生物炭添加对土壤呼吸和有机碳含量的影响

以菜地和果园土壤为研究对象,通过室内培养实验,向土壤中分别添加不同材料制备的生物炭(马尼拉草、阔叶和竹叶),热解温度为350℃,研究不同材料制备生物炭添加对土壤呼吸和有机碳含量的影响.结果表明：不同生物炭施入土壤后,土壤 CO 2释放速率总的趋势是前期分解速率快,后期缓慢.在整个培养过程中(28 d),随着培养时间的延长,土壤 CO 2释放速率下降趋势逐渐降低.在不同土壤培养条件下,均是添加阔叶生物炭后土壤 CO 2-C 累计释放增多,果园和菜地土壤 CO 2-C 累计分别达到482．57和424．72 mg·kg-1.添加不同的生物炭均能提高土壤有机碳含量,但只有添加阔叶生物炭之后,差异才会达到显著(P ＜0．05).研究结果为正确利用生物炭和评价其在土壤碳库作用提供科学依据.     

Do soil aggregates really protect encapsulated organic matter against microbial decomposition?

Soil aggregates can provide an effective protection of organic matter against microbial decomposition as reported by several macroaggregate disruption studies. However, research on the role of aggregation for carbon mineralization was mainly focused on arable soils. In the present study we aim to clarify the impact of aggregation on organic matter protection by measuring carbon mineralization in terms of microbial respiration rates of intact macroaggregates (2–4 and 4–8 mm) and corresponding crushed aggregates from seven topsoil horizons from both arable and forest sites. For two arable and one forest soil we found a significantly (P < 0.001) lower carbon mineralization from intact aggregates as compared to the corresponding crushed material. The portion of aggregate protected carbon reached up to 30% for a grassland soil. For the other arable and forest soils no significant effect of aggregation was found. Similarly, no clear trend could be found for the protective capacity of different size fractions. We conclude that protection by aggregation is effective primarily for soils with a large pool of labile organic matter regardless of their usage as arable land or forest.     

Microbial soil respiration and its dependency on carbon inputs, soil temperature and moisture

This experiment was designed to study three determinant factors in decomposition patterns of soil organic matter (SOM): temperature, water and carbon (C) inputs. The study combined field measurements with soil lab incubations and ends with a modelling framework based on the results obtained. Soil respiration was periodically measured at an oak savanna woodland and a ponderosa pine plantation. Intact soils cores were collected at both ecosystems, including soils with most labile C burnt off, soils with some labile C gone and soils with fresh inputs of labile C. Two treatments, dry‐field condition and field capacity, were applied to an incubation that lasted 111 days. Short‐term temperature changes were applied to the soils periodically to quantify temperature responses. This was done to prevent confounding results associated with different pools of C that would result by exposing treatments chronically to different temperature regimes. This paper discusses the role of the above‐defined environmental factors on the variability of soil C dynamics. At the seasonal scale, temperature and water were, respectively, the main limiting factors controlling soil CO₂ efflux for the ponderosa pine and the oak savanna ecosystems. Spatial and seasonal variations in plant activity (root respiration and exudates production) exerted a strong influence over the seasonal and spatial variation of soil metabolic activity. Mean residence times of bulk SOM were significantly lower at the Nitrogen (N)‐rich deciduous savanna than at the N‐limited evergreen dominated pine ecosystem. At shorter time scales (daily), SOM decomposition was controlled primarily by temperature during wet periods and by the combined effect of water and temperature during dry periods. Secondary control was provided by the presence/absence of plant derived C inputs (exudation). Further analyses of SOM decomposition suggest that factors such as changes in the decomposer community, stress‐induced changes in the metabolic activity of decomposers or SOM stabilization patterns remain unresolved, but should also be considered in future SOM decomposition studies. Observations and confounding factors associated with SOM decomposition patterns and its temperature sensitivity are summarized in the modeling framework.     

北亚热带两种森林类型的土壤呼吸研究

对皖西大别山区2种森林植被类型土壤呼吸速率进行统计分析,结果表明,不同季节2种植被类型土壤呼吸速率随时间呈先升后降的变化趋势;土壤呼吸速率与地下5 cm、10 cm的土壤温度有较好的相关性;杉木林土壤呼吸速率与5~10 cm土层有机质含量呈极显著相关,相关系数为0.978(p<0.01);麻栎林土壤呼吸速率与0~5 cm土层有机质含量呈显著相关,相关系数为0.928(p<0.05)。     

Transplantation of organic surface horizons of boreal soils into warmer regions alters microbiology but not the temperature sensitivity of decomposition

Changes in soil carbon, the largest terrestrial carbon pool, are critical for the global carbon cycle, atmospheric CO₂ levels and climate. Climate warming is predicted to be most pronounced in the northern regions and therefore the large soil carbon pool residing in boreal forests will be subject to larger global warming impact than soil carbon pools in the temperate or the tropical forest. A major uncertainty in current estimates of the terrestrial carbon balance is related to decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM). We hypothesized that when soils are exposed to warmer climate the structure of the ground vegetation will change much more rapidly than the dominant tree species. This change will alter the quality and amount of litter input to the soil and induce changes in microbial communities, thus possibly altering the temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition. We transferred organic surface soil sections from the northern borders of the boreal forest zone to corresponding forest sites in the southern borders of the boreal forest zone and studied the effects of warmer climate after an adaptation period of 2 years. The results showed that initially ground vegetation and soil microbial community structure and community functions were different in northern and southern forest sites and that 2 years of exposure to warmer climate was long enough to cause changes in these ecological indicators. The rate of SOM decomposition was approximately equally sensitive to temperature irrespective of changes in vegetation or microbial communities in the studied forest sites. However, as temperature sensitivity of the decomposition increases with decreasing temperature regime, the proportional increase in the decomposition rate in northern latitudes could lead to significant carbon losses from the soils.     

土壤有机质转化及CO2释放的温度效应研究进展

土壤有机质转化对温度变化的响应,是气候变暖与全球碳循环关系中的核心问题.掌握土壤有机质对温度变化的响应规律,对准确评价气候变暖背景下,全球土壤有机质的转化至关重要.综述了国内外大量研究成果,对基质成分、基质损耗、测试方法、微生物、水分含量等因素,对土壤有机质转化与温度关系的影响机理与影响规律以及Q10的变化规律进行了探讨.提出稳定有机质与不稳定有机质温度敏感性异同问题,应作为土壤有机质转化与温度关系中的核心问题进行深入研究.同时通过分析,提出室内短期培养是首选测试方法.分析认为微生物生长温度曲线与微生物呼吸之间不存在必然联系,而在过低和过高之间,水分含量是否会影响土壤呼吸,有待进一步试验验证.提出随着城市热岛效应这一环境问题的加剧,研究及评价更大温度区间内的城市土壤有机质对温度变化的响应规律十分重要.     

施用生物炭对华北平原农田土壤容重、阳离子交换量和颗粒有机质含量的影响

以华北平原高产农田3年定位试验为基础,研究了生物炭与矿质肥配施对土壤容重、阳离子交换量和颗粒有机质组分中碳、氮含量的影响.试验共设4个处理：单施氮磷钾肥（CK）;氮磷钾肥+2250 kg·hm^-2生物炭（C₁）;氮磷钾肥+4500 kg·hm^-2生物炭（C₂）;炭基缓释肥（750 kg·hm^-2,CN）.结果表明： 与CK相比,C₁和C₂处理显著降低了0～7.5 cm土层容重,降低幅度分别为4.5%和6.0%;施用生物炭增加了0～15 cm土层的阳离子交换量,其中C₂处理增加了24.5%;在0～7.5 cm土层,C₁处理土壤颗粒有机质组分中的碳、氮浓度较CK处理分别增加了250%和85%,C₂处理分别增加了260%和120%.施用生物炭3年后土壤理化特性得到明显改善,并在碳增汇和温室减排方面具有潜在积极效应.     

Soil phosphorus fractions,aluminum, and water retention as affected by microbial activity in an Ultisol

Increased organic matter input into weathered and infertile soils through agricultural techniques such as minimum tillage or agroforestry can improve P availability to crops. Organic matter is an energy source for microbes, and their activity may be responsible in part for increased levels of labile P. The objective of the work reported here was to examine, in a highly weathered Ultisol, the influence of microbial activity in mobilizing P, maintaining it in a plant-available state, and preventing its fixation, and the effect of N and biocides on these processes. Exchangeable aluminum and soil moisture were also determined, since they interact with microbes and soil P.Results showed that increased microbial activity reduced sorption of dissolved and organic P by soil, maintained inorganic P in soluble and labile pools, increased microbial P, decreased mineral P, increased exchangeable Al, and increased water retention. Additions of N and biocides had variable effects, probably due to complex interactions between N, degrading biocides, and microbial populations.     

颗粒有机质的来源、测定及其影响因素

土壤活性有机质及其组分作为土壤质量的重要指标在土壤化学、物理和生物性质方面起着重要作用。颗粒有机质能够有效地反映有机质的特性,与微生物生长、营养供给及C、N的生物学调节密切相关。作为活性有机质的一个量度指标,颗粒有机质越来越受到人们的重视。本文综述了土壤颗粒有机质的来源及其在土壤有机质转化过程中的作用,对其测定方法作了系统的描述,阐明了土壤理化性质、农业措施(施肥与耕作)及土地利用类型对土壤颗粒有机质在土壤形成及维持其稳定性方面的影响。     

Soil organic matter dynamics under soybean exposed to elevated [CO2]

It is unclear how changing atmospheric composition will influence the plant–soil interactions that determine soil organic matter (SOM) levels in fertile agricultural soils. Positive effects of CO₂ fertilization on plant productivity and residue returns should increase SOM stocks unless mineralization or biomass removal rates increase in proportion to offset gains. Our objectives were to quantify changes in SOM stocks and labile fractions in prime farmland supporting a conventionally managed corn–soybean system and the seasonal dynamics of labile C and N in soybean in plots exposed to elevated [CO₂] (550 ppm) under free-air concentration enrichment (FACE) conditions. Changes in SOM stocks including reduced C/N ratios and labile N stocks suggest that SOM declined slightly and became more decomposed in all plots after 3 years. Plant available N (>273 mg N kg⁻¹) and other nutrients (Bray P, 22–50 ppm; extractable K, 157–237 ppm; Ca, 2,378–2,730 ppm; Mg, 245–317 ppm) were in the high to medium range. Exposure to elevated [CO₂] failed to increase particulate organic matter C (POM-C) and increased POM-N concentrations slightly in the surface depth despite known increases (≈30%) in root biomass. This, and elevated CO₂ efflux rates indicate accelerated decay rates in fumigated plots (2001: elevated [CO₂]: 10.5 ± 1.2 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ vs. ambient: 8.9 ± 1.0 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹). There were no treatment-based differences in the within-season dynamics of SOM. Soil POM-C and POM-N contents were slightly greater in the surface depth of elevated than ambient plots. Most studies attribute limited ability of fumigated soils to accumulate SOM to N limitation and/or limited plant response to CO₂ fertilization. In this study, SOM turnover appears to be accelerated under elevated [CO₂] even though soil moisture and nutrients are non-limiting and plant productivity is consistently increased. Accelerated SOM turnover rates may have long-term implications for soil’s productive potential and calls for deeper investigation into C and N dynamics in highly-productive row crop systems.     

土地利用方式对土壤有机质的影响

通过对地带性常绿阔叶林、杉木人工林、农田、竹林等不同土地利用方式下土壤有机质总量、活性有机质及其组分的研究,发现土地利用方式对土壤有机质和活性有机质各组分的影响差异显著,其中阔叶林含量最高,杉木人工林低于阔叶林,竹林和农田最低。这些差别主要是由于凋落物的数量、质量以及各种管理措施不同所致。     

不同植物来源可溶性有机质对亚热带森林土壤酶活性的影响

探究不同植物来源可溶性有机质(DOM)进入土壤后对酶活性的影响, 可以为降水淋溶下亚热带地区不同森林生态系统土壤碳循环提供科学依据。该研究提取杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、木荷(Schima superba)和楠木(Phoebe zherman) 3种植物鲜叶中的DOM分别输入杉木人工林土壤中, 以等量的去离子水添加为对照, 进行25天的室内培养。培养结束后测定土壤理化性质、微生物生物量和酶活性等指标。结果表明: 与对照处理(CT)相比, 添加3种叶片DOM后, 土壤总有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)含量和碳氮比均无显著变化。杉木叶片DOM添加处理(CL)的TN含量显著低于木荷叶片DOM添加处理(SL)和楠木叶片DOM添加处理(PL), 碳氮比显著高于SL和PL。3种叶片DOM输入整体上提高了土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)和溶解有机氮(DON)的含量。叶片DOM输入后土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量无显著变化, 然而CL和SL的土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量分别比CT降低了50.9%和51.1%, PL的MBN含量比CT提高了54.0%。与CT相比, 不同植物来源DOM输入后, β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维素水解酶(CBH)和过氧化物酶(PEO) 3种酶活性均显著上升, 而多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性则显著下降; 此外, βG和CBH活性均表现出CL > SL > PL的特征。相关性分析的结果表明, 添加叶片DOM 3种处理的SOC、TN、MBN含量和βG、CBH活性都与所输入DOM的DOC含量和腐殖化指数(HIX)显著相关, 此外, 土壤MBN含量和PPO活性与输入叶片DOM的pH呈正相关关系。冗余分析(RDA)结果表明, 叶片DOM输入后引起土壤酶活性变化的关键因子是DON和DOC含量。总体来说, 不同植物来源DOM性质的差异会影响土壤碳循环水解酶的活性, 而叶片DOM输入后增加了土壤碳和氮的有效性, 引起4种碳循环酶的不同响应。