旱后复水对不同倍性小麦光合及抗氧化特性的影响

利用盆栽控水试验方法,在干旱和复水条件下,于拔节期对不同倍性小麦叶片的光合参数以及抗氧化指标进行测定.结果表明:(1)与干旱处理相比,拔节期恢复供水可使受旱小麦叶片的光合参数增大,叶水势、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、细胞膜透性以及质膜过氧化程度都有所降低,其中净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)的增加超过对照,叶水势和细胞膜透性的降低也超过对照,产生了生理补偿效应;(2)旱后复水条件下,叶水势很快恢复到正常水平,Pn显著提高且高于正常对照水平,其中野生一粒和小偃6号,在干旱条件下,SOD酶活性高,具有较强的活性氧清除能力,复水后,MDA的积累减少,膜透性迅速恢复,抗氧化系统更好地保护和修复了光合机制,表现出较强的光合优势.     

干旱和复水对崖柏光合特性及水分利用效率的影响

以4年生崖柏(Thuja sutchuenensis Franch.)盆栽实生苗为材料,试验干旱和复水对崖柏光合特性及水分利用效率的影响。结果显示,在自然干旱处理过程中,叶片相对含水量(LRWC)在土壤相对含水量(SRWC)降至30%之后开始出现下降;净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、光饱和点(LSP)和最大光合速率(P_max)随着土壤可利用水分的减少而逐渐降低;而表观量子效率(Q)、表观量子需要量(1/Q)及光补偿点(LCP)未发生明显变化;水分利用效率(WUE)则随着SRWC的下降而逐渐提高。在停止浇水50 d后(SRWC下降约95%),叶片萎蔫,净光合速率接近零,复水后3 d,净光合速率(P_n)恢复至对照的88.59%,WUE降至对照的88.63%。通过干旱-复水一系列生理指标的变化分析认为,崖柏为干旱避免型植物。     

干旱和复水对大豆光合生理生态特性的影响

选用大豆作为实验材料,研究干旱和复水对大豆光合生理的影响,以期为大豆抗旱栽培和高效利用水分提供理论依据.通过研究发现,在土壤相对含水量高于47%时,处理组大豆凌晨叶片水势和对照组相比基本没有下降,但当土壤相对含水量低于47%时,处理组叶片水势急剧下降,表现为一定的阈值反应,存在明显的凌晨叶水势临界值.大豆开花前期叶片的凌晨叶水势阈值约为-1.02MPa,低于此临界值,叶片水势急剧下降,叶片净光合速率也明显降低.研究发现,在实验的第3天,处理组土壤相对含水量为47%,叶片水势与对照组相比下降了7%,蒸腾速率为对照组的67%,净光合速率为对照组的90%,水分利用效率比对照组高35%,这说明大豆的蒸腾比光合对干旱更敏感.因此,可利用这一结果采取适度干旱等措施达到节水增产的目的.复水后大豆叶片水分状况得到改善,大豆叶片的净光合速率和蒸腾速率都表现为接近于直线的上升,气孔导度的恢复也很快,这表明大豆存在着胁迫解除后快速生长的特征.但是,干旱对大豆的生长等生理过程是否存在滞后效应,滞后效应的大小等问题还需要进一步的研究.     

开花期土壤短期干旱和复水对大豆光合作用和产量的影响

以大豆(Glycine max)为材料, 研究开花期土壤水分变动对叶片光合生理以及产量形成的影响, 以期为大豆的节水栽培和水分高效利用提供理论依据。研究发现, 大豆叶片气孔导度(Gs)对土壤水分的匮缺更加敏感。干旱胁迫降低了叶片的净光合速率(Pn), 但复水后, 叶片水势和净光合速率等在实验过程中都可以得到迅速恢复, 并且蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)在复水后的第3 天与对照相比显著提高, 表现出一定的超补偿效应。研究发现, 在开花期即使短期的土壤干旱, 也会对大豆后期的生物量及其分配产生较大的影响, 开花期干旱和复水, 显著降低了大豆叶片和茎的生物量, 使根茎比提高16.7% (P<0.05), 收获指数增加26.3%(P<0.05)。     

开花期土壤短期干旱和复水对大豆光合作用和产量的影响

以大豆(Glycine max)为材料,研究开花期土壤水分变动对叶片光合生理以及产量形成的影响,以期为大豆的节水栽培和水分高效利用提供理论依据。研究发现,大豆叶片气孔导度(Gs)对土壤水分的匮缺更加敏感。干旱胁迫降低了叶片的净光合速率(Pn),但复水后,叶片水势和净光合速率等在实验过程中都可以得到迅速恢复,并且蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)在复水后的第3天与对照相比显著提高,表现出一定的超补偿效应。研究发现,在开花期即使短期的土壤干旱,也会对大豆后期的生物量及其分配产生较大的影响,开花期干旱和复水,显著降低了大豆叶片和茎的生物量,使根茎比提高16.7%(P<0.05),收获指数增加26.3%(P<0.05)。     

干旱胁迫对小麦幼苗根系生长和叶片光合作用的影响

采用水培试验方法,以2个耐旱性不同的小麦品种(敏感型望水白和耐旱型洛旱7号)为材料,研究了干旱胁迫对小麦幼苗根系形态、生理特性以及叶片光合作用的影响,以期揭示小麦幼苗对干旱胁迫的适应机制.结果表明： 干旱胁迫下,2个小麦品种幼苗的根系活力显著增大,而根数和根系表面积受到抑制;干旱胁迫降低了望水白的叶片相对含水量,提高了束缚水/自由水,而对洛旱7号无显著影响;干旱胁迫降低了2个小麦品种叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度,但随胁迫时间的延长,洛旱7号的叶绿素含量和净光合速率与对照差异不显著;干旱胁迫降低了2个小麦品种幼苗的单株叶面积,以及望水白的根系、地上部和植株生物量,而对洛旱7号无显著影响.水分胁迫下,耐旱型品种可以通过提高根系活力、保持较高的根系生长量来补偿根系吸收面积的下降,保持较高的根系吸水能力,进而维持较高的光合面积和光合速率,缓解干旱对生长的抑制.     

干旱复水对海棠叶片光合蒸腾及水分利用效率的影响

以13个类型的盆栽海棠为材料,分析了自然干旱及旱后复水时叶片净光合速率(net photosynthesis rate,Pn),蒸腾速率(transpiration rate,Tr)及水分利用效率(water use effi ciency,WUE)。结果表明:13个海棠中,西府海棠的Pn和WUE最低,对水分变化最不敏感;平邑甜茶比较适应轻度和中度干旱,不适应重度干旱。复水后‘紫色王子’、‘绚丽’和‘雪球’等9个类型的Pn明显超过原初状态;‘红艳’、‘糖美林’、‘红粉’、‘红宝石’和‘王族’通过提高WUE来抵抗干旱胁迫,‘绚丽’、‘红丽’和垂丝海棠通过维持较强的恢复能力适应抗旱。干旱时,‘绚丽’比其他海棠能够更高效地利用水分。     

干旱胁迫对小麦幼苗根系生长和叶片光合作用的影响

采用水培试验方法,以2个耐旱性不同的小麦品种(敏感型望水白和耐旱型洛旱7号)为材料,研究了干旱胁迫对小麦幼苗根系形态、生理特性以及叶片光合作用的影响,以期揭示小麦幼苗对干旱胁迫的适应机制.结果表明： 干旱胁迫下,2个小麦品种幼苗的根系活力显著增大,而根数和根系表面积受到抑制;干旱胁迫降低了望水白的叶片相对含水量,提高了束缚水/自由水,而对洛旱7号无显著影响;干旱胁迫降低了2个小麦品种叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度,但随胁迫时间的延长,洛旱7号的叶绿素含量和净光合速率与对照差异不显著;干旱胁迫降低了2个小麦品种幼苗的单株叶面积,以及望水白的根系、地上部和植株生物量,而对洛旱7号无显著影响.水分胁迫下,耐旱型品种可以通过提高根系活力、保持较高的根系生长量来补偿根系吸收面积的下降,保持较高的根系吸水能力,进而维持较高的光合面积和光合速率,缓解干旱对生长的抑制.     

干旱和复水对大豆(Glycine max)叶片光合及叶绿素荧光的影响

选用河南省大面积种植的大豆品种豫豆29作为实验材料,通过研究逐步干旱和旱后复水条件下大豆叶片光合、叶绿素荧光等指标随土壤水分的动态变化规律,以期为大豆的水分高效利用提供理论依据。研究发现,在土壤相对含水量高于46.5%时,虽然随着土壤相对含水量的下降,豫豆29仍可以保持它的叶片水分状态;豫豆29的叶片净光合速率在土壤水分中等条件下最大,在土壤相对含水量为64.3%时,它比对照组高出11.2%(P<0.01);在实验的第3d,处理组的土壤相对含水量降为46.5%,叶片水势与对照组相比降低了7.2%(P>0.05),净光合速率为对照组的89.6%(P<0.05),但气孔导度却迅速下降为对照组的44.7%(P<0.01),这说明与叶片的光合和水分状况相比,豫豆29的气孔对土壤水分的匮缺更加敏感。复水后,豫豆29叶片的水势、净光合速率、气孔导度和叶绿素荧光等值都可以得到迅速的恢复,并在实验的最后接近对照组的水平,这表明豫豆29的叶片光合在水分胁迫解除后有迅速恢复的能力。     

外源NO提高小麦幼苗抗旱性的生理机制

以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种'豫麦49'为材料,采用50μmol·L-1SNP(NO供体)处理自然干旱和PEG模拟干旱下的小麦幼苗,分析外源NO对水分胁迫下小麦幼苗相对含水量、光合速率、细胞膜透性以及茎叶中关键性离子含量的影响.结果显示:自然干旱10 d后,对照组幼苗几乎全部枯死,而50μmol·L-1SNP处理幼苗并未发生枯死,其幼苗在旱后复水2 d后能完全恢复正常生长;在25%PEG-6000模拟干旱条件下,50μmol·L-1SNP处理也能明显改善受胁迫小麦幼苗长势.50μmol·L-1SNP处理使模拟干旱胁迫下小麦叶片的相对含水量显著提高15.98%,净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)分别显著提高47.11%和42.86%,而胞间CO2浓度(GI)显著降低了8.19%;也使小麦组织浸出液电导率显著降低30%,茎叶的K 含量显著增加24.55%(P<0.01).研究发现,外源NO既可通过降低小麦幼苗叶片蒸腾来维持较高的叶片相对含水量,缓解因干旱缺水对植株的伤害;又可增加K 在茎叶中积累,减轻干旱胁迫对小麦幼苗细胞膜伤害,维持干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗较高的光合速率,以确保植株正常生长和有机物质积累.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.