Comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the sub-family Dipterocarpoideae (Dipterocarpaceae) based on chloroplast DNA sequences

Dipterocarpoideae, the largest sub-family of well-known plant family Dipterocarpaceae, dominates in South Asian rain forests. Although several previous studies addressed the phylogeny of the Dipterocarpaceae family, relationships among many of its genera from the Dipterocarpoideae sub-family are still not well understood. In particular, little is known about the relationships of the genera Vateriopsis, Stemonoporus, Vateria and inconsistence remains between phylogenetic results and taxonomic classifications of Shorea and Hopea species. We studied molecular phylogeny of the sub-family Dipterocarpoideae using the trnL-trnF spacer, trnL intron and the matK gene sequences of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). This study is the first comprehensive phylogeny reconstruction for the sub-family Dipterocarpoideae based on cpDNA, as it includes most genera (14) and a large number of species (79) with most species endemic to Sri Lanka, as well as one species from Seychelles and one species from the genus Monotes from Madagascar. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the Neighbor Joining (NJ) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods using combined set of sequences including all three cpDNA regions. The topologies of the NJ and ML trees were to a certain extent, consistent with the current taxonomy of Dipterocarpoideae based on morphology and with previous molecular phylogenies based on cpDNA. Furthermore, our results provided new evidence regarding the relationships of the following genera: Vateriopsis and Stemonoporus and about the validity of the previous morphology based classifications of Shorea species. In addition, the topology of our trees was consistent with the classification of Shorea species proposed by Maury (1978), Maury-Lechon (1979) and Symington (1943). Finally, our results provided evidence for the affinity of the genus Monotes to Asian Dipterocarpoideae rather than to Tiliaceae and indicated that it is a good candidate for outgroup species for future studies of the former sub-family.     

穿孔线虫属分类研究进展(综述)

穿孔线虫属Radopholus是一类多寄主寄生的危险性植物线虫,其中以世界性危害的相似穿孔线虫R. similis为典型代表。但穿孔线虫属的分类学研究迄今仍不完善,形态描述粗糙,分子序列匮乏。本文列出穿孔线虫属的最新种类名录,归纳了27种穿孔线虫（双卵巢类型）的主要形态分类特征,并综述该属分子亲缘进化关系研究进展,为穿孔线虫属的分类和相似穿孔线虫的准确鉴定提供形态学基础和技术支持,同时也为该属线虫分类学的研究方向提出建议。     

Manihot pachycaulis sp. nov. (Euphorbiaceae) from the Brazilian Cerrado

A new species of Manihot was discovered in the course of revising the taxonomy of some species of the genus occurring in the Midwest Region of Brazil. Its morphology resembles species which belong to different sections of the genus. However, a set of characters related to stem, leaves, inflorescences and flowers serves to differentiate it from the closest species, especially from M. falcata, to which it is most similar. The geographical distribution and conservation status of the new species as well as its flowering and fruiting period are also provided. Additionally, anatomical information about the aerial parts of the stem, a novelty regarding the wild species of the genus, is provided.     

Phylogenetic analysis of the scorpion genus Brachistosternus (Arachnida, Scorpiones, Bothriuridae)

A phylogenetic analysis of the scorpion genus Brachistosternus Pocock (Bothriuridae) is presented. The analysis is based on a data set including 38 of the 41 described species of Brachistosternus plus eight outgroup representatives of seven additional bothriurid genera and one buthid, scored for 116 morphological characters. The cladistic analysis of this matrix under implied weighting results in four most parsimonious trees. The monophyly of genus Brachistosternus is well supported; its subgeneric subdivision is redefined: the subgenera Brachistosternus Pocock and Ministernus Francke are considered valid, whereas Leptosternus Maury is synonymized with Brachistosternus . Illustrations of diagnostic structures are provided. The hemispermatophores of Brachistosternus peruvianus Toledo-Piza and Brachistosternus pegnai Cekalovic are illustrated for the first time. A key to species of Brachistosternus and maps with the distribution of the subgenera and main groups of species are provided.     

Taxonomy of the genus Metolinus Cameron (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Staphylininae, Xantholinini) from China with description of three new species

This paper studies the taxonomy of the genus Metolinus Cameron, 1920 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae, Xantholinini) from China and describes three new species: Metolinus xizangensissp. n. from Xizang (Tibet), Metolinus emarginatussp. n. fromSichuan, and Metolinus binariussp. n. from Yunnan. The Chinese fauna of the genus is thus increased to 8 species in total. A key to eight Chinese species is provided. Female genital segments and other important morphological characters are illustrated in line drawings for the new species as well as Metolinus shanicus Bordoni, 2002 and Metolinus gardneri (Cameron, 1945). The text also provides color plates with habitus photographs and a map to show the species' geographical distribution pattern. The type specimens of the new species are deposited in Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZ-CAS).     

中国拟扁枝衣属的研究

拟扁枝衣属Pseudevernia隶属于子囊菌门Ascomycota,茶渍目Lecanorales,梅衣科Parmeliaceae。迄今已知6种,即粉芽拟扁枝衣P.soralifera、细拟扁枝衣P.cladonia、粗拟扁枝衣P.intensa、茶渍拟扁枝衣P.consocians、橄榄陶拟扁枝衣P.olivetorina及拟扁枝衣P.furfuracea。后三种地衣之界定是在形态特征相似但仍有区别的前提下,以其各自所含次生代谢产物之不同与地理分布区之差异为根据的。茶渍拟扁枝衣含有茶渍酸;裂芽发育良好而密度中等;裂片狭窄,为北美所特有。橄榄陶拟扁枝衣含橄榄陶酸;裂芽较稀少;裂片狭长;分布区以北欧为主,延伸至北非及西亚,如巴基斯坦。而拟扁枝衣则含袋衣酸;形态多变;分布区以南欧洲为主,遍布于整个欧洲,向南延伸至北非,向东延伸至亚洲,如蒙古等。本文首次报道了该属地衣在中国的分布。文中除了对拟扁枝衣进行形态、化学及分布类型的描述外,还配有该种的照片以及该属已知种的检索表。     

A generic revision of the Dorvilleidae (Polychaeta), with six new species from the deep North Pacific

PETER A. JUMARS
The Dorvilleidae are divided into eight genera: Dorvillea, Schistomeringos (new name), Protodorvillea, Meiodorvillea (new genus), Exallopus (new genus), Ophryotrocha, Parophryotrocha , and Apophryotrocha (new genus). Periodic maxillary replacement is found to occur in a manner which makes many often cited maxillary characters taxonomically unreliable. Therefore, the pharyngeal characters of all the type-species are redescribed or newly described. The discovery of new forms and the present interpretation of hard jaw parts permit construction of a phylogenetic scheme with Dorvillea as the most primitive genus containing living species. Suggestions are given for the advantageous use of the phenomenon of maxillary replacement in autecoiogical investigation.
Evidence is presented against the cosmopolitan distribution of Schistomeringos rudolphi , a species often noted in nearshore pollution studies. Newly described species are Dorvillea batia, Schistomeringos mediofurca, Meiodorvillea apalpata, Exallopus cropion, Ophryotrocha profunda , and Apophryotrocha mutabiliseta , all from the deep North Pacific. A key to the genera is provided, as are listings of all the known species within each genus.     

中国果疣衣属地衣的研究

果疣衣属地衣系子囊菌门Ascomycota,子囊菌纲Ascomycetes,茶渍衣亚纲Lecanoromycetidae,鸡皮衣目Pertusariales,鸡皮衣科Pertusariaceae的成员。由于粉色果疣衣Varicellariarhodocarpa在中国的首次发现,使中国地衣区系中新增添了一个属:果疣衣属Varicellaria。该属迄今已知仅含三种,即粉芽果疣衣V.kemensis,八孢果疣衣V.carneonivea及粉色果疣衣V.rhodocarpa。果疣衣属为壳状地衣,地衣体微薄,膜质;子囊盘茶渍型,单个或数个聚生于瘤状果疣中;类侧丝多分枝并呈网状缠绕;子囊内含单孢或八孢;子囊孢子大型(长度为200~400mm),双胞,无色透明,椭圆形;孢子壁厚达27mm;与鸡皮衣属不同之处在于前者子囊内含双胞孢子,后者子囊内含单胞孢子。由于该属在中国是首次被发现,为了进一步的研究,文中还提供了该属迄今已知的全部三种的分种检索表。粉色果疣衣以其地衣体基本无粉芽和遇Pd呈负反应而区别于粉芽果疣衣,以子囊内含单孢而区别于八孢果疣衣。通过薄板层析法首次从该种髓部检测出茶渍衣酸。其地理成分为北极高山种,主要分布于欧洲的挪威、瑞典、芬兰、阿尔卑斯山脉,喀尔巴阡山脉、苏格兰以及北美洲;在亚洲迄今只见于日本与中国。     

The pennatulacean genus Cavernularia Valenciennes (Octocorallia: Veretillidae)

Two new species of sea pens referable to the genus Cavernularia Valenciennes are described from Natal and Transkei, east coast of southern Africa, at depths of 24 and 190 to over 300 m. The two new species are distinguished from other members of the genus by unique combinations of features regarding the axis, colonial growth form, autozooid size, as well as the size, shape, and distribution of sclerites. A comparative review of the genus is included. The 13 presently recognized worldwide species are differentiated and a key for their separation, together with a table of comparative characters, is provided. Of these, ten (77%) are Indo-Pacific in distribution whilst the remainder (23%) are presumably restricted to the eastern Atlantic. Four species are presently recorded from southern Africa. The deepest known bathymetric stations for the genus are here recorded from northern Namibia at 274 m, and from northern Natal at 310/320 m. Relationships to members of the related genus Cavernulina Kükenthal & Broch are discussed.     

Molecular systematics of the genus Neotoma

DNA sequences from the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome-b gene were used to infer the systematic relationships of 13 species of wood rats (genus Neotoma). Parsimony, likelihood, and neighbor-joining analyses produced similar topologies in most cases and produced six systematic conclusions. First, results of previous studies were supported in the recognition of N. floridana magister as distinct species (N. magister). Second, evidence was provided for the recognition of cryptic species within N. albigula (N. albigula and N. leucodon) and N. mexicana (N. mexicana, N. isthmica, and N. picta). Third, the subgenus Neotoma is composed of four species groups (floridana, lepida, mexicana, and micropus). Fourth, support was provided for placement of N. stephensi within the lepida species group. Fifth, support was provided for the recognition of Hodomys as a separate genus, sister to Xenomys. Sixth, support for the elevation of the subgenus Teonoma to generic status is discussed.     

The maple leaf-cutter moth and its allies: a revision of Paraclemensia (Incurvariidae s.str.)

. The Holarctic genus Paraclemensia Busck, 1904, is revised and eight species are recognized: cyanella (Zeller) [= europaea Davis] (Europe), caemlea (Issiki) comb.n. (Japan), viridis sp.n. (Japan), oligospina sp.n. (Japan), cyanea sp.n. (Japan), acerifoliella (Fitch) [= hiteiceps (Walker); = iridella (Chambers)] (U.S.A. and Canada), incerta (Christoph) comb.n. (Siberia and Japan) and monospina sp.n. (Japan). The monophyly of the genus is demonstrated and the phylogeny and biogeography of the species are discussed. P. acerifoliella from North America is regarded as most closely related to two of the eastern Palaearctic species, incerta and monospina. A key to species is provided, and adults and male and female genitalia are described and illustrated (or references are given to illustrations published elsewhere). Three lectotypes are designated. The genus-group name ‡ Tschabia Issiki is demonstrated to be nomenclaturally unavailable.     

New species, new records and new morphological characters of the genus Tillicera Spinola from China (Coleoptera, Cleridae, Clerinae)

Two new species of the genus Tillicera Spinola, 1841 from China are described and illustrated: Tillicera sensibilissp. n. from Yunnan (also from Myanmar, Thailand and Laos) and Tillicera weniisp. n. from Taiwan. Tillicera bibalteata Gorham, 1892, Tillicera hirsuta (Pic, 1926) and Tillicera michaeli Gerstmeier & Bernhard, 2010 are newly recorded from China. Tillicera auratofasciata (Pic, 1927) is newly recorded in some provinces of China. A key to species of the genus from China is provided. Relationships between species are discussed with emphasis on characters of male phallus, female internal reproductive organs and pit-like sensilla in male terminal antennomere, which is discovered in Tillicera for the first time. The present generic definition of Tillicera is discussed as well. Photos of terminalia of the previously known species are also provided for comparison.