糖代谢重编程与肿瘤生长CSCD

能量代谢异常是肿瘤细胞的重要特征之一。即使在氧气充足的条件下,高速糖酵解取代氧化磷酸化为肿瘤细胞供能。肿瘤细胞在缺氧微环境、癌症相关基因及信号通路等因素驱动下进行代谢重编程,在满足自身能量需求的同时获得快速增殖所需要的生物大分子及还原力等基础物质,为肿瘤细胞提供了缺氧条件下的生长优势。由不同代谢表型的细胞亚群构成的实体肿瘤具有代谢异质性的特征。本文将综述肿瘤细胞糖代谢重编程的因与果及其代谢异质性,为靶向肿瘤代谢的个体化治疗寻找新的有效靶点。     

肿瘤细胞代谢异常及其调控机制

肿瘤细胞的异常代谢已成为肿瘤研究领域的共识.肿瘤细胞代谢重编程的发生是为了维持在恶劣微环境中的存活和无限增殖.因此,肿瘤细胞异常的代谢通路、代谢调控蛋白及代谢酶可能是肿瘤治疗的关键靶点.本文旨在介绍近年来肿瘤代谢的研究进展及肿瘤代谢研究对癌症治疗的意义.     

谷氨酰胺代谢与肿瘤

“谷氨酰胺代谢”是肿瘤细胞除Warburg效应外又一重要的能量代谢方式。迅速增殖的肿瘤细胞消耗谷氨酰胺（glutamine,Gin）来提供生长和增殖所需的能量和生物大分子原料,维持细胞内氧化还原稳态和参与细胞内信号通路的转导。肿瘤中原癌基因与抑癌基因的突变会影响Gin代谢。结合先进的诊断技术和研究手段将有利于了解肿瘤中Gln的生化代谢,揭示Gin代谢的关键环节,为依赖Gin的肿瘤提供治疗新策略。     

氨基酸代谢重编程在肿瘤发生发展中的作用

肿瘤的发生发展不仅取决于基因的突变或缺失，还随着肿瘤细胞的代谢重塑或异常改变而发生改变。在营养缺乏的条件下，肿瘤细胞的代谢重编程赋予癌细胞快速增殖的能力。其中，氨基酸代谢重编程是肿瘤代谢异常改变的重要特征之一。研究发现，氨基酸不仅能够作为氮供体为肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭和免疫逃逸过程提供核苷酸等生物大分子的合成原料，而且还是肿瘤微环境中免疫细胞活化和发挥抗肿瘤作用的重要代谢物质。氨基酸代谢的异常改变与肿瘤的发生发展和肿瘤免疫密切相关，其代谢途径中的部分关键蛋白质或关键酶可作为肿瘤诊断和治疗的生物标志物。因此，本文围绕氨基酸转运体对癌细胞增殖的影响和肿瘤代谢循环过程中的谷氨酰胺、天冬酰胺、丝氨酸和甘氨酸等氨基酸代谢的异常改变进行总结，介绍了氨基酸代谢与肿瘤细胞mTOR信号通路、肿瘤微环境和免疫细胞功能的相关性，对靶向氨基酸代谢的肿瘤治疗药物进行了分析和展望。期望该工作为深入了解氨基酸代谢对肿瘤发生发展的调控及其可能存在的肿瘤治疗靶点提供有用的参考。     

内质网应激与肝细胞脂类代谢

肝细胞担负大量的代谢功能,包括脂肪酸的合成与类固醇的代谢。内质网应激反应（ERstressresponse）作为内质网中特殊的机制用以保证内质网内部的稳态和功能正常。有研究指出内质网应激诱导的信号通路及其通路上的关键蛋白参与肝细胞的脂类代谢过程。本文主要讨论内质网应激反应影响肝细胞脂类代谢的机制,以及内质网应激与脂类代谢紊乱疾病的相关性。     

腺苷-磷酸激活的蛋白激酶在脂类营养代谢中的研究及应用

腺苷-磷酸激活的蛋白激酶（AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK）是公认的重要能量感受酶。其作用与多个代谢途径有关,尤其在脂类营养代谢过程中发挥着关键的调控作用。AMPK对脂质代谢的调控通过多个信号通路进行,涉及到骨骼肌、肝脏、乳腺等多个组织。对AMPK调控脂类营养代谢机理的研究为2型糖尿病、脂肪肝、肥胖症、癌症等多种疾病的治疗提供了靶点,但AMPK在奶牛乳腺组织的研究较少,其在提高奶牛生产性能方面潜能巨大。     

糖代谢重编程与肿瘤生长

能量代谢异常是肿瘤细胞的重要特征之一。即使在氧气充足的条件下,高速糖酵解取代氧化磷酸化为肿瘤细胞供能。肿瘤细胞在缺氧微环境、癌症相关基因及信号通路等因素驱动下进行代谢重编程,在满足自身能量需求的同时获得快速增殖所需要的生物大分子及还原力等基础物质,为肿瘤细胞提供了缺氧条件下的生长优势。由不同代谢表型的细胞亚群构成的实体肿瘤具有代谢异质性的特征。本文将综述肿瘤细胞糖代谢重编程的因与果及其代谢异质性,为靶向肿瘤代谢的个体化治疗寻找新的有效靶点。     

Notch信号通路的研究现状

Notch信号通路是一条进化上十分保守的信号转导系统。Notch受体通过与配体的相互作用转导细胞信号,从而在细胞增殖、分化、凋亡中发挥重要的调控作用。Notch信号通路平衡细胞增殖、分化、凋亡的重要性提示其可能与肿瘤细胞的异常调控相关。近来研究发现,在许多肿瘤细胞系中存在notch基因的异常活化,且失控的Notch信号与肿瘤细胞的生长调控相关。文章综述了就新近有关Notch信号通路的生理功能及其对肿瘤细胞的调控作用。     

综述: 代谢重编程在调控肿瘤免疫微环境中的作用

肿瘤免疫治疗的成功揭示了宿主免疫在抵抗癌细胞增殖方面的重要作用以及抗肿瘤免疫治疗的可行性．但是具有免疫抑制作用的肿瘤微环境仍然是限制肿瘤免疫治疗进展的重要瓶颈．肿瘤微环境会诱发肿瘤细胞代谢发生重编程,此过程会导致肿瘤细胞与宿主免疫细胞竞争利用营养物质,肿瘤细胞来源的代谢产物或废物可通过多种方式影响免疫细胞的激活及效应功能的发挥,最终达到促使肿瘤细胞存活及增殖的目的．因此,本文就微环境条件下肿瘤细胞代谢重编程及其代谢产物对免疫微环境的影响展开讨论,以期为肿瘤免疫治疗提供理论基础及新的思路．     

FAK/mTOR信号通在肿瘤细胞中的调控作用

粘附斑激酶（focal adhesion kinase,FAK）是一种胞质非受体酪氨酸激酶,是整合素信号通路里一个重要的调节因子,在肿瘤细胞中高表达,与细胞迁移、粘附和侵袭有关。mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin)是非典型性的Ser/Thr激酶,属于PIKK（phosphatidylinositol kinase related kinase）超家族,介导营养信号调控细胞生长、分化及代谢等生理过程。近年的研究发现FAK通过三条途径与mTOR相关联,组成FAK/mTOR信号通路,在肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移及肿瘤微环境中发挥着重要的调控作用。本文综述了FAK、mTOR和FAK/mTOR信号通路的特点及对肿瘤细胞调控作用的研究概况,为肿瘤治疗提供参考。     

氨基酸转运体在肿瘤代谢中的研究进展

代谢重编程是肿瘤的重要特征,是指肿瘤细胞为满足其快速增殖的生物合成与能量需求,对其糖代谢、脂代谢以及氨基酸代谢等代谢路径进行的重编程,以维持增长速度以及补偿能量代谢所造成的氧化还原压力。虽然不同的癌症代谢变化不同,但有些特征是所有癌症共有的,氨基酸代谢重编程是其中一个重要的特征。氨基酸进出细胞需要氨基酸转运体的协助,因而在肿瘤细胞中多种特定的氨基酸转运体均过表达。靶向氨基酸转运体通过影响肿瘤细胞的氨基酸代谢从而达到抗肿瘤的目的,是目前抗肿瘤药物的研究热点之一。主要介绍了几种在肿瘤代谢中发挥重要作用的氨基酸转运体以及靶向氨基酸转运体抗肿瘤治疗的研究进展及相关作用机制,旨在了解氨基酸转运体在抗肿瘤研究中的作用,以期促进靶向氨基酸转运体抗肿瘤药物的发展。     

脂质代谢在乳腺癌发病中的作用

乳腺癌已经成为全球第一大癌症,其发病机制及治疗方法的探索越来越受到人们重视。脂质代谢异常是癌细胞中最突出的代谢改变之一,探索乳腺癌细胞中脂质代谢的改变,以寻找新的诊断指标和治疗靶点是至关重要的。本文从脂肪酸代谢、甘油三酯代谢、胆固醇代谢和脂质代谢信号通路4个方面介绍脂质代谢异常在乳腺癌中的研究进展,为靶向脂质代谢治疗乳腺癌提供新思路和新方法。     

erbB-2与胃癌细胞恶性表型及其增殖调控的关系

应用基因重组、基因转染、Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交、Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交、细胞生长曲线测定及裸鼠成瘤观察了反义ｅｒｂＢ－２逆转录病毒重组载体的转染对人胃癌细胞中ｅｒｂＢ－２过度表达的影响及其对ＥＧＦ的反应性．研究结果显示,ｅｒｂＢ－２的表达被其反义重组子特异抑制,伴有细胞增殖能力的下降及致瘤性的下降;在ＥＧＦ的刺激下,ｅｒｂＢ－２高表达肿瘤细胞生长速度提高的幅度显著大于ｅｒｂＢ－２反义重组载体转染细胞;ＥＧＦ促细胞增殖及促基因表达的功能在ｅｒｂＢ－２反义重组子转染后受到抑制,提示ｅｒｂＢ－２在细胞增殖调控中具有重要功能．     

Abnormal lipid synthesis as a therapeutic target for cancer stem cells

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) comprise a subpopulation of cancer cells with stem cell properties, which exhibit the characteristics of high tumorigenicity, self-renewal, and tumor initiation and are associated with the occurrence, metastasis, therapy resistance, and relapse of cancer. Compared with differentiated cells, CSCs have unique metabolic characteristics, and metabolic reprogramming contributes to the self-renewal and maintenance of stem cells. It has been reported that CSCs are highly dependent on lipid metabolism to maintain stemness and satisfy the requirements of biosynthesis and energy metabolism. In this review, we demonstrate that lipid anabolism alterations promote the survival of CSCs, including de novo lipogenesis, lipid desaturation, and cholesterol synthesis. In addition, we also emphasize the molecular mechanism underlying the relationship between lipid synthesis and stem cell survival, the signal trans-duction pathways involved, and the application prospect of lipid synthesis reprogramming in CSC therapy. It is demonstrated that the dependence on lipid synthesis makes targeting of lipid synthesis metabolism a promising therapeutic strategy for eliminating CSCs. Targeting key molecules in lipid synthesis will play an important role in anti-CSC therapy.     

The role of amino acid metabolism alterations in pancreatic cancer: From mechanism to application

The incidence of pancreatic cancer is increasing in both developed and developing Nations. In recent years, various research evidence suggested that reprogrammed metabolism may play a key role in pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis and development. Therefore, it has great potential as a diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic target. Amino acid metabolism is deregulated in pancreatic cancer, and changes in amino acid metabolism can affect cancer cell status, systemic metabolism in malignant tumor patients and mistakenly involved in different biological processes including stemness, proliferation and growth, invasion and migration, redox state maintenance, autophagy, apoptosis and even tumor microenvironment interaction. Generally, the above effects are achieved through two pathways, energy metabolism and signal transduction. This review aims to highlight the current research progress on the abnormal alterations of amino acids metabolism in pancreatic cancer, how they affect tumorigenesis and development of pancreatic cancer and the application prospects of them as diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets.     

Dysregulated lipid metabolism in cancer

Alteration of lipid metabolism has been increasingly recognized as a hallmark of cancer cells. The changes of expression and activity of lipid metabolizing enzymes are directly regulated by the activity of oncogenic signals. The dependence of tumor cells on the dysregulated lipid metabolism suggests that proteins involved in this process are excellent chemotherapeutic targets for cancer treatment. There are currently several drugs under development or in clinical trials that are based on specifically targeting the altered lipid metabolic pathways in cancer cells. Further understanding of dysregulated lipid metabolism and its associated signaling pathways will help us to better design efficient cancer therapeutic strategy.     

Unfolded protein response and angiogenesis in malignancies

Cellular stress, arising from accumulation of unfolded proteins, occurs frequently in rapidly proliferating cancer cells. This cellular stress, in turn, activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), an interconnected set of signal transduction pathways that alleviate the proteostatic stress. The UPR is implicated in cancer cell survival and proliferation through upregulation of pro-tumorigenic pathways that ultimately promote malignant metabolism and neoangiogenesis. Here, we reviewed mechanisms of signaling crosstalk between the UPR and angiogenesis pathways, as well as transmissible ER stress and the role in tumor growth and development. To characterize differences in UPR and UPR-mediated angiogenesis in malignancy, we employed a data mining approach using patient tumor data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The analysis of TCGA revealed differences in UPR between malignant samples versus their non-malignant counterparts.     

Yeast and cancer cells – common principles in lipid metabolism

One of the paradigms in cancer pathogenesis is the requirement of a cell to undergo transformation from respiration to aerobic glycolysis – the Warburg effect – to become malignant. The demands of a rapidly proliferating cell for carbon metabolites for the synthesis of biomass, energy and redox equivalents, are fundamentally different from the requirements of a differentiated, quiescent cell, but it remains open whether this metabolic switch is a cause or a consequence of malignant transformation. One of the major requirements is the synthesis of lipids for membrane formation to allow for cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and cytokinesis. Enzymes involved in lipid metabolism were indeed found to play a major role in cancer cell proliferation, and most of these enzymes are conserved in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Most notably, cancer cell physiology and metabolic fluxes are very similar to those in the fermenting and rapidly proliferating yeast. Both types of cells display highly active pathways for the synthesis of fatty acids and their incorporation into complex lipids, and imbalances in synthesis or turnover of lipids affect growth and viability of both yeast and cancer cells. Thus, understanding lipid metabolism in S. cerevisiae during cell cycle progression and cell proliferation may complement recent efforts to understand the importance and fundamental regulatory mechanisms of these pathways in cancer.     

New strategies for targeting glucose metabolism–mediated acidosis for colorectal cancer therapy

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous group of diseases that are the result of abnormal glucose metabolism alterations with high lactate production by pyruvate to lactate conversion, which remodels acidosis and offers an evolutional advantage for tumor cells, even enhancing their aggressive phenotype. This review summarizes recent findings that involve multiple genes, molecules, and downstream signaling in the dysregulated glycolytic pathway, which can allow a tumor to initiate acid byproducts and to progress, thereby resulting in acidosis commonly found in the tumor microenvironment of CRC. Moreover, the relationship between CRC cells and the tumor acidic microenvironment, especially for regulating lactate production and lactate dehydrogenase A levels, is also discussed, as well as comprehensively defining different aspects of glycolytic pathways that affect cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Furthermore, this review concentrates on glucose metabolism–mediated transduction factors in CRC, which include acid-sensing ion channels, triosephosphate isomerase and key glycolysis-related enzymes that regulate glycolytic metabolites, coupled with the effect on tumor cell glycolysis as well as signaling pathways. In conclusion, glucose metabolism mediated by glycolytic pathways that are integral to tumor acidosis in CRC is demonstrated. Therefore, selective metabolic inhibitors or agents against these targets in glucose metabolism through glycolytic pathways may be clinically useful to regulate the tumor’s acidic microenvironment for CRC treatment and to identify specific targets that regulate tumor acidosis through a cancer patient–personalized approach. Furthermore, strategies for modifying the metabolic processes that effectively inhibit cancer cell growth and tumor progression and activate potent anticancer effects may provide more effective antitumor prospects for CRC therapy.     

Aberrant lipid metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma cells as well as immune microenvironment: A review

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignancy of the liver with a high worldwide prevalence and poor prognosis. Researches are urgently needed on its molecular pathogenesis and biological characteristics. Metabolic reprogramming for adaptation to the tumour microenvironment (TME) has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism especially fatty acid (FA) metabolism, which involved in the alternations of the expression and activity of lipid‐metabolizing enzymes, is a hotspot in recent study, and it may be involved in HCC development and progression. Meanwhile, immune cells are also known as key players in the HCC microenvironment and show complicated crosstalk with cancer cells. Emerging evidence has shown that the functions of immune cells in TME are closely related to abnormal lipid metabolism. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of lipid metabolic reprogramming in TME and relate these findings to HCC progression. Our understanding of dysregulated lipid metabolism and associated signalling pathways may suggest a novel strategy to treat HCC by reprogramming cell lipid metabolism or modulating TME.