义务教育生物学课程改革10年回顾

21世纪之初,我国启动了第8次基础教育课程改革。作为此次课程改革中最为活跃的学科之一,生物学课程在课程宗旨、理念、目标、选材原则、课程框架及教学、评价策略等方面都发生了重大的变化。10年过后,总结和反思在课程改革中走过的道路,对于总结经验、发现不足、巩固提高都有着积极的作用。从课程设计、挑战与发展2个方面回顾了10年课改的历程,指出了此次改革的成就和亮点。     

美国BSCS“认识酒精：生物学与行为学研究”课程的构建思路与特点

以“认识酒精：生物学与行为学研究”课程为例,从课程主题的选择、课程目标的设置、课程组织、课程评价4个方面,对美国BSCS健康系列补充课程的构建思路与特点进行分析．进而为我国今后中学校本课程开发、健康教育课程构建提供一定的启示与借鉴。     

“药品微生物检测”工学结合课程的教改研究

就课程简介、课程定位、传统的教学方式及弊端、课程改革思路、改革后的课程内容体系、教学方法与手段及课程特色与创新等方面介绍了"药品微生物检测"工学结合课程的教学改革体系。     

利用WISE资源设计校本课程的思路和特点

以“抗生素:会有效吗?”课程为例,从教育环境分析、课程目标设置、课程框架设计、课程内容组织以及课程评价5个方面,对利用WISE网络资源设计校本课程的思路和特点进行分析,为我国基础教育校本课程开发和实践提供启示和参考.     

新南威尔士州高中生物学课程标准译介及启示

对澳大利亚新南威尔士州高中生物学课程标准从课程学习序列、课程理念、课程结构、课程目标和内容标准等方面进行译介,分析其创新与特色之处,为我国课程改革提供借鉴。     

病原生物学课程整合的探索

针对教育部医学教育体系改革计划项目的要求,教研室借鉴了美国哈佛大学医学院的课程改革经验,对部分学生实施了病原生物学课程整合。3 a来,学生和教师对整合课程的态度是积极的,实践证明学生在分析解决问题能力、创新能力等方面有了很大提高。但整合课程在内容融合程度等方面还存在一些问题,尚需进一步完善。     

发酵工厂机械与设备课程教学改革的探讨与实践

发酵工厂机械与设备是生物类专业必修课,是一门理论性、实践性都极强的综合性课程,在空间想象能力方面要求较高。针对该课程的特点,就教学内容、教学方法及手段等方面进行了一些探索,取得较好的教学效果。     

对文献检索课程教学的几点思考

文献检索课程是一门基于学生获取信息能力培养的课程。但是,长期以来文献检索课程作为一门选修课程在高职院校的人才培养方案体系中一直处于边缘化状态,没有受到应有的重视。该课程在教学环境、学内容、教材运用、师资力量等方面还存在着一些不尽如人意的地方。要加大对文献检索课程的宣传力度、优化教材内容、配备完善的教学资源、加强师资队伍建设,才能使文献检索课程能够适应现代化、数字化飞速发展的时代。     

北京大学与中南大学神经生物学硕士研究生课程设置分析

通过对北京大学与中南大学神经生物学研究生培养方案及课程设置进行分析,探寻两所高校之间的差别。结果显示两所高校神经生物学硕士研究生课程设置基本符合培养目标,北京大学课程设置较中南大学更加全面合理,尤其在学术道德、实验技能、学术交流等方面的课程设置优于中南大学,建议中南大学新设或加强部分课程。     

项目实训在微生物学课程中的应用

项目实训是本科专业课程模块化教学改革中的第三大模块。以微生物学课程为例,从引入项目实训的意义、实施、效果等三方面探讨项目实训在微生物学及相关课程中的应用,达到提升学生专业运用能力和创新创业能力的目的,为其他两个模块在课程中的应用和后续课程的顺利开展提供了参考。     

羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)部分脏器特点的观察

本文对2只羚牛的雌性生殖器官及肝、肾、脾等脏器进行了形态描述,并与黄牛及羊的相应器官进行了比较,为探讨羚牛的分类地位提供了解剖学资料。     

Carbohydrate metabolism in Musa paradisiaca

Considerable variations exist in the content of glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch and protein and in the activities of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism between different parts of the banana plant (Musa paradisiaca). Sucrose synthetase is present in the highest concentration in rootstock and fruit pulp, and sucrose phosphate synthetase in the pseudostem. The highest ratio of the activity of sucrose phosphate synthetase to sucrose synthetase is found in leaves. Acid invertase is present in leaves, leaf-sheath and fruit pulp and is not demonstrable in rootstock and pseudostem. Neutral invertase activity is high in pseudostem and leaf-sheath. Starch phosphorylase is largely concentrated in fruit pulp and rootstock. The maximum activity of ATP:d-phosphoglucose (ADPG) pyrophosphorylase is found in rootstock. β-Amylase is not demonstrable in rootstock and is largely concentrated in leaf-sheath. Hexokinase is most active in rootstock and the lowest in leaves. Acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity is highest in fruit pulp and pseudostem. Glucosephosphate isomerase is most active in the rootstock and lowest in the leaves.     

几种不同进化程度动物细胞内质网超微结构的比较研究

应用稼射电镜技术,高锰酸钾固定扫描电镜技术及生化分离技术,比较研究了家兔、家鸽、蟾蜍,鲤鱼、脉红螺肝细胞和眼虫的内质网超微结构及含量。透射电镜观察结果显示：在高等哺乳动物肝细胞内质网丰富,以扁囊结构为主,在整个细胞质内均有分布,主要存在于核周围,并伴有伴随线粒体分布的特征;蟾蜍肝细胞内质网稀少,以长管状平行排列,分布在细胞质的局部,鲤鱼肝细胞内质网呈小泡状均匀分布在细胞质中,脉红螺肝细胞及眼虫细胞     

Aquaporins: water channel proteins of the cell membrane

Aquaporins (AQP) are integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in the transfer of water, and in some cases, small solutes across the membrane. They are conserved in bacteria, plants, and animals. Structural analyses of the molecules have revealed the presence of a pore in the center of each aquaporin molecule. In mammalian cells, more than 10 isoforms (AQP0-AQP10) have been identified so far. They are differentially expressed in many types of cells and tissues in the body. AQP0 is abundant in the lens. AQP1 is found in the blood vessels, kidney proximal tubules, eye, and ear. AQP2 is expressed in the kidney collecting ducts, where it shuttles between the intracellular storage sites and the plasma membrane under the control of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Mutations of AQP2 result in diabetes insipidus. AQP3 is present in the kidney collecting ducts, epidermis, urinary, respiratory, and digestive tracts. AQP3 in organs other than the kidney may be involved in the supply of water to them. AQP4 is present in the brain astrocytes, eye, ear, skeletal muscle, stomach parietal cells, and kidney collecting ducts. AQP5 is in the secretory cells such as salivary, lacrimal, and sweat glands. AQP5 is also expressed in the ear and eye. AQP6 is localized intracellular vesicles in the kidney collecting duct cells. AQP7 is expressed in the adipocytes, testis, and kidney. AQP8 is expressed in the kidney, testis, and liver. AQP9 is present in the liver and leukocytes. AQP10 is expressed in the intestine. The diverse and characteristic distribution of aquaporins in the body suggests their important and specific roles in each organ.     

扬子鳄视觉器官组织学研究

本文用光镜和电镜研究了扬子鳄(Alligator sinensis)的组织学,同时测量了其眼球的一些光学参数.扬子鳄眼球呈扁圆球形,角膜径与球径的比值为1:1.44;晶状体与角膜的比值为1:1.40。角膜内具鲍氏膜;虹膜内的括约肌、睫状体内的睫状肌均属横纹肌,视细胞椭圆体内线粒体嵴突与线粒体长轴相平行,这与报道的其它鳄类不同。虹膜内未见扩瞳肌纤维,角膜缘缺巩膜小骨片,晶状体环垫薄,因而其视觉调节能力仍然很弱。视网膜中视细胞由视杆细胞、单锥细胞、双锥细胞组成,其中以视杆细胞占多数。视细胞与神经节细胞核比值平均为2.5:1,表明扬子鳄的组织结构与其弱光视觉相适应。     

维吾尔族的体质特征研究

１９９１年５月,对新疆伊梨维吾尔族５２９人（男２７１,女２５８）进行了活体观察和测量。观察２９项,测量９２项。维吾尔族的主要特征是：黑直发,黑褐色眼,眉毛较浓密,大都有上眼脸皱褶,鼻根中等偏高,大多为直形鼻,鼻尖向前,鼻基部下垂,大多有达尔文结节,耳垢湿型。头面部指数分型,属于特短头型,阔头型和高头型。身材中等偏高,平均身高男１６８．６毫米,女１５７８．８毫米。     

The ultrastructure of the microfilaria of Brugia, Nematoda: Filarioidea

The microfilaria of Brugia pahangi is a differentiated nematode larva. The basic nematode body plan is present showing cuticle, hypodermis, dorsal, ventral, and lateral cords, muscle cells, longitudinal nerves, papillary nerves, amphids and phasmids. Secretory granules are present in ganglionic cells and in axons in the nerve ring. There is no differentiated pseudocoelom. There is only a single row of muscle cells between each pair of cords. The excretory cell complex is similar in structure to the hypodermal gland cells of other nematodes. The alimentary canal of the microfilaria is very much modified. The pharyngeal cells are attached to the pharyngeal thread which is circular in cross section and there is no pharyngeal musculature. The intestine is represented by the solid mass of the inner body within paired intestinal cells. The intestine is separated from the rectum. The three rectal cells form a syncytium of villi in the anal vesicle. The structure in Brugia is related to the ultrastructure of other microfilariae and it is concluded that the evolution of the modifications of the basic larval structure is due to the small size of these nematodes as a consequence of their adaptation to a parasitic mode of life in the capillaries of the vertebrate host with transmission through an intermediate arthropod vector.     

Survivin expression in the stomach: implications for mucosal integrity and protection

Survivin, an apoptosis inhibitor, is highly expressed in a majority of human cancers and is required during embryonic development. Our present studies show that survivin is also expressed in normal gastric mucosa of adult humans and rats. In both human and rat gastric mucosa, survivin is expressed predominantly in the nuclei of mucosal surface epithelial cells. In rats, survivin is also detected in the nuclei of some neck cells, whereas in the humans, survivin is expressed in both nuclei and cytoplasm of chief and parietal cells. Furthermore, survivin is expressed at higher levels in the nuclei of cultured gastric mucosal epithelial cells than in gastric microvascular endothelial cells, which supports the expression pattern in intact tissues. Based on these expression studies, and the known role of survivin as an anti-apoptosis protein, survivin may play a role in maintaining gastric mucosal integrity and regulating cell renewal in the gastric mucosa.     

北京山区与城区植物组成比较

通过典型抽样法对北京山区与城区植物物种进行了调查,结果表明北京山区有植物种1283种,隶属于127科,538属,北京城区(五环内)共有维管束植物99科,307属,536种。含25种以上的科的数量在北京山区和城区都比较少,含5种以下的科的数量在北京山区和城区都比较多,而城区只含有1种植物的科要比山区多一些。植物种在属上的分布与其在科上的分布相似。城区植物中乔木、灌木和多年生草本和一年生草本的比例相差不大,而在山区,多年生草本植物优势极为明显,也是山区和城区植物种数差异的主要来源。在属级水平上,植物区系中温带成分在北京山区和城区均占有绝对优势,二者的差异主要表现在城区植物的热带成分明显高于山区,而温带成分的比例则要稍低于山区。山区和城区共有植物有329种,隶属于72科,201属。主要集中在菊科、禾本科、蔷薇科等世界性大科中。     

鼎湖山顶级森林生态系统水文要素时空规律

运用连续7a(1993～1999)的水文观测资料,对南亚热带顶级生态系统鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林集水区水文要素时空规律进行分析,得到如下一些主要结论：(1)鼎湖山多年平均降水量为1910mm,湿季降水量占年降水量80％,干季仅占20％。6月份的降水量最大,1月份最小。(2)季风常绿阔叶林冠层截留率为31．8％,湿季的截留量占全年截留量的66．7％,截留量最大值和最小值所在的月份分别为7和1月份。各月的截留率差异很大,截留量大的月份,截留率较低;截留量小的月份,截留率较高。(3)季风常绿阔叶林集水区多年平均总径流量953．0mm,总径流系数49．9％,其中地表径流量为252．3mm,地表径流系数13．2％;地表径流与降水量之间存在二次抛物线型回归关系,与降水强度的关系不大,这说明季风常绿阔叶林的产流形式是是蓄满产流。(4)季风常绿阔叶林多年平均蒸散948．2mm,占同期降水量的49．7％;蒸散力1031．4mm,年蒸散系数为0．92,蒸散月变化规律较降水量的月变化规律有所滞后。(5)系统贮水量的月变化很大,2～8月份,系统处于蓄水阶段;9月份至翌年1月份,系统处于失水阶段。蓄水和失水的最大值分别出现在湿季和干季的第一个月,即4月份和10月份。(6)集水区多年平均水量总输入2129．9mm,实际输入1910mm(降水量),其中219．9mm的水量输入是由系统贮水量变化而产生。支出的总水量2129．9mm,实际支出1901．3mm(径流和蒸散量),其中228．6mm的水量支出是由系统贮水量变化引起的。