange of four Hosta cultivars were determined under differing irradiances (5, 30, 50, and 100 % of full irradiance) within pots. Irradiance saturation ranged between 400–800 mol m^–2 s^–1 among the four cultivars, of which H. sieboldiana cv. Elegans and H. plantagenea cv. Aphrodite exerted the lowest saturation and compensation irradiances. The maximal photosynthetic rate (P _max) was significantly higher in shade than in full irradiance in Elegans and Aphrodite, and was at maximum in seedlings grown in 30 % of full irradiance. The best shade treatment for cvs. Antioch and Golden Edger was 50 % of full irradiance. The diurnal gas exchange patterns in four cultivars were greatly influenced by the irradiance. Single-peak patterns of net photosynthetic rate (P _N) and stomatal conductance (g _s) were observed under 5 and 30 % full irradiance for all the cultivars while Elegans and Aphrodite suffered from midday depression in 50 % of full irradiance. Under open sky, all four cultivars showed two-peak patters in their diurnal gas exchange, but the midday depression was less in Antioch and Golden Edger than in Elegans and Aphrodite. According to their photosynthetic responses to shade, the shade tolerance of the four cultivars was in the order: Elegans>Aphrodite>Antioch>Golden Edger.     

Repression of shade-avoidance reactions by sunfleck induction of HY5 expression in Arabidopsis

The light environment provides signals that play a critical role in the control of stem growth in plants. The reduced irradiance and altered spectral composition of shade light promote stem growth compared with unfiltered sunlight. However, whereas most studies have used seedlings exposed to contrasting but constant light treatments, the natural light environment may exhibit strong fluctuations. As a result of gaps in the canopy, plants shaded by neighbours may experience sunflecks, i.e., brief periods of exposure to unfiltered sunlight. Here, we show that sunflecks are perceived by phytochromes A and B, and inhibit hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis thaliana mainly if they occur during the final portion of the photoperiod. By using forward and reverse genetic approaches we found that ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5, LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL, PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE 4 and auxin signalling are key players in this response.     

生长素调控植物株型形成的研究进展

高等植物通过调节顶端分生组织和侧生分生组织的活性建立地上株型系统,分生组织的活性受环境信号、发育阶段和遗传因素的综合调控,植物激素参与这些信号的整合。顶端优势是植物分枝调控的核心问题,而生长素对顶端优势的形成和维持发挥关键作用。本文综述了近几年与植物地上部分株型形成相关的生长素合成代谢、极性运输及信号转导领域的研究进展,并提出了展望。