过表达Sirt2抑制猪前体脂肪细胞的分化

本文旨在利用过表达技术研究Sirt2在猪前体脂肪细胞分化中的作用.首先将Sirt2插入腺病毒穿梭载体pAdTrack-CMV,并与骨架载体pAdEasy-1在大肠杆菌BJ5183中同源重组,重组体用Lipofectamine2000包装转染HEK293细胞系,成功获得重组腺病毒vAd-Sirt2.用vAd-Sirt2感染猪前体脂肪细胞,48h后油红O染色法观察脂肪细胞分化情况,RT-PCR检测脂肪细胞分化标志基因PPARγ和aP2的表达.结果显示,过表达Sirt2促使细胞中脂滴减少,同时标志基因PPARγ、aP2mRNA水平显著降低,说明Sirt2抑制猪前体脂肪细胞分化,这为控制猪体脂沉积提供依据以及为人类肥胖和相关疾病的治疗和预防奠定基础.     

BAMBI通过促进ERK1/2磷酸化抑制猪前体脂肪细胞分化

为了研究BAMBI在猪前体脂肪细胞分化过程中的作用,构建了BAMBI慢病毒干扰载体,包装并感染猪前体脂肪细胞,采用油红O染色、油红O提取比色法检测猪前体脂肪细胞分化情况,采用Real-time qPCR、Western blotting检测成脂标志基因mRNA以及蛋白水平表达的变化情况。结果表明,BAMBI慢病毒干扰载体感染前体脂肪细胞后显著降低了BAMBI的表达,shRNA2干扰效率最高,达到了60%以上,干扰BAMBI后能增加猪脂肪细胞的脂质积累,增加了成脂标志基因过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ,PPARγ)和脂肪酸结合蛋白2(Adipocyte protein 2,ap2)的表达。此外,干扰BAMBI后ERK1/2的磷酸化水平减少了。这些结果表明,BAMBI可能通过促进ERK1/2的磷酸化抑制脂肪细胞分化。     

Txnip基因siRNA慢病毒表达质粒构建及促进猪前体脂肪细胞分化

硫氧还蛋白互作蛋白(thioredoxin interacting protein, Txnip)是一种氧化还原调节蛋白质,与硫氧还蛋白结合并抑制其活性,调节细胞氧化还原状态,影响细胞多种生理过程,然而其在猪脂肪细胞分化中的作用尚不明确。本文设计合成3对靶向猪Txnip基因的shRNA寡核苷酸,分别连接于重组慢病毒载体pGLV_3/H_1/GFP+Puro构建siRNA表达质粒。测序验证后,与包装质粒共转染293T细胞,获得滴度1×10~8 pfu/mL的慢病毒干扰质粒。以MOI值100转染原代培养猪前体脂肪细胞,转染率均达80%以上,其中Txnip-shRNA-2转染细胞Txnip基因沉默率达75%。转染Txnip-shRNA-2的猪前体脂肪细胞用成脂分化培养液诱导后,每隔1 d检测细胞成脂分化及相关基因表达。结果发现,其分化比阴性对照质粒转染或未转染细胞显著增强(P<0.05),PPARγ和FAS mRNA表达水平显著提高(P<0.05)。本文构建siRNA慢病毒表达质粒能有效干扰猪Txnip基因表达,Txnip表达沉默可通过上调PPARγ表达促进猪前体脂肪细胞分化。本研究提示,Txnip可能是猪脂肪细胞分化的抑制因子。     

CTSB超表达促进体外培养的猪前体脂肪细胞分化

为研究溶酶体组织蛋白酶B(cathepsin B,CTSB)对脂肪细胞分化的影响,本实验构建了Ctsb重组腺病毒超表达载体,包装并侵染体外培养的猪前体脂肪细胞,采用油红O染色,油红O提取比色法检测猪前体脂肪细胞分化的情况,并通过real-time PCR法检测成脂关键基因mRNA水平的变化.结果显示,重组腺病毒Ctsb载体构建成功,转染猪前体脂肪细胞后,使Ctsb的mRNA和蛋白质表达量分别提高了约16倍和12倍. CTSB超表达能促进脂肪细胞的分化和脂质积累,成脂关键基因过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, PPARγ)、脂肪酸结合蛋白2(adipocyte protein 2, aP2)的表达量均有显著升高. 研究表明,提高Ctsb的表达能促进猪前体脂肪细胞分化,揭示了Ctsb在猪前体脂肪细胞分化过程中可能发挥关键作用. 研究结果为进一步研究其作用机制奠定了基础.     

慢病毒介导RNA干扰SOCS3基因在猪前体脂肪细胞和成肌细胞中的表达

构建细胞信号抑制因子3(suppressor of cytokine signaling 3,SOCS3)慢病毒干扰载体,获得有感染性的病毒颗粒,感染猪前体脂肪细胞和成肌细胞,并检测其对前体脂肪细胞的干扰效率.首先设计并合成3对针对目的基因SOCS3的siRNA序列,退火后连接于LentiH1上,测序验证后,与包装质粒△8.9和vsv-g共转染到293T细胞中进行包装和浓缩,纯化后测定病毒滴度,然后感染猪前体脂肪细胞和成肌细胞.重组慢病毒载体LentiH1-siRNA经酶切和测序鉴定正确,病毒滴度为3×107tu/mL,感染猪成肌细胞和前体脂肪细胞后,可见报告基因GFP的表达;RT-PCR和Western印迹分析表明,前体脂肪细胞中SOCS3的表达被显著下调,其中LentiH1-siRNA3介导对SOCS3基因mRNA和蛋白的干扰效率分别达53%和71%.本研究成功构建了猪SOCS3慢病毒干扰载体,感染猪前体脂肪细胞能稳定沉默SOCS3基因的表达,为深入研究SOCS3的功能奠定了基础.     

慢病毒载体介导shRNA干扰IL-6Rα基因表达削弱IL-6对猪脂肪细胞分化的影响

为研究白细胞介素-6(IL-6)对猪脂肪细胞分化的影响及其分子机制,构建猪IL 6Rα基因RNA干扰（RNA interference, RNAi）慢病毒载体;用IL-6Rα-RNAi重组慢病毒预处理原代培养的猪前体脂肪细胞或不处理, 然后用100 ng/mL IL-6处理分化第6 d的脂肪细胞48 h．通过测定甘油释放量检测脂肪细胞的脂解率;油红O染色提取法测定脂肪细胞的脂质含量;采用RT-PCR 和Western印迹检测脂肪细胞分化相关基因的mRNA 和蛋白表达．结果显示,IL-6显著抑制猪脂肪细胞分化,并下调PPARγ2、Perilipin A和IRS-1的mRNA及蛋白表达,同时增强ERK1/2磷酸化;IL-6Rα-RNAi预处理前体脂肪细胞则显著逆转IL 6的上述作用．总之,IL-6通过多重机制抑制猪脂肪细胞分化;而且本研究构建的IL-6Rα-RNAi重组慢病毒载体可有效阻断IL-6信号,为进一步研究IL-6的功能奠定了基础．     

EGCG对猪前体脂肪细胞增殖和分化的作用

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（Epigallocatechin-3-gallate,EGCG）是绿茶提取物EGCG的生物活性成分,为了探讨其对猪前体脂肪细胞增殖和分化的影响,以不同浓度EGCG处理猪前体脂肪细胞,MTT法测定EGCG对猪前体脂肪细胞生长的影响;油红O染色检测猪前体脂肪细胞的形态学变化;油红O染色提取法定量分析脂肪细胞充脂量的变化;半定量RT-PCR检测分化转录因子过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体佗（PPARγ2）和CCAAT／增强子结合蛋白α（C／EBPα）mRNA表达水平变化。结果显示：EGCG随着浓度的递增显著抑制猪前体脂肪细胞的增殖（P〈0．01）;低浓度的EGCG（5μmol／L）不影响脂肪细胞分化,而高浓度EGCG（200μmol／L）显著抑制猪前体脂肪细胞分化,同时下调PPARγ2和C／EBPαmRNA表达,本研究结果表明EGCG可抑制猪前体脂肪细胞的增殖和分化。     

过表达miR-103促进猪前体脂肪细胞分化

为阐明miR-103在猪前体脂肪细胞分化过程中的调控作用,采用Real-time PCR检测猪前体脂肪细胞成脂分化过程中的miR-103表达谱,明确了其在分化过程中的表达趋势;使用miR-103的腺病毒超表达载体感染猪原代脂肪细胞,随后采用Real-time PCR和Western blotting分别检测成脂标记基因PPARγ、aP2的mRNA和蛋白表达量变化;油红O染色观察腺病毒miR-103侵染的前体脂肪细胞诱导分化第8天的成脂情况。结果显示,miR-103的表达量随着脂肪细胞分化而增加,在miR-103超表达的猪原代脂肪细胞的诱导分化过程中,成脂标记基因PPARγ、aP2的表达量与对照相比显著升高,分化第8天观察到明显的脂滴。说明miR-103能够促进猪前体脂肪细胞分化。     

视黄酸X受体α促进猪前体脂肪细胞分化

采用细胞转染、油红O染色、油红O染色提取法、GPDH活性测定、semi-qRT-PCR等方法研究了视黄酸X受体α (retinoic acid X receptor α, RXRα)在猪原代前体脂肪细胞分化中的作用及其机理.结果表明,转染pRXRα-EGFP促进了猪前体脂肪细胞RXRα 的表达,脂肪细胞分化能力随之增强, 脂肪细胞GPDH活性、分化转录因子PPARγ和C/EBPαmRNA表达水平均显著升高(P<0.05). 结果提示,RXRα可能通过调控过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ, PPARγ)和CAAT/增强子结合蛋白家族（CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins, C/EBP）C/EBPα 基因表达变化促进猪前体脂肪细胞分化.     

MiR-130a 在猪皮下脂肪细胞分化中的调节作用

为研究miR-130a对猪皮下脂肪细胞分化的影响及可能机制,本试验分离猪皮下脂肪前体细胞,诱导分化为成熟脂肪细胞,检测脂肪细胞分化过程中脂滴变化及miR-130a及其可能靶基因TNF α和PPARγ的表达模式.同时合成miR-130a mimics及inhibitor 对细胞进行转染,并以乱序序列作为阴性对照（NC）.细胞转染24 h后进行诱导分化,连续诱导8 d,检测各处理细胞的聚脂情况及甘油三酯含量变化,荧光定量PCR检测脂肪细胞分化相关基因的表达变化.结果显示,猪皮下脂肪前体细胞分化过程中脂滴逐渐变大增多,miR-130a、TNF α和PPARγ的表达模式具有一定的相似性.转染结果显示,相对于对照组,miR 130a mimics转染组细胞脂滴减少变小,甘油三酯含量降低（P<0.05）,脂肪细胞分化相关基因LPL、PPARγ、adiponectin、FASN和葡萄糖转运相关基因GLUT1,GLUT4以及JNK通路上的PDE3B的表达均比对照组显著下调（P<0.01）;而miR-130a inhibitor转染组细胞则脂滴增多,甘油三酯含量提高（P<0.05）,但大部分分化相关基因的表达与对照组无显著差异,提示miR-130a可能不只通过单一的靶基因影响脂肪细胞分化.其结果为后续深入研究miR-130a调节猪脂肪细胞分化的通路及机制奠定基础.     

过表达RBP4抑制体外培养的猪前体脂肪细胞分化

为研究视黄醇结合蛋白4(retinol binding protein 4,RBP4)对猪前体脂肪细胞分化的影响,实验构建了RBP4重组腺病毒表达载体,包装并感染猪前体细胞,采用油红O染色和Real-time PCR等方法,检测了过表达RBP4对成脂分化的作用. 研究结果显示,重组腺病毒RBP4载体构建成功,转染猪前体脂肪细胞后,使RBP4的mRNA水平和蛋白水平分别增加了约400倍和20倍. 过表达RBP4能减少脂肪细胞的脂质积累,降低成脂关键基因过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, PPARγ)和脂肪酸结合蛋白2 (adipocyte protein 2, aP2)的表达. 结果表明,RBP4对猪前体脂肪细胞分化有抑制作用,为进一步研究RBP4对猪前体脂肪细胞分化的作用机制奠定基础.     

Phloretin promotes adipocyte differentiation in vitro and improves glucose homeostasis in vivo

Adipocyte dysfunction is associated with many metabolic diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes. Previous studies found that phloretin promotes 3T3-L1 cells differentiation, but the underlying mechanisms for phloretin's effects on adipogenesis remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that phloretin enhanced the lipid accumulation in porcine primary adipocytes in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, phloretin increased the utilization of glucose and nonesterified fatty acid, while it decreased the lactate output. Microarray analysis revealed that genes associated with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), mitogen-activated protein kinase and insulin signaling pathways were altered in response to phloretin. We further confirmed that phloretin enhanced expression of PPARγ, CAAT enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα) and adipose-related genes, such as fatty acids translocase and fatty acid synthase. In addition, phloretin activated the Akt (Thr308) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and therefore, inactivated Akt targets protein. Wortmannin effectively blocked the effect of phloretin on Akt activity and the protein levels of PPARγ, C/EBPα and fatty acid binding protein-4 (FABP4/aP2). Oral administration of 5 or 10 mg/kg phloretin to C57BL BKS-DB mice significantly decreased the serum glucose level and improved glucose tolerance. In conclusion, phloretin promotes the adipogenesis of porcine primary preadipocytes through Akt-associated signaling pathway. These findings suggested that phloretin might be able to increase insulin sensitivity and alleviate the metabolic diseases.     

Differentiation-dependent suppression of platelet-derived growth factor signaling in cultured adipocytes.

A critical component of vertebrate cellular differentiation is the acquisition of sensitivity to a restricted subset of peptide hormones and growth factors. This accounts for the unique capability of insulin (and possibly insulin-like growth factor-1), but not other growth factors, to stimulate glucose uptake and anabolic metabolism in heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. This selectivity is faithfully recapitulated in the cultured adipocyte line, 3T3-L1, which responds to insulin, but not platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), with increased hexose uptake. The serine/threonine protein kinases Akt1 and Akt2, which have been implicated as mediators of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, as well as glycogen, lipid, and protein synthesis, were shown to mirror this selectivity in this tissue culture system. This was particularly apparent in 3T3-L1 adipocytes overexpressing an epitope-tagged form of Akt2 in which insulin activated Akt2 10-fold better than PDGF. Similarly, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, only insulin stimulated phosphorylation of Akt's endogenous substrate, GSK-3beta. Other signaling molecules, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, pp70 S6-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and PHAS-1/4EBP-1, did not demonstrate this selective responsiveness to insulin but were instead activated comparably by both insulin and PDGF. Moreover, concurrent treatment with PDGF and insulin did not diminish activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, or glucose transport, indicating that PDGF did not simultaneously activate an inhibitory mechanism. Interestingly, PDGF and insulin comparably stimulated both Akt isoforms, as well as numerous other signaling molecules, in undifferentiated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Collectively, these data suggest that differential activation of Akt in adipocytes may contribute to insulin's exclusive mediation of the metabolic events involved in glucose metabolism. Moreover, they suggest a novel mechanism by which differentiation-dependent hormone selectivity is conferred through the suppression of specific signaling pathways operational in undifferentiated cell types.     

SOCS3 inhibits insulin signaling in porcine primary adipocytes

Insulin resistance is a major player in the pathogenesis of type II diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and obesity. SOCS3 plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance. To investigate the role of SOCS3 in porcine adipocyte insulin signaling, we first detected the effect of insulin on SOCS3 mRNA and protein expression in porcine primary adipocytes by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. Then, we constructed a recombinant adenovirus encoding SOCS3 gene (Ad-SOCS3) which was used to infect differentiated porcine primary adipocytes for 3 days. The expression and phosphorylation of main insulin signaling components were detected by Western blotting. The results showed that 100 nM insulin could induce SOCS3 mRNA expression but not protein expression, and overexpression of SOCS3 decreased IRS1 protein level, insulin-stimulated IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation, PI3K activation, and Akt phosphorylation, but increased IRS1 serine phosphorylation in porcine primary adipocytes. These results indicate that SOCS3 is an important negative regulator of insulin signaling in porcine adipocytes. Thus, SOCS3 may be a novel therapeutic target for the prevention or treatment of insulin resistance and type II diabetes.