脂联素在高糖孵育血管内皮细胞中的表达调节

目的:探讨脂联素(APN)在高糖孵育血管内皮细胞中的表达调节及意义.方法:用不同浓度葡萄糖(5.5、11、22及33mM)孵育人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs),2天后收集细胞和上清液.用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测细胞中APN、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)和过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体γ(PPARγ)的mRNA表达,用ELISA方法检测细胞上清液中APN和TNFα分泌情况.结果:随培养液中葡萄糖浓度的升高,HUVECs中APN的mRNA表达及上清中APN蛋白含量降低(p<0.05),TNFα的mRNA表达及上清中TNFα蛋白含量增加(p<0.05),HUVECs中PPARγ的mRNA表达降低(p<0.05),且组间比较差异均有统计学意义(p<0.05).结论:高糖诱导血管内皮细胞保护性细胞因子APN表达分泌下降,可能是高糖诱导的血管内皮细胞功能损害的重要机制之一.     

三七总皂苷及单体组合对ox-LDL诱导内皮细胞ICAM-1表达的影响

目的:研究三七总皂苷及其单体组合对ox-LDL诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)粘附分子ICAM-1表达的影响.方法:体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞,加入100mg·L-lox-LDL刺激HUVECs,诱导单核-内皮细胞黏附,加入不同浓度的PNS及单体组合进行干预,蛋白染料法测定黏附值,RT-PCR检测HUVECs粘附分子ICAM-ImRNA的表达,Western-blotting检测HUVECs粘附分子ICAM-1蛋白的表达.结果:PNS各剂量组及单体组合组可有效降低单核-内皮细胞的黏附;ox-LDL可显著增加HUVECs的ICAM-1 mRNA及蛋白表达(P＜0.05);PNS各剂量组及单体组合组与ox-LDL组相比,均能显著降低ICAM-1的mRNA及蛋白表达(P＜0.05).结论:抑制ox-LDL诱导的内皮细胞ICAM-1mRNA及蛋白的表达,可能为PNS抗动脉粥样硬化作用机制之一.     

高糖、糖基化终产物对人脐静脉内皮细胞巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨高糖浓度和糖基化终产物(AGEs)对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α mRNA表达的影响.方法将HUVECs用不同浓度AGEs(100mg/L、200mg/L、400mg/L)单独培养24h;并且用22mmol/L葡萄糖和400mg/LAGEs联合培养24h.采用原位杂交法检测巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α mRNA的表达水平.结果对照组内皮细胞内巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α mRNA呈弱表达;100mg/L、200mg/L及400mg/LAGEs孵育24h后,各组内皮细胞内巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α mRNA表达的平均积分光密度值分别为18.76±3.17、26.58±1.61及34.23±2.25(对照组为13.83±1.24,P<0.05);22mmol/L葡萄糖和400mg/LAGEs联合培养24h后,内皮细胞内巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α mRNA表达的平均积分光密度值为40.56±1.97(P<0.05).结论 AGEs能刺激HUVECs MIP-1α mRNA表达增加,且与高糖具有协同作用.     

α-晶状体蛋白在高糖培养人RPE细胞中的表达机制研究

目的：研究高糖体外培养环境下人RPE细胞的α晶状体蛋白的表达变化,并排除渗透影响因素下与正常糖浓度组进行比较。方法：对人RPE细胞（ARPE-19）在D-葡萄糖为5.5mM条件下培养和传代3周,然后按培养条件分为3组,即5.5mM葡萄糖,33mM葡萄糖,5.5mM葡萄糖＋27.5mM甘露醇,再分别培养12h,24h,48h后进行总蛋白和RNA提取。进而通过Western blotting对αA晶状体蛋白,αB晶状体蛋白以及凋亡相关蛋白bax,bcl-2进行检测,并通过RT-PCR检测αA-,αB-两种晶状体蛋白的mRNA水平。结果：相对于正常糖浓度组,高糖环境下αA晶状体蛋白,αB晶状体蛋白均表达明显上调,渗透变化对蛋白表达没有明显影响。高糖培养环境下,随着时间延长,bcl-2表达量明显下降,而bax表达量呈上升趋势,αA-,αB-两种晶体蛋白的mRNA变化趋势与蛋白水平一致。结论：高糖培养环境下人视网膜色素上皮细胞的αA-,αB-两种晶状体蛋白均明显表达上调。     

土贝母苷甲经miR-21/ PDCD4 途径诱导胶质瘤U251细胞凋亡

目的:研究土贝母苷甲(TBMS I)对胶质瘤U251细胞的抗肿瘤作用以及探究土贝母苷甲对miR-21及其靶基因PDCD4基因表达的影响。方法:U251细胞在体外进行培养,四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法检测不同浓度的土贝母苷甲对细胞增殖的影响;Hoechst33258染色观察细胞核形态的变化;实时荧光定量PCR检测miR-21和PDCD4基因的表达情况;Western blot检测PDCD4蛋白的表达情况。结果:土贝母苷甲能够显著抑制U251细胞的增殖,其抑制作用呈剂量和时间依赖性。Hoechst33258染色观察到土贝母苷甲处理组细胞的细胞核形态表现出典型的凋亡特征。PCR结果显示:随着土贝母苷甲浓度增加,miR-21的表达逐渐降低(P0.05),PDCD4基因表达显著增加(P0.05)。Western blot结果提示:与阴性对照组相比,15、30μg/mL土贝母苷甲显著上调了PDCD4蛋白的表达(P0.05)。结论:土贝母苷甲能够显著抑制人胶质瘤U251细胞的增殖并诱导细胞发生凋亡,其机制可能与下调miR-21的表达和上调PDCD4的表达有关。     

波动性高胰岛素对内皮细胞一氧化氮合酶信使核糖核酸的影响

目的:对比研究波动性高浓度胰岛素与恒定性高浓度胰岛素对体外培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞eNOS mRNA转录水平的影响,从而探究波动性高浓度胰岛素血症在糖尿病动脉粥样硬化形成中的致病机制.方法:采用体外培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞为对象,研究波动性高胰岛素对血管内皮细胞eNOS mRNA转录水平的影响.实验分为4组,即对照组(不含胰岛素)、正常浓度胰岛素组(含胰岛素1 nmol/L)、恒定性高胰岛素组(含胰岛素100 nmol/L)与波动性高胰岛素组(含胰岛素1 nmol/L及含胰岛素100nmol/L两种条件培养液,每8小时轮换一次),每间隔8小时更换新鲜条件培养液一次,一共作用72小时.应用应用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测内皮细胞eNOS基因mRNA转录水平.结果:经不同浓度的胰岛素作用72小时后,正常浓度组、恒定性高胰岛素组与波动性高胰岛素组内皮细胞eNOS mRNA转录水平均不同程度上调,分别为对照组的2.25倍(p<0.001)、6.00倍(p<0.001)和6.88倍(p<0.001),其中以波动性高胰岛素组上调尤为明显,且明显高于恒定性高胰岛素组(p<0.05).结论:波动性高胰岛素相对于恒定性高胰岛素能增强人脐静脉内皮细胞eNOS mRNA的转录.     

波动性高胰岛素对血管内皮细胞的凋亡的影响

目的:对比研究波动性高浓度胰岛素与恒定性高浓度胰岛素对体外培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞的凋亡的影响,从而探究波动性高浓度胰岛素血症在糖尿病动脉粥样硬化形成中的致病机制.方法:采用体外培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞为对象,研究波动性高胰岛素对血管内皮细胞的凋亡的影响.实验分为4组,即对照组(不含胰岛素)、正常浓度胰岛素组(含胰岛素1 nmol/L)、恒定性高胰岛素组(含胰岛素100nmol/L)与波动性高胰岛素组(含胰岛素1 nmol/L及含胰岛素100 nmol/L两种条件培养液,每8小时轮换一次),每间隔8小时更换新鲜条件培养液一次,一共作用72小时.应用AO-EB染色法与流式细胞仪检测内皮细胞凋亡.结果:1、胰岛素对内皮细胞凋亡的影响1.1经不同浓度的胰岛素作用72小时后,AO-EB检测结果显示:正常浓度胰岛素组的内皮细胞凋亡细胞数明显下降,为对照组的81%(p<0.001),而恒定性高胰岛素组与波动性高胰岛素组的内皮细胞凋亡细胞数明显上升,分别为对照组的1.53倍(p<0.001)与1.75倍(p<0.001),正常浓度胰岛素组的1.88倍(p<0.001)与2.15倍(p<0.001);且波动性高胰岛素组内皮细胞凋亡细胞数显著高于恒定性高胰岛素组(p<0.001).1.2经不同浓度的胰岛素作用72小时后,流式细胞仪检测结果显示:正常浓度胰岛素组的内皮细胞凋亡率明显下降,为对照组的81%(p<0.001),而恒定性高胰岛素组与波动性高胰岛素组的内皮细胞凋亡率出现明显上升,分别为对照组的1.11倍(p<0.01)与1.39倍(p<0.001),正常浓度胰岛素组的1.37倍(p<0.001)与1.72倍(p<0.001);且波动性高胰岛素组内皮细胞凋亡率显著高于恒定性高胰岛素组(p<0.001).结论:1、波动性高胰岛素相对于恒定性高胰岛素更能诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞的凋亡.     

氧化低密度脂蛋白下调血管内皮细胞色素上皮衍生因子表达

本研究旨在探讨氧化低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low density lipoprotein,ox-LDL)对人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs)色素上皮衍生因子(pigment epithelium-derived factor,PEDF)表达水平的作用。体外培养HUVECs,用不同浓度ox-LDL(6.25、12.5、25、50、100和150 mg/L)处理24 h后,形态学染色观察细胞凋亡,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡及细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平,MTT法检测细胞活性,Western blot和RT-PCR分别检测PEDF蛋白和mRNA表达变化。结果显示,ox-LDL显著促进HUVECs凋亡、降低细胞活性、增加细胞内ROS含量,呈浓度依赖性地降低PEDF的蛋白和转录表达水平,与对照组相比,ox-LDL浓度达50 mg/L时,PEDF蛋白表达量显著降低(P0.05),而ox-LDL浓度在25 mg/L时PEDF的mRNA表达水平已明显降低(P0.05)。以上结果表明,ox-LDL诱导PEDF表达降低,其机制可能与促进内皮细胞ROS生成有关。     

靶向抑制miRNA-21提高白血病K562细胞对阿糖胞苷的敏感性

为研究以miRNA-21为靶标的反义核酸(AMO-miR-21)提高白血病K562细胞对阿糖胞苷(Ara-C)的敏感性及可能的作用机制,在LipofectamineTM2000介导下,将化学合成的AMO-miR-21转染K562细胞,四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测单独使用AMO-miR-21、Ara-C以及两者联合使用对细胞增殖抑制作用,并计算抑制率和IC50;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡;实时定量PCR(Real-time PCR)检测miRNA-21及其候选靶基因Pdcd4 mRNA的表达水平;免疫印迹(Western blot)检测Pdcd4蛋白的表达水平.结果显示Ara-C与AMO-miR-21联合使用后,IC50从1.95μmol/L降低到0.84μmol/L,敏感性提高到单用Ara-C的2.3倍.AMO-miR-21联合Ara-C组细胞凋亡明显增加(P<0.05).AMO-miR-21显著抑制K562细胞中miRNA-21的表达水平(P<0.05),同时Pdcd4的表达明显增加(P<0.05).提示AMO-miR-21可以提高K562细胞对Ara-C的敏感性,其作用机制与靶向抑制miRNA-21,进而诱...     

高糖刺激下PKC/NADPH氧化应激途径对内皮细胞活性氧生成的影响及其机制探讨

目的:探讨高糖刺激下PKC/NADPH氧化应激途径对内皮细胞活性氧生成的影响。方法:实验分为正常对照组、NaOH对照组、DMSO对照组、20 mM葡萄糖处理4小时组(高糖组)、1 mol佛波酯预处理0.5小时再加入20 m M葡萄糖处理组(佛波酯组)和4 mol金丝桃素预处理0.5小时再加入20 mM葡萄糖处理组(金丝桃素组);Ⅱ型胶原酶消化法分离人脐静脉内皮细胞;流式细胞术检测细胞内活性氧;免疫荧光检测内皮细胞Ⅷ因子和NADPH氧化酶亚基p47phox定位。结果:1与正常对照组相比,高糖组细胞内活性氧增高(P0.05,n=3),与正常对照组和高糖组相比,佛波酯组HUVECs内活性氧的产生显著增加(P0.05,n=3),与正常对照组和高糖组相比,金丝桃素组HUVECs内活性氧的产生明显减少(P0.05,n=3);2正常对照组和金丝桃素组中细胞NADPH氧化酶亚基p47phox主要位于胞浆,而佛波酯组和高糖组的NADPH氧化酶亚基p47phox位于胞膜。结论:高糖通过PKC信号通路调节内皮细胞NADPH氧化酶亚基p47phox的移位从而增加细胞内活性氧的生成。     

miR-21 modulates chemosensitivity of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells to cisplatin by targeting PDCD4

Chemoresistance is a challenge for clinician in management of tongue cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to explore alternative therapeutic methods to overcome drug resistance. miRNAs are endogenous ?22nt RNAs that play important regulatory roles by targeting mRNAs. miR-21, an essential oncogenic molecule, is associated with chemosensitivity of several human cancer cells to anticancer agents. In this study, we investigated the effects and molecular mechanisms of miR-21 in chemosensitivity of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells (TSCC) to cisplatin. miR-21 expression was detected in tongue cancer tissue using RT-PCR and PDCD4 protein expression was measured using immunohistochemistry. miR-21 and(or) PDCD4 depleted cell lines were generated using miR-21 inhibitor and(or) siRNA. The viabilities of treated cells were analyzed using MTT assay. RT-PCR was used to detect miR-21 expression and immunoblotting was used to detect protein levels. Cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed using propidium iodide (PI) staining and Annexin V/PI staining, respectively. The expression of miR-21 in tumorous tissue was significantly higher compared with adjacent normal tissue and loss of PDCD4 expression was observed in TSCCs. Transfection of miR-21 inhibitor induced sensitivity of TSCC cells (Tca8113 and CAL-27) to cisplatin. TSCC cells transfected with PDCD4 siRNA became more resistant to cisplatin therapy. We found an increase PDCD4 protein level following the transfection of miR-21 inhibitor using Western blot analysis. In addition, the enhanced growth-inhibitory effect by miR-21 inhibitor was weakened after the addition of PDCD4 siRNA. Suppression of miR-21 or PDCD4 could significantly promote or reduce cisplatin-induced apoptosis, respectively. Our data suggest that miR-21 could modulate chemosensitivity of TSCC cells to cisplatin by targeting PDCD4, and miR-21 may serve as a potential target for TSCC therapy.     

Methylglyoxal and high glucose co-treatment induces apoptosis or necrosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Hyperglycemia and elevation of methylglyoxal (MG) are symptoms of diabetes mellitus (DM). We previously showed that high glucose (HG; 30 mM) or MG (50-400 microM) could induce apoptosis in mammalian cells, but these doses are higher than the physiological concentrations of glucose and MG in the plasma of DM patients. The physiological concentration of MG and glucose in the normal blood circulation is about 1 microM and 5 mM, respectively. Here, we show that co-treatment with concentrations of MG and glucose comparable to those seen in the blood circulation of DM patients (5 microM and 15-30 mM, respectively) could cause cell apoptosis or necrosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. HG/MG co-treatment directly increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in HUVECs, leading to increases in intracellular ATP levels, which can control cell death through apoptosis or necrosis. Co-treatment of HUVECs with 5 microM MG and 20 mM glucose significantly increased cytoplasmic free calcium levels, activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), caspase-3 and -9, cytochrome c release, and apoptotic cell death. In contrast, these apoptotic biochemical changes were not detected in HUVECs treated with 5 microM MG and 30 mM glucose, which appeared to undergo necrosis. Pretreatment with nitric oxide (NO) scavengers could inhibit 5 microM MG/20 mM glucose-induced cytochrome c release, decrease activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and increase the gene expression and protein levels of p53 and p21, which are known to be involved in apoptotic signaling. Inhibition of p53 protein expression using small interfering RNA (siRNA) blocked the activation of p21 and the cell apoptosis induced by 5 microM MG/20 mM glucose. In contrast, inhibition of p21 protein expression by siRNA prevented apoptosis in HUVECs but had no effect on p53 expression. These results collectively suggest that the treatment dosage of MG and glucose could determine the mode of cell death (apoptosis vs. necrosis) in HUVECs, and both ROS and NO played important roles in MG/HG-induced apoptosis of these cells.     

PDCD6 additively cooperates with anti-cancer drugs through activation of NF-κB pathways

The expression of programmed cell death 6 (PDCD6) is known to be down-regulated in cancer cell lines and ovarian cancer tissues compared to normal cells and tissues. In the current study, we characterized the specific function of PDCD6 as a novel pro-apoptotic protein. To define the roles of PDCD6 and cisplatin in tumorigenesis, we either over-expressed PDCD6 or treated it with cisplatin in SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells. Both PDCD6 and cisplatin respectively inhibited cancer cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The combined treatment of PDCD6 and cisplatin was more effective at suppressing cell growth than with either drug treatment alone, but had no effect with the treatment of caspase-3 and caspase-9 inhibitors. Cleavages of caspase-3, -8, -9, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in PDCD6-overexpressing cells were significantly increased after cisplatin treatment. Cell cycle analysis highly correlated with down-regulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4, and the induction of p16 and p27 as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Additionally, PDCD6 also suppressed the phosphorylation of signaling regulators downstream of PI3K, including PDK1 and Akt. PDCD6 promotes TNFα-dependent apoptosis through the activation of NF-κB signaling pathways, increasing Bax, p53, and p21 expression, while also down-regulating Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression. The p21 and p53 promoter luciferase activities were enhanced by PDCD6, while there was no affect in p53^−/− and p21^−/−. At the same time, p53 activity was confirmed by UV irradiation and siPDCD6. Taken together, these results provide evidence that PDCD6 can mediate the pro-apoptotic activity of cisplatin or TNFα through the down-regulation of NF-κB expression.     

Programmed cell death-4 tumor suppressor protein contributes to retinoic acid-induced terminal granulocytic differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells

Programmed cell death-4 (PDCD4) is a recently discovered tumor suppressor protein that inhibits protein synthesis by suppression of translation initiation. We investigated the role and the regulation of PDCD4 in the terminal differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Expression of PDCD4 was markedly up-regulated during all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced granulocytic differentiation in NB4 and HL60 AML cell lines and in primary human promyelocytic leukemia (AML-M3) and CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells but not in differentiation-resistant NB4.R1 and HL60R cells. Induction of PDCD4 expression was associated with nuclear translocation of PDCD4 in NB4 cells undergoing granulocytic differentiation but not in NB4.R1 cells. Other granulocytic differentiation inducers such as DMSO and arsenic trioxide also induced PDCD4 expression in NB4 cells. In contrast, PDCD4 was not up-regulated during monocytic/macrophagic differentiation induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate in NB4 cells or by ATRA in THP1 myelomonoblastic cells. Knockdown of PDCD4 by RNA interference (siRNA) inhibited ATRA-induced granulocytic differentiation and reduced expression of key proteins known to be regulated by ATRA, including p27(Kip1) and DAP5/p97, and induced c-myc and Wilms' tumor 1, but did not alter expression of c-jun, p21(Waf1/Cip1), and tissue transglutaminase (TG2). Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway was found to regulate PDCD4 expression because inhibition of PI3K by LY294002 and wortmannin or of mTOR by rapamycin induced PDCD4 protein and mRNA expression. In conclusion, our data suggest that PDCD4 expression contributes to ATRA-induced granulocytic but not monocytic/macrophagic differentiation. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway constitutively represses PDCD4 expression in AML, and ATRA induces PDCD4 through inhibition of this pathway.     

Hyperketonemia increases monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and is mediated by LFA-1 expression in monocytes and ICAM-1 expression in endothelial cells

Frequent episodes of hyperketonemia are associated with a higher incidence of vascular disease. The objective of this study was to examine the hypothesis that hyperketonemia increases monocyte-endothelial cell (EC) adhesion and the development of vascular disease in diabetes. Human U937 and THP-1 monocyte cell lines and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured with acetoacetate (AA) (0-10 mM) or β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) (0-10 mM) for 24 h prior to evaluating adhesion and adhesion molecule expression. The results demonstrate a significant (P < 0.01) increase in both U937 and THP-1 adhesion to HUVEC monolayers treated with 4 mM AA compared with control. Equal concentrations of BHB resulted in similar increases in monocyte-EC adhesion. Similarly, treatments of AA or BHB to isolated monocytes from human blood also show increases in adhesion to endothelial cells. intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was significantly increased on the surface of HUVECs and an increase in total protein expression with AA treatment compared with control. The expression level of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) was increased in monocytes treated with AA, and LFA-1 affinity was altered from low to high affinity following treatment with both AA and BHB. Monocyte adhesion could be blocked when cells were preincubated with an antibody to ICAM-1 or LFA-1. Results also show a significant increase in IL-8 and MCP-1 secretion in monocytes and HUVECs treated with 0-10 mM AA. These results suggest that hyperketonemia can induce monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and that it is mediated via increased ICAM-1 expression in endothelial cells and increased expression and affinity of LFA-1 in monocytes.     

Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein C1/C2 Controls the Metastatic Potential of Glioblastoma by Regulating PDCD4

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of brain tumors. miR-21 is one of the most highly overexpressed miRNAs in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), and its level of expression correlates with the tumor grade. Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is a well-known miR-21 target and is frequently downregulated in glioblastomas in accordance with increased miR-21 expression. Downregulation of miR-21 or overexpression of PDCD4 can inhibit metastasis. Here, we investigate the role of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C1/C2 (hnRNPC) in the metastatic potential of the glioblastoma cell line T98G. hnRNPC bound directly to primary miR-21 (pri-miR-21) and promoted miR-21 expression in T98G cells. Silencing of hnRNPC lowered miR-21 levels, in turn increasing the expression of PDCD4, suppressing Akt and p70S6K activation, and inhibiting migratory and invasive activities. Silencing of hnRNPC reduced cell proliferation and enhanced etoposide-induced apoptosis. In support of a role for hnRNPC in the invasiveness of GBM, highly aggressive U87MG cells showed higher hnRNPC expression levels and hnRNPC abundance in tissue arrays and also showed elevated levels as a function of brain tumor grade. Taken together, our data indicate that hnRNPC controls the aggressiveness of GBM cells through the regulation of PDCD4, underscoring the potential usefulness of hnRNPC as a prognostic and therapeutic marker of GBM.     

The Effect of Glucose Concentration on Insulin-Induced 3T3-L1 Adipose Cell Differentiation

We examined the effect of glucose concentration on insulin-induced 3T3-L1 adipose cell differentiation. Oil Red O staining of neutral lipid, cellular triglyceride mass, and glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity, were greater in 3T3-L1 cells cultured at 5 mM vs. 25 mM glucose. GPDH activity was 2- to 4-fold higher at 5 mM vs. 25 mM glucose over a range of insulin concentrations (0. 1 to 100 nM). Insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) was 1. 7-fold greater, and insulinstimulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase association with IRS-1 was 2. 3-fold higher, at 5 mM vs. 25 mM glucose. These effects of glucose were not caused by alterations in IRS-1 mass or cell-surface insulin binding. In preadipose cells at 5 mM glucose, expression of the leukocyte antigen-related (LAR) protein tyrosine phosphatase (negative regulator of insulin signaling) was 63% of the level at 25 mM glucose. Our data demonstrate that glucose concentration affects insulin-induced 3T3-L1 adipose cell differentiation as well as differentiation-directed insulin signaling pathways. Alterations in LAR expression potentially may be involved in modulating these responses.