奶牛分娩后早期血浆代谢物变化研究

旨在研究分娩及产后早期奶牛血浆代谢物的变化规律。选取胎次、预产期和体况相近健康高产荷斯坦奶牛15头。分别在分娩当天和产后第7天晨饲前尾静脉采集血液10 mL。采用高效液相色谱-四极飞行时间质谱联用技术(UHPLC-QTOF-MS)对奶牛的血浆进行了分析。结合主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA);以P0.05、VIP1和FC1.3或FC0.77作为标准筛选两组血浆差异代谢物;ROC曲线进一步研究了这些显著差异代谢物分类识别的能力。结果显示:经ROC曲线发现11个显著性上调差异代谢物:磷脂酰胆碱(16∶0/16∶0)、二醇胆酸、脯氨酸-丝氨酸、脯氨酸-甘氨酸、1-硬脂酰基-sn-甘油3-磷酸胆碱、乳清、L-天门冬氨酸、N-乙酰基-L-天冬氨酸、异戊酰甘氨酸、L-肉碱和苯甲酸。丙氨酸,天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢、甘油磷脂代谢和嘧啶代谢产后第7天与分娩当天代谢轮廓存在显著差异。综上表明:产后血浆中N-乙酰基-L-天冬氨酸、L-天门冬氨酸、磷脂酰胆碱和乳清的升高有利维持奶牛机体健康。     

不同抗应激反应能力克氏原螯虾肝胰腺的代谢组分析

为探讨不同抗应激反应能力克氏原螯虾体内代谢物的差异, 研究通过运输应激和温度应激处理后, 选取抗应激反应能力强(SSR)和抗应激反应能力弱(WSR)的克氏原螯虾, 取肝胰腺, 通过液相色谱-质谱/质谱(LC-MS/MS)进行代谢组学分析。质谱共检测到10292个离子, 从中筛选、鉴定出了464个显著差异的代谢物(差异倍数>1.20 或 <0.83,P<0.05, 且 VIP>1.0), 其中与WSR相比, 在SSR中下调的代谢物227个, 上调代谢物237个。KEGG分析显示, 这些差异代谢物主要富集在氨基酸代谢通路, 包括组氨酸代谢、牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢、赖氨酸降解、缬氨酸和亮氨酸及异亮氨酸生物合成、谷胱甘肽代谢等, 同时也富集到抗坏血酸和醛酸盐代谢途径、碳水化合物代谢途径(戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化)和脂肪酸代谢途径(不饱和脂肪酸生物合成)等。这些结果表明, 克氏原螯虾在应对运输和温度应激时存在广泛的代谢应答, 其中一些与抗氧化应激和增强免疫力相关的代谢物, 如γ-L-谷氨酰-L-半胱氨酸、牛磺酸和油酸等可能在抗应激反应过程中发挥重要作用。研究不仅可为动物抗逆境机制的研究提供新的思路, 而且在克氏原螯虾优良品种的培育及寻找应对克氏原螯虾应激反应的策略等方面也具有重要价值。     

三七环二肽成分

从三七(Panax notoginseng)的根中分离得到14个环二肽成分,通过波谱解析其结构分别鉴定为环-(亮氨酸-苏氨酸)(1)、环-(亮氨酸-异亮氨酸)(2)、环-(亮氨酸-缬氨酸)(3)、环-(异亮氨酸-缬氨酸)(4)、环-(亮氨酸-丝氨酸)(5)、环-(亮氨酸-酪氨酸)(6)、环-(缬氨酸-脯氨酸)(7)、环-(丙氨酸-脯氨酸)(8)、环-(苯丙氨酸-酪氨酸)(9)、环-(苯丙氨酸-丙氨酸)(10)、环-(苯丙氨酸-缬氨酸)(11)、环-(亮氨酸-丙氨酸)(12)、环-(异亮氨酸-丙氨酸)(13)、环-(缬氨酸-丙氨酸)(14)。其中化合物1为新化合物,化合物4～10为新天然化合物,化合物2～3、11～14为已知化合物;化合物2和11、3和4、12和13分别为一对混合物,比例分别为2：1、1：1和2：1。     

阿尔茨海默病转基因模型Tg2576小鼠血清的代谢组学研究

目的 Tg2576转基因小鼠与阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)患者的病理改变相近,本文动态研究了Tg2576小鼠在AD发病不同阶段的血清代谢物特征,为临床AD的早期诊断提供代谢依据。方法收集Tg2576小鼠在AD发病初期(6个月)和末期(12个月)时的血清样本,采集样本的1HNMR谱并运用多变量分析方法进行代谢特征的分析。结果结果显示Tg2576与C57小鼠分别在6和12个月时的血清代谢特征有明显差异,且不同AD发病阶段的Tg2576小鼠具有明显的代谢差异。与C57小鼠相比,在AD出现的初期阶段,Tg2576小鼠血清中乳酸、肌醇和氨基酸(如亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、丙氨酸)的含量升高,而脂质、胆碱、磷脂酰胆碱/甘油磷脂酰胆碱、甜菜碱、甘氨酸和葡萄糖含量降低;在AD发病的末期,血清中乳酸、肌醇和丙氨酸的含量继续上升,脂质、胆碱、磷脂酰胆碱/甘油磷脂酰胆碱、甜菜碱和甘氨酸含量持续降低,同时谷氨酸和肌酸含量初步显示出下降趋势。通过比较AD的初期和末期血清代谢物,我们能够发现疾病末期血清中乳酸、肌醇和丙氨酸含量升高,脂质、胆碱、磷脂酰胆碱、甘油磷脂酰胆碱含量降低。在这些代谢物中,乳酸、脂质、胆碱、磷脂酰胆碱和甘油磷脂酰胆碱在AD发生初期已具有显著性变化,且与AD发生的严重程度密切相关。结论结果表明Tg2576小鼠中乳酸与阿尔茨海默病程度的加重呈正相关变化,而脂质、胆碱、磷脂酰胆碱和甘油磷脂酰胆碱呈负相关改变,且这些代谢物随着疾病的发展呈动态进行性变化,可能是AD早期诊断的重要代谢标志物。     

基于GC-MS分析刺五加和短梗五加不同器官的代谢差异特性

通过研究刺五加（Acanthopanax senticosus）与短梗五加（A. sessiliflorus）不同器官的初级代谢差异特性,探讨两者药效差异、药用价值及资源利用结构。利用代谢组学的研究策略,使用GC-MS技术从初生代谢的角度比较刺五加与短梗五加不同器官代谢差异特性。结果表明：在2种药用植物不同器官中共鉴定出186种初生代谢物,总体研究结果显示2物种在初生代谢上存在差异。进一步分析得到根中52种差异代谢物、茎中34种差异代谢物、叶中39种差异代谢物、叶柄中48种差异代谢物。差异代谢物涉及到的主要代谢途径有氨酰基-tRNA生物合成途径,缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的生物合成途径,甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢途径,精氨酸的生物合成途径,丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢途径,丙酮酸代谢途径等。此外,发现4种连接初生代谢和次生代谢的关键性代谢物在两者不同器官中的水平存在差异。刺五加和短梗五加在不同器官初生代谢方面显著不同,这可能是造成2物种不同器官药理效应和次生代谢存在差异的原因之一。     

海洋细菌Pseudomonas sp．抗菌代谢产物的研究

从海洋细菌Pseudomonas sp.发酵液中分离鉴定9个环二肽和2个苯环类化合物,经波谱鉴定为环(酪氨酸-脯氨酸)(1),环(酪氨酸-异亮氨酸)(2),环(苯丙氨酸-脯氨酸)(3),环(缬氨酸-脯氨酸)(4),环(异亮氨酸-脯氨酸)(5),环(亮氨酸-脯氨酸)(6),环(丙氨酸-脯氨酸)(7),环(缬氨酸-丙氨酸)(8),环(丙氨酸-亮氨酸)(9),对羟基苯甲醛(10),二-(2-乙基己基)邻苯二甲酸酯(11).其中化合物1～4对多种海洋细菌显示一定的抗菌活性.     

人乳中氨基酸的含量及分析方法研究进展

人乳中含有丰富的氨基酸,其中赖氨酸、苏氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、甲硫氨酸和组氨酸等必需氨基酸构成比例合理,牛磺酸和谷氨酸等条件必需氨基酸含量丰富,丙氨酸、丝氨酸、天冬氨酸和甘氨酸等非必需氨基酸含量也较为丰富;人乳中含有的氨基酸在维持婴儿生长发育、增强免疫力、肠道保护等方面发挥重要作用.本文综述了人乳中主要氨基酸的含量及分析方法,以期为婴儿食品的开发及母乳成分数据库的建立提供一定的依据.     

围产前期添加山楂和黄芪混合物对奶牛血浆代谢组的影响

旨为研究日粮中添加山楂、黄芪对产前奶牛血浆代谢物的影响。选取年龄、胎次和体况相近围产期健康高产荷斯坦奶牛20头。随机分为2组,对照组A组(n=10):饲喂基础日粮;试验组B组(n=10):饲喂基础日粮添加复方中草药山楂和黄芪(各150 g)。进入围产圈开始饲喂,连续饲喂14 d,晨饲前尾静脉采血10 mL,采用高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS)技术,结合主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(OPLS-DA)对两组血浆代谢轮廓进行模式识别;以VIP1、P0.05和FC1.3或FC0.77作为标准筛选两组血浆差异代谢物;ROC曲线进一步确定这些差异代谢物对两组血浆分类的识别能力。结果显示:添加山楂和黄芪对D-谷氨酰胺和D-谷氨酸代谢、亚油酸代谢、牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢、丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢、缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的生物合成有显著的影响,经ROC曲线发现9个显著性上调差异代谢物:肌酐、5,2'-O-甲基胞苷、肉豆蔻酸、亮氨酸、烟酸、3-羟基苯甲酸、次黄嘌呤、γ-谷氨酰缬氨酸和马尿酸。综上表明:产前饲料添加山楂、黄芪影响奶牛的氨基酸代谢,脂肪代谢和糖代谢。     

当归干预血瘀证大鼠血浆代谢组学研究北大核心CSCD

运用代谢组学方法,探讨当归干预血瘀证大鼠作用机制。连续灌胃给予大鼠当归水煎液7 d后,建立大鼠急性血瘀模型,采集血液进行血液流变学、凝血因子检测,采用LC-Q/TOF-MS技术结合多元统计比较分析各组大鼠血浆内源性代谢物,筛选差异代谢物并构建其代谢通路。结果显示,当归干预能显著降低血瘀模型大鼠血液黏度及血浆FIB含量(P<0.05),缩短TT、PT、APTT(P<0.05);血瘀模型大鼠血浆中15个内源性代谢物含量发生显著变化(P<0.05),其中磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸、鞘磷脂等含量上升,甘油酸、L-谷氨酸、L-缬氨酸等含量下降,差异代谢物主要涉及D-谷氨酰胺和D-谷氨酸代谢、甘油磷脂代谢、鞘脂代谢等路径。当归干预可通过回调差异代谢物含量,调节异常的氨基酸、脂质代谢进而预防血瘀的发生。     

用吸附柱和离交柱层析法从猪血粉水解液中连续分离七种氨基酸

<正> 本文介绍了采用国产活性炭及阳离子交换树脂两种柱体巧妙地组合,并应用不同类型的洗脱剂,变换其浓度和洗脱速度,相互配合,能成功地从猪血粉水解液中一次连续分离和制取L-苯丙氨酸、L-酪氨酸、L-亮氨酸、L-缬氨酸、L-组氨酸、L-赖氨酸和L-精氨酸。多次提取试验表明,工艺操作简单、稳定可靠,苯丙氨酸与酪氨酸、亮氨酸与缬氨酸分离良好,     

Amino acid synthesis from glucose-U-14C in Glossina morsitans

Amino acid synthesis from glucose-U-¹⁴C was investigated in 2 day post-emergent and pregnant females of Glossina morsitans. This insect can synthesize alanine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, and serine from glucose. Arginine, histidine, hydroxyproline, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, taurine, threonine, and valine showed no radioactivity and hence may be classified as nutritionally indispensable amino acids. Although tyrosine and hydroxyproline were not synthesized from glucose, they are at least partially dispensable nutrients for this insect because their synthesis from phenylalanine has been demonstrated. After the labelled glucose injection the highest radioactivity was recovered in the proline fraction. This is probably related to its rôle as an important energy reserve for flight. The radioactive amino acids recovered from females and from their offspring following glucose-U-¹⁴C injection were similar to those recovered from younger females. Radioactivity was also detected in the expired CO₂ and the excreta. The amino acids alanine, arginine, cystine, glycine, histidine, leucine/isoleucine, lysine, methionine, proline, and valine were identified in the excreta, of which arginine and histidine were in the largest amounts. Only excreted alanine, glycine, and proline showed radioactivity.     

Effect of cypermethrin on the free amino acids pool in an organophosphorus-insecticide-resistant and a susceptible strain of Tribolium castaneum

1. Proline was found to be the major component of CTC-12 (44%) and FSS II (45%) strain.2. The cypermethrin treatment resulted in an increase in most of the amino acids of sixth instar larvae and all amino acids of adult beetles of CTC 12 strain.3. In the susceptible strain (FSS II), however, the tyrosine, phenylalanine and arginine increased, whereas serine, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine and lysine were decreased significantly in the sixth instar larvae.4. In the FSS II adult beetles, only aspartic acid increased, while other amino acids either decreased (threonine, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, tyrososine, lysine, arginine) or remained unaffected (serine, glutamic acid, leucine, phenylalanine, histidine).     

Variation in the free amino acid content of skeletal muscle of Ophicephalus punctatus (Bloch)

The skeletal muscle of Ophicephalus punctatus contains nine essential free amino acids, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine and lysine, and eight non-essential amino acids, alanine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, tyrosine, proline and serine. Histidine and lysine dominated the free amino acids pool. Seasonal variation was detected in the levels of histidine, arginine, leucine, phenylalanine, glycine, cystine and serine with highest values occurring in April and again in November. Changes were also detected in the concentrations of certain amino acids as the fish grew in size. Levels of free amino acids did not significantly differ between sexes. Factors effecting variation are discussed.     

Quantitative analysis of free amino acids and carbohydrates in spring barley anthers at different stages of maturity

The content of the carbohydrates glucose, fructose and sucrose was determined in spring barley anthers at different stages of maturity. During maturation the sucrose content of the anthers increased markedly. The following 17 free amino acids were detected in anthers of different stages of maturity: aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, alanine, arginine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, α-aminobutyric acid, glutamine, proline, tyrosine, phenylalanine, valine, threonine, cystine and glycine. Quantitative analysis was only carried out in amino acids present in higher concentrations in the analysed samples. These were: aspartic acid, glutamic acid, α-aminobutyric acid, proline, serine, valine and glutamine, and a mixture of amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine and phenylalanine). The total content of free amino acids increased with increasing maturity of the anthers. However, not all amino acids followed contributed to this increase, but only proline, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and glutamine. A small difference was found in the variety Gopal in which the aspartic acid content did not increase significantly, but the content of the mixture of amino acids and serine did. With the exception of green anthers of the variety Firlbecks Union, proline was present in the highest concentration in all samples analysed.     

Speculations on the evolution of the genetic code II

An evolutionary scheme is postulated in which a primitive code, involving only guanine and cytosine, would code for glycine (GG), alanine (GC), arginine (CG) and proline (CC). From each of these amino acids and their codons, there evolves a family of related amino acids as the code expands. The four families are: (1)alanine valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, methionine and tryptophane; (2)proline, threonine and serine; (3)arginine, lysine, and histidine; (4)glycine, serine, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid and asparagine. Except for the glycine relation to glutamic acid and aspartic acid, all amino acids are related by chemical similarities in their side chains. Glycine not having a side chain would permit a more complex set of substitutions.     

Amino-acid synthesis in adult Dacus oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera Tephritidae) determined with [U-14C] glucose

The ability of adult Dacus oleae for amino-acid synthesis from [U-14C] glucose was investigated. The relatively high specific activity radiometric measurements indicated that both sexes were able to synthesize the amino acids: alanine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, hydroxyproline, proline and tyrosine; therefore, these amino acids are considered as nutritionally dispensable for D. oleae. On the other hand, the amino acids: arginine, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, and valine, showed a very low specific activity and therefore are considered as nutritionally indispensable. It was not possible to conclude about tryptophane, since the acid hydrolysis destroyed this amino acid.     

Different binding sites for entry and exit of amino acids in whole cells of Mycobacterium phlei.

On the basis of mutual inhibition of uptake with different amino acids in whole cells of Mycobacterium phlei, it was demonstrated that the binding site of proline was different from those of all other amino acids studied. Other groups of amino acids share a common binding site: lysine, histidine, and arginine; valine, leucine, and isoleucine; tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine; glutamic acid and aspartic acid. The exit and entry processes were studied for proline, glutamine, and glutamic acid. It was observed that in each case the entry and exit processes were mediated by different membrane sites.     

Protein content and amino acids composition of bee-pollens from major floral sources in Al-Ahsa,eastern Saudi Arabia

Protein content and amino acids composition of bee-pollens from major pollen floral sources in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia were determined to investigate the nutritive value of pollen protein relative to requirements of honeybees and adult humans. The major pollen sources were alfalfa, date palm, rape, summer squash, and sunflower. Bee-pollens from alfalfa and date palm showed high content of crude protein and amino acid concentrations. Bee-pollen from sunflower had low content of those components. Eighteen amino acids were found in bee-pollens from the five major floral sources. The highest concentrations of individual amino acids valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and proline were obtained from alfalfa bee-pollen; lysine, arginine, cysteine, tryptophan and tyrosine from date palm; methionine, histidine, glycine and alanine from summer squash; threonine, serine and glutamic acid from sunflower; and aspartic acid from rape bee-pollen. The amino acid composition obtained from sunflower bee-pollen showed the lowest concentrations of the essential amino acids: isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine and valine. Apart from methionine, arginine and isoleucine, the essential amino acids of bee-pollen from alfalfa, date palm, summer squash and rape exceeded the honeybees’ requirements. Methionine was the limiting amino acid in bee-pollens from the five selected sources. Concentrations of essential amino acids in the tested bee-pollens were variable and significantly correlated to their botanical origin of pollen. Bee-pollens from alfalfa, date palm and summer squash was found to be rich source of protein and amino acids for bees and for humans.     

Interaction of chlorambucil with tRNA.

Preincubation of purified mixed tRNAs from Escherichia coli K12-MO with 2.94 mM chlorambucil (CAB) for 2 h at 37 degrees C results in the inhibition of the capacity of mixed tRNAs to accept alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine by 100, 71, 100, 100, 100, 95, 32, 88, 36, 26, 96, 78, 44, 31, 34, 98, 38, and 17% respectively. Preincubation of tRNA with 0.75 mM and 0.29 mM CAB inhibited aminoacylation by aspartic acid to the extent of 69 and 17% respectively. CAB has no apparent effect upon the capacity of ATP to function in the formation of aminoacylated tRNALeu.