16SrRNA二级结构可变区图形分析在放线菌分类中的应用*

采用16SrRNA可变区二级结构图形分析,比较了姜氏菌属及几个相关属种可变区二级结构的变化。结果表明,在9个可变区二级结构中茎的长度、环的数目和类型、茎的碱基对、以及环内部碱基均有不同。尤其在V5和V6两个区,这种差别尤为明显。这为姜氏菌属的建立提供了又一个证据,并认为16SrRNA可变区二级结构分析,可以应用于属以上原核生物的分类。     

阎氏菌科的16S rRNA可变区二级结构分析

采用16SrRNA可变区二级结构图形分析,比较了阎氏菌科阎氏菌属典型种与微球菌亚目中几个相关科属典型种可变区二级结构的变化。结果表明,V3、V4存在明显的不同。将16SrRNA二级结构划分成不同的结构单元,提出在9个可变区中,至少要有2个不同的结构单元才可以定为新科,存在1个不同的结构单元可以定位新属;并认为16SrRNA可变区二级结构分析,可以作为一种辅助手段,应用于原核生物属以上水平的分类。     

阎氏菌科的16S rRNA可变区二级结构分析*

采用16SrRNA可变区二级结构图形分析,比较了阎氏菌科阎氏菌属典型种与微球菌亚目中几个相关科属典型种可变区二级结构的变化。结果表明,V3、V4存在明显的不同。将16SrRNA二级结构划分成不同的结构单元,提出在9个可变区中,至少要有2个不同的结构单元才可以定为新科,存在1个不同的结构单元可以定位新属;并认为16SrRNA可变区二级结构分析,可以作为一种辅助手段,应用于原核生物属以上水平的分类。     

16S rRNA基因两个可变区对反映肠道菌群多样性与物种鉴定能力的比较分析

【摘 要】 目的 目前基于新一代测序技术开展的人类肠道元基因组学研究已成为微生物学乃至整个生物学中最活跃和最有潜力的学科方向。现阶段绝大部分以肠道菌群为靶标的研究主要基于16S rRNA基因可变区测序。本研究关注的是测序技术发展使得序列的读长能力延长后,选择16S rRNA基因V1-V3区与V3-V5区进行测序所反映的多样性与物种组成信息的异同点。方法 以两个真实的16S rRNA基因全长Sanger测序数据为基础,对其中的V1-V3和V3-V5两种片段进行了模拟数据的分析,将它们分别与16S rRNA基因的全长片段在OTU多样性水平和物种组成信息方面进行比较。结果 结果显示V1-V3区在OTU多样性上较V3-V5区更为接近全长序列;在物种组成表现上,两个可变区鉴定出的大部分的属的丰度与全长序列分析结果一致,但是各自有少数属的丰度结果与全长序列丰度结果存在差异。结论 在多样性分析上,选择V1-V3区片段能得到与全长更为接近的结果;而具体到菌种的组成分析中,V1-V3区和V3-V5区都有其局限性。     

红足壮异蝽Urochela quadrinotata Reuter线粒体基因组的测定与分析

研究测定并分析了红足壮异蝽Urochela quadrinotata Reuter的线粒体基因组全序列。该线粒体基因组全长16585bp(GenBank登录号为JQ743678),A+T含量为75.4%,共编码35个基因,包括13个蛋白质基因、20个tRNA基因(两个tRNA基因,即tRNAIle和tRNAGln未被检测到)、2个rRNA基因及一段较长的非编码区(控制区,亦称A+T富含区)。基因排序与大部分昆虫的线粒体基因排列方式相同,没有发生基因重排。除tRNASer(AGN)的DHU臂无法形成典型的茎环结构,其余tRNA基因均能稳定形成典型的三叶草二级结构。预测了红足壮异蝽16S和12S rRNA的二级结果,分别包括6个结构域43个茎环和3个结构域27茎环。控制区含一个长1652bp的串联重复区域,由16个串联重复单元组成。     

黑尾地鸦线粒体基因组序列测定与分析

采用长PCR扩增的线粒体DNA和引物步移法, 测定并注释了中国特有鸟类-黑尾地鸦(Podoces hendersoni)的线粒体基因组全序列。黑尾地鸦的mtDNA序列全长16 867 bp, GenBank登录号GU592504。基因含量和排列次序与原鸡的一致, 包含13个蛋白编码基因、22个tRNA、2个rRNA和1个控制区(D-loop)。除COI基因以GTG作为起始密码子外, 其余12个蛋白质编码基因均以典型ATG密码子起始。11个蛋白编码基因以完全终止密码子TAA、AGG或AGA终止, COIII和ND4基因终止密码子为不完整的T。tRNA^Ser(AGY)的DHU臂缺失, tRNA^Leu(CUN)的反密码子环由9个碱基构成, 而不是标准的7个碱基。其余的20个tRNA基因的二级结构均属典型的三叶草结构。预测了rRNA的二级结构, 其中, 12S rRNA二级结构包含4个结构域, 43个茎环结构; 16S rRNA的二级结构包含6个结构域, 55个茎环结构。此外, 在其他鸟类控制区中所发现的F-box、D-box、C-box、B-box、Bird similarity-box和CSB1-box也同样存在于黑尾地鸦中。     

拟诺卡氏菌16S rRNA,gyrB,sod和rpoB基因的系统发育分析

为了更好地了解拟诺卡氏菌属(Nocardiopsis)各物种间的系统发育关系,该属现有有效描述种的gyrB,sod和rpoB基因的部分序列被测定,结合16S rRNA基因,对拟诺卡氏菌属进行了系统发育重建。研究发现拟诺卡氏菌属gyrB,sod和rpoB基因的平均相似性分别为87.7%、87.3%和94.1%,而16S rRNA基因的平均相似性则达到96.65%,3个看家基因均比16S rRNA具有更高的分歧度。比较基于不同基因的系统树发现,由gyrB基因得到的系统树拓扑结构与16S rRNA得到的结构在亚群上基本一致。因此,gyrB基因在拟诺卡氏菌属的系统分类上比16S rRNA基因更具优越性。     

群落分析中的16S rRNA及其基因16S rDNA优化扩增

本文较为完整地综述了16SrRNA在细胞中的地位和作用、转录组成、其全长基因中可变区与保守区的位置、在不同种类中的拷贝数、二级结构,及其在群落研究过程中PCR扩增产生的16S rRNA的异常序列与解决方法;以期为更多的科研工作者提供可靠参考和借鉴,提高以16S rRNA为靶分子的群落研究结果的准确性和真实性。     

用序列比对设计的茎环结构探针检测金黄色葡萄球菌

基于金黄色葡萄球菌16S rRNA基因序列,采用序列比对设计了一种茎环结构的寡聚核苷酸探针。探针的环序列即为金黄色葡萄球菌16S rRNA基因序列的其中一个片段,同其他菌种的16S rRNA基因序列误配2个以上的核苷酸,因此能高度专一、灵敏的检测金黄色葡萄球菌16S rRNA。根据分子信标技术和酶联免疫分析的原理,评估一个实验方法,即利用能构象转换的、固定化的茎环结构探针酶联检测靶核酸。由于探针的特异性加强,这个检测系统能有效的排除假阳性即不会出现误配一个核苷酸的情况。采用微量浓度测定分析,最低下限可检测出大约4ng的金葡球菌16SrRNA。这种方法的灵敏度比其他常规检测方法高出了至少一个数量级。     

高温菌16S rRNA与耐热性关系的初步研究

通过对80多种超高温菌的基因组G＋C含量,16S rRNA G＋C含量进行统计分析,结果显示高温菌耐热性与基因组G＋C含量之间没有直接关系,而与16S rRNA G＋C含量之间明显存在上正相关。16S rRNA 18 helix的二级结构分析显示高温菌生长温度越高,其16S rRNA热稳定性越高。     

PCR-RFLP analysis of cpDNA in the genus Abies

 We used PCR-RFLP analysis of the chloroplast DNA of the genus Abies (family Pinaceae), to determine if the method could be employed to detect inter-specific variation in this genus and to study how the variation was distributed in different regions of the genome. Ten different chloroplast DNA regions, consisting of coding and non-coding DNA sequences, were amplified with specific primers in ten different Abies taxa. The amplification products were digested with several restriction enzymes. The results showed that the chloroplast genome is highly variable in most of the investigated taxa and contains multiple variable regions that appear to be distributed throughout the whole genome. Species-diagnostic markers were found for four of the ten investigated species. Unexpectedly, intra-specific variation was also detected in four species. It is likely that further studies, including larger sample sizes and/or more powerful methods for the detection of chloroplast DNA variation, will reveal additional variation for this genus. Received: 2 September 1998 / Accepted: 17 September 1998     

Interspecific polymorphism at non-coding regions of chloroplast,mitochondrial DNA and rRNA IGS region in Elymus species

Several published universal primers for amplification of non-coding regions of chloroplast, mitochondrial and ribosomal (rRNA) IGS region were tested whether they can amplify respective regions in Elymus species. PCR-RFLP analysis of the chloroplast, mitochondral DNA, and rRNA IGS region of the genus Elymus was used to determine if the method could be employed to detect inter-specific variation in this genus. Published universal primers for amplification of trnK [tRNA-Lys (UUU) exon 1]-trnK [tRNA-Lys (UUU) exon2], and mitochondrial nad1 exon B-nadl exon C intron successfully amplified the respective regions in Elymus species. However, the primers for amplification of chloroplast trnD-trnT intron and rRNA IGS failed to amplify the respective region in Elymus species. New primer pairs were designed and successfully amplified the cpDNA trnD-trnT intron and rRNA IGS region in Elymus species. The amplification products were digested with seven restriction enzymes. The results showed that the investigated regions of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes are variable in most of the tested taxa and contain multiple variable regions. These regions should serve as useful molecular markers in phylogenetic studies of closely related species, at least at the interspecific level in Elymus. It is likely that further studies, including larger sample sizes, more regions of these genomes and/or more powerful methods for the detection of cpDNA and mt DNA variation will reveal additional variation for this genus. Highly inter- and intra-specific polymorphisms for rRNA IGS region were detected, suggesting the IGS will be a useful molecular marker for population studies of Elymus species.     

Comparative analysis of complete chloroplast genome sequences of two subtropical trees, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phoebe sheareri</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phoebe omeiensis</Emphasis> (Lauraceae)

Phoebe is an economically important genus from the family Lauraceae. It is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia, but systematics of the genus is unclear, and currently there is no species-level phylogeny. Here, we determined the complete chloroplast genome sequences of two species with long-range PCR and next genome sequencing technologies, and identified mutation sites and highly variable regions. These highly variable sites were used to reconstruct the phylogeny. The plastomes of Phoebe sheareri and P. omeiensis were 152, 876, and 152, 855 bp, respectively. Comparative genomic analysis indicated that there are 222 mutation sites including 146 substitutions, 73 indels, and 3 microinversions in both plastomes. Fifty-six single-nucleotide changes were identified in gene-coding regions, and 45 microsatellite sites were found for use in species identification. Fourteen divergence hotspots of 38 variable regions were located. Phylogeny was reconstructed using a Bayesian and maximum likelihood approach for 12 Phoebe species and other five related Lauraceae based on 15 of the highly variable regions including accD-psaI, atpB-rbcL, ndhC-trnV, ndhF-rpl32, petA-psbJ, psaA, psbA-trnH, rbcL, rps8-rpl14, rps16-trnQ, rpl32-trnL, trnC-petN, trnL-trnF, trnS-trnG, and ycf1 indicated that variability in the chloroplast regions proposed as variable is enough to detect divergence events among 12 taxa of Phoebe, and that maybe also useful to help to elucidate further relationships among other taxa of the genus.     

Causes of Size Homoplasy Among Chloroplast Microsatellites in Closely Related <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clusia</Emphasis> Species

Chloroplast DNA sequences and microsatellites are useful tools for phylogenetic as well as population genetic analyses of plants. Chloroplast microsatellites tend to be less variable than nuclear microsatellites and therefore they may not be as powerful as nuclear microsatellites for within-species population analysis. However, chloroplast microsatellites may be useful for phylogenetic analysis between closely related taxa when more conventional loci, such as ITS or chloroplast sequence data, are not variable enough to resolve phylogenetic relationships in all clades. To determine the limits of chloroplast microsatellites as tools in phylogenetic analyses, we need to understand their evolution. Thus, we examined and compared phylogenetic relationships of species within the genus Clusia, using both chloroplast sequence data and variation at seven chloroplast microsatellite loci. Neither ITS nor chloroplast sequences were variable enough to resolve relationships within some sections of the genus, yet chloroplast microsatellite loci were too variable to provide any useful phylogenetic information. Size homoplasy was apparent, caused by base substitutions within the microsatellite, base substitutions in the flanking regions, indels in the flanking regions, multiple microsatellites within a fragment, and forward/reverse mutations of repeat length resulting in microsatellites of identical base composition that were not identical by descent.     

The contribution of DNA slippage to eukaryotic nuclear 18S rRNA evolution

Six of 204 eukaryotic nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA sequences analyzed show a highly significant degree of clustering of short sequence motifs that indicates the fixation of products of replication slippage within them in their recent evolutionary history. A further 72 sequences show weaker indications of sequence repetition. Repetitive sequences in SSU rRNAs are preferentially located in variable regions and in particular in V4 and V7. The conserved region immediately 5 to V7 (C7) is also consistently repetitive. Whereas variable regions vary in length and appear to have evolved by the fixation of slippage products, C7 shows no indication of length variation. Repetition within C7 is therefore either not a consequence of slippage or reflects very ancient slippage events. The phylogenetic distribution of sequence simplicity in small-subunit rRNAs is patchy, being largely confined to the Mammalia, Apicomplexa, Tetrahymenidae, and Trypanosomatidae. The regions of the molecule associated with sequence simplicity vary with taxonomic grouping as do the sequence motifs undergoing slippage. Comparison of rates of insertion and substitution in a lineage within the genus Plasmodium confirms that both rates are higher in variable regions than in conserved regions. The insertion rate in variable regions is substantially lower than the substitution rate, suggesting that selection acts more strongly on slippage products than on point mutations in these regions. Patterns of coevolution between variable regions may reflect the consequences of selection acting on the incorporation of slippage-derived sequences across the gene.     

Assessing the potential of regions of the nuclear and mitochondrial genome to develop a "molecular tool box" for the detection and characterization of Phytophthora species

Four different intergenic regions of mitochondrial DNA (mt-IGS), a fragment of the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of the rDNA (rDNA-IGS), and a fragment of the ras-related protein (Ypt1) gene were amplified and sequenced from a panel of 31 Phytophthora species representing the most significant forest pathogens and the breadth of diversity in the genus. Over 80 kbp of novel sequences were generated and alignments showed very variable (introns and non-coding regions) as well as conserved coding regions. The mitochondrial DNA regions had an AT/GC ratio ranging from 67.2 to 89.0% and were appropriate for diagnostic development and phylogeographic analysis. The IGS fragment was less variable but still appropriate to discriminate amongst some important forest pathogens. The introns of the Ypt1 gene were sufficiently polymorphic for the development of molecular markers for almost all Phytophthora species, with more conserved flanking coding regions appropriate for the design of Phytophthora genus-specific primers. In general, phylogenetic analysis of the sequence alignments grouped species in clades that matched those based on the ITS regions of the rDNA. In many cases the resolution was improved over ITS but in other cases sequences were too variable to align accurately and yielded phylograms inconsistent with other data. Key studies on the intraspecific variation and primer specificity remain. However the research has already yielded an enormous dataset for the identification, detection and study of the molecular evolution of Phytophthora species.     

Differentiation of Populus species using chloroplast single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers--essential for comprehensible and reliable poplar breeding

Within the genus Populus several species belonging to different sections are cross-compatible. Hence, high numbers of interspecies hybrids occur naturally and, additionally, have been artificially produced in huge breeding programmes during the last 100 years. Therefore, determination of a single poplar species, used for the production of 'multi-species hybrids' is often difficult, and represents a great challenge for the use of molecular markers in species identification. Within this study, over 20 chloroplast regions, both intergenic spacers and coding regions, have been tested for their ability to differentiate different poplar species using 23 already published barcoding primer combinations and 17 newly designed primer combinations. About half of the published barcoding primers yielded amplification products, whereas the new primers designed on the basis of the total sequenced cpDNA genome of Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray yielded much higher amplification success. Intergenic spacers were found to be more variable than coding regions within the genus Populus. The highest discrimination power of Populus species was found in the combination of two intergenic spacers (trnG-psbK, psbK-psbl) and the coding region rpoC. In barcoding projects, the coding regions matK and rbcL are often recommended, but within the genus Populus they only show moderate variability and are not efficient in species discrimination.     

Salvia (Lamiaceae) is not monophyletic: implications for the systematics, radiation, and ecological specializations of Salvia and tribe Mentheae

Salvia, with over 900 species from both the Old and New World, is the largest genus in the Lamiaceae. Unlike most members of the subfamily Nepetoideae to which it belongs, only two stamens are expressed in Salvia. Although the structure of these stamens is remarkably variable across the genus, generally each stamen has an elongate connective and divergent anther thecae, which form a lever mechanism important in pollination. In a preliminary investigation of infrageneric relationships within Salvia, the monophyly of the genus and its relationship to other members of the tribe Mentheae were investigated using the chloroplast DNA regions rbcL and trnL-F. Significant conclusions drawn from the data include: Salvia is not monophyletic, Rosmarinus and Perovskia together are sister to an Old World clade of Salvia, the section Audibertia is sister to subgenus Calosphace or the monotypic Asian genus Dorystaechas, and the New World members of section Heterosphace are sister to section Salviastrum. Owing to the non-monophyly of Salvia, relationships at the next clearly monophyletic level, tribe Mentheae, were investigated.