家兔血浆内毒素的鲎试验定量测定法及其应用

本文介绍采用过氯酸法处理血浆,应用国产鲎试剂和基质定量检测动物血中微量内毒素的鲎试验合成基质偶氮显色法。该法变异系数为3.8—4.6％,回收率为84—112％,对革兰氏阴性细菌具有特异性。应用该法对实验性大肠杆菌败血症家兔及实验性肺炎球菌感染家兔的血浆内毒素定量测定结果表明,均有不同程度的内毒素血症出现。     

热稳定性试验对人血白蛋白质量的影响

目的观察热稳定性试验对人血白蛋白质量的影响。方法依据《中国药典》三部对人血白蛋白待检品进行热稳定性试验,并通过可见异物、多聚体含量和纯度等指标对其进行稳定性评价。结果人血白蛋白经热稳定性试验后可见异物检查无肉眼可见的明显变化。热稳定性试验对多聚体含量有明显影响(t=-2.65,P=0.0160.05),试验品多聚体含量增加。试验品和对照品纯度变化有显著差异(t=4.19,P=0.0010.05;t=12.87,P=0.0000.01)。SDS-PAGE结果显示,试验品有两条杂带含量增多,表明主带人血白蛋白含量降低,纯度下降。结论人血白蛋白应严格按照《中国药典》规定的温度进行储存和运输,确保制品的质量。     

层析法去除重组人血清白蛋白干扰素a2b融合蛋白的内毒素

用柱层析方法在生产重组人血清白蛋白干扰素α2b融合蛋白过程中去除产品中的内毒素。所用柱层析组合为Blue-sepharose亲和柱层析、SOURCE 15 ISO疏水柱层析、Q Sepharose F.F.离子交换柱层析、Sephadex G25 Coarse凝胶过滤柱。采用鲎试剂法检测柱层析各阶段得到蛋白中的内毒素含量; 并用RP-HPLC方法测定柱层析各阶段得到蛋白的纯度与浓度, 求出每毫克蛋白的内毒素含量。结果为每步柱层析过程式均有去除内毒素的作用, 最终所得蛋白的内毒素含量降为1 EU/mg, 去除率达到99.9%。因而生产重组人血清白蛋白干扰素a2b融合蛋白所用分离纯化柱层析技术在纯化蛋白的同时能有效的去除产品中内毒素, 所得产品内毒素的含量远低于药典对注射剂的内毒素含量要求。     

层析法去除重组人血清白蛋白干扰素α2b融合蛋白的内毒素

用柱层析方法在生产重组人血清白蛋白干扰素α2b融合蛋白过程中去除产品中的内毒素.所用柱层析组合为Blue-sepharose亲和柱层析、SOURCE 15 ISO疏水柱层析、Q Sepharose F.F.离子交换柱层析、Sephadex G25 Coarse凝胶过滤柱.采用鲎试剂法检测柱层析各阶段得到蛋白中的内毒素含量;并用RP-HPLC方法测定柱层析各阶段得到蛋白的纯度与浓度,求出每毫克蛋白的内毒素含量.结果为每步柱层析过程式均有去除内毒素的作用,最终所得蛋白的内毒素含量降为1 EU/mg,去除率达到99.9%.因而生产重组人血清白蛋白干扰素α2b融合蛋白所用分离纯化柱层析技术在纯化蛋白的同时能有效的去除产品中内毒素,所得产品内毒素的含量远低于药典对注射剂的内毒素含量要求.     

层析法去除重组人血清白蛋白干扰素a2b融合蛋白的内毒素

用柱层析方法在生产重组人血清白蛋白干扰素α2b融合蛋白过程中去除产品中的内毒素。所用柱层析组合为Blue-sepharose亲和柱层析、SOURCE 15 ISO疏水柱层析、Q Sepharose F.F.离子交换柱层析、Sephadex G25 Coarse凝胶过滤柱。采用鲎试剂法检测柱层析各阶段得到蛋白中的内毒素含量; 并用RP-HPLC方法测定柱层析各阶段得到蛋白的纯度与浓度, 求出每毫克蛋白的内毒素含量。结果为每步柱层析过程式均有去除内毒素的作用, 最终所得蛋白的内毒素含量降为1 EU/mg, 去除率达到99.9%。因而生产重组人血清白蛋白干扰素a2b融合蛋白所用分离纯化柱层析技术在纯化蛋白的同时能有效的去除产品中内毒素, 所得产品内毒素的含量远低于药典对注射剂的内毒素含量要求。     

热原质检测进展

本文综述了热原质检测的进展。重点介绍了鲎试剂凝胶法、合成基质鲎三肽显色法和十二烷基磺酸钠一聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电脉银染法检测内毒素或脂多糖的原理和方法的新进展。     

重组人血白蛋白临床研究进展

人血白蛋白是人血浆中最丰富的蛋白质,具有许多重要的生理特性,用途广泛。目前主要以毕赤酵母作为宿主表达的重组人血白蛋白,开发了重组人血白蛋白的纯化技术,同时对重组人血白蛋白结构进行了分析,结果表明与人血浆白蛋白基本一致。临床研究结果表明重组人血白蛋白与人血浆白蛋白有着几乎相同的疗效和安全性。综述了重组人血白蛋白的性质结构分析及酵母表达系统;重点介绍了重组人血白蛋白在临床方面研究进展。     

槲皮素、松萝酸对伴放线放线杆菌产生内毒素的抑制作用研究

目的研究不同浓度下槲皮素、松萝酸对伴放线放线杆菌产生内毒素的抑制作用。方法采用显色基质鲎试验法检测不同浓度药物作用下的伴放线放线杆菌菌液中留存的内毒素量。结果槲皮素组与松萝酸组中伴放线放线杆菌菌液产生内毒素的量明显低于阴性对照组。经检验,t_(槲N)=3.890,t_(松N)=6.120,P值均<0.01,具有显著统计学差异。结论槲皮素与松萝酸对伴放线放线杆菌产生内毒素均有抑制作用,作用和效果与药物浓度呈正相关性,松萝酸的抑制作用强于槲皮素。     

国内人血白蛋白市场供需状况分析及应对策略

目的：解决国内人血白蛋白供需不平衡。方法：运用经济学中的供给与需求理论分析国内人血白蛋白市场供需状况,采用SWOT矩阵对整个人血白蛋白市场环境进行系统分析。结果与结论：由于原料供应短缺、需求旺盛等原因造成国内市场人血白蛋白供不应求,政府应在原料供应、价格干预、监管、宣传方面采取有效措施,同时企业应配合政府积极生产,加强技术创新等共同来协调人血白蛋白的供需平衡。     

IL-10、IL-18和内毒素在肝硬化患者自发性细菌性腹膜炎中的作用

目的:探讨由肝硬化合并自发性细菌性腹膜炎(spontaneous bacterial peritonitis,SBP)患者血清中IL-10、IL-18及内毒素的水平及其临床意义.方法:采用ELISA方法检测各组血清IL-10、IL-18水平,采用偶氮显色基质法检测内毒素水平.结果:SBP患者血清中IL-10、IL-18及内毒素的水平明显高于正常对照组,P＜0.05,SBP患者治疗后血清中IL-10、IL-18及内毒素的水平都明显降低,P＜0.05.结论:检测血清中IL-10、IL-18及内毒素在肝硬化患者自发性细菌性腹膜炎中的诊断及预后中具有一定指导意义.     

Automation of chromogenic substrate Limulus amebocyte lysate assay method for endotoxin by robotic system.

The chromogenic substrate Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay method for the detection of endotoxin was automated by a Zymate robotic system. The software developed enables the robot to automatically dilute a stock reference endotoxin standard (20,000 endotoxin units per ml) for the construction of a five-point standard curve, make sample dilutions to the proper testing concentration, and perform chromogenic substrate LAL assays in duplicate. The linearity of the standard curve and the endotoxin concentration in each sample are calculated and results are printed automatically. In 48 min the automated system assays three samples and a reference standard in duplicate along with a water blank. Sensitivity of the assay is a function of incubation time. The assay is linear (r greater than 0.99) in the region of 0 to 1.0 endotoxin units per ml or 0 to 0.2 endotoxin units per ml with incubation times of 10 or 16 min, respectively. The method can be made very sensitive, detecting as low as 0.003 endotoxin units per ml with 30 min of incubation. The precision of the assay method, determined by assaying an endotoxin reference solution eight times, is ca. 6%. The LAL reagent designed for gel-clot assay was modified for the chromogenic substrate assay. We describe the optimum conditions for the performance of the chromogenic substrate LAL assay and stability of the LAL reagent.     

A novel endotoxin-specific assay by turbidimetry with Limulus amoebocyte lysate containing beta-glucan

The gelation of standard Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) is triggered by the addition of a small amount of beta-glucan (1-1000 ng/ml plasma), but in the presence of an excessive amount of beta-glucan (1 mg/ml plasma), the gelation becomes insensitive to beta-glucan. Utilizing this property, a method to determine quantitatively the amount of endotoxin circulating in humans was developed. When a modified LAL, or LAL-ES, which contains an excessive amount of CM-curdlan as beta-glucan, was used for the assay, a linear relation in the logarithmic scales was obtained between the gelation time measured by the turbidimetry (min) and the concentration of endotoxin. This relation was not affected by a considerable amount of beta-glucan (100 ng/ml). The sensitivity of the endotoxin assay was estimated to be as low as 3 pg/ml. The following aspects of the method were found by clinical application to normal and febrile subjects. (1) Using both LAL and LAL-ES, it was possible to distinguish the effect of endotoxin from that of beta-glucan in plasma, i.e., bacterial sepsis from fungal sepsis. (2) The amount of circulating endotoxin determined by the present method showed good correlation to those obtained by chromogenic assay using modified LAL devoid of Factor G which could be activated by beta-glucan.     

Comparison of the rabbit pyrogen test and Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay for endotoxin in hepatitis B vaccines and the effect of aluminum hydroxide.

The rabbit pyrogen test and Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay have been used to detect endotoxins in vaccines, but interactions between the endotoxins and proteins or aluminum hydroxide can interfere with the results. Currently, the rabbit pyrogen test is used to detect endotoxin in hepatitis B (HB) vaccines even though the HB surface protein, the active ingredient, is over-expressed in and purified from eukaryotic cells which lack endotoxin. Therefore, we examined the possibility of replacing the animal tests with the more efficient LAL test. To this end, we determined whether the aluminum hydroxide in the HB vaccines affects the rabbit pyrogen test and the LAL assay. HB vaccines and HB protein solutions spiked with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced almost the same dose-dependent temperature rise in rabbits, indicating that the aluminum hydroxide in the HB vaccine does not interfere with the pyrogenic response in rabbit. In contrast, a spike recovery study showed that aluminum hydroxide interfered with the LAL clot and kinetic assays; however, the LAL clot assay was effective at detecting endotoxin without loss of LAL activity after serial dilution of the samples. Furthermore, there was good correlation in the LAL clot assay between the amount of LPS added and the amount recovered. However, both turbidimetric and chromogenic kinetic assays displayed no correlation between the LPS amount added and recovered. Our results suggest that the LAL clot assay is sensitive and reliable when samples are properly prepared, and can be used to replace the rabbit pyrogen test for the detection of endotoxin in HB vaccines.     

The effect of endotoxin-contaminated medium on in vitro fertilization and development of bovine oocytes matured in vitro

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the presence of bacterial endotoxin in the bovine serum albumin (BSA) used to supplement media utilized for sperm preparation and co-culture of bovine sperm and oocytes affects in vitro penetration and embryonic development of oocytes matured in vitro. The chromogenic limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test was used for quantification of the content of endotoxin. The proportion of penetrated ova was significantly greater (P greater than 0.0005) for the endotoxin-contaminated group (89%) versus the non-contaminated group (61%), but this was probably not due to endotoxin contamination. The presence of endotoxin resulted in a high rate of polyspermy (27% versus 4%, respectively; P greater than 0.0005), while the occurrence of parthenogenetic activation was the same for each group (8%). The proportion of total embryos put into culture that developed to the blastocyst stage by day 8 was similar (30% and 26%) for the contaminated and non-contaminated group, respectively. Fifty-three and 69%, respectively, hatched on day 10. These results suggest that endotoxin induces polyspermy, but has no adverse effect on embryonic development.     

The concentration, physical state, and purity of bacterial endotoxin affect its detoxification by ionizing radiation

Increasing concentrations of a highly purified bacterial lipopolysaccharide preparation, the U.S. Reference Standard Endotoxin, were exposed to increasing doses of ionizing radiation from a 60Co source. At identical radiation doses both the structural change and Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) reactivity were progressively smaller with increasing concentrations of the lipopolysaccharide in an aqueous medium. Under the experimental conditions used, there was a linear relationship between the endotoxin concentration and radiation dose for the structural changes. In contrast to endotoxin in aqueous medium, endotoxin irradiated in its dry state showed no decrease in LAL reactivity and rabbit pyrogenicity. Endotoxin exposed to radiation in water in the presence of albumin showed a much smaller decrease in LAL and pyrogenic activities than expected. The results show that the concentration, physical state, and purity of endotoxin influence its structural and functional alteration by ionizing radiation.     

Level of bacterial endotoxins in Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines conjugated with toxoids (td, Di)

Quantitative evaluation of bacterial endotoxin was performed in the following vaccines: Act-Hib, Hiberix, Hib-Titer. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy and precision of chromogenic LAL test with S-2423 substrate for this particular biopreparations and after that to determine the amounts of endotoxin as a factor of vaccine safety. Because of the lack of information concerning the presence of endotoxin in Act-Hib vaccine, we also tried to establish the limits for the presence of endotoxin in this type of vaccine. The estimated level of endotoxin was as follows: 110 EU/ml in Act-Hib, 1.64 EU/ml in Hiberix and 2.4 EU/ml in Hib-Titer. The results of this study showed that the amounts of endotoxin was dependent on the molecular size of polysaccharide PRP and on the presence of protein component. The limit of endotoxin presence in Act-Hib vaccine recommended by us is max. 150 EU/ml.     

Development of an endotoxin-specific Limulus amebocyte lysate test blocking beta-glucan-mediated pathway by carboxymethylated curdlan and its application

We developed a simple new endotoxin-specific assay method that uses Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) containing a sufficient amount of a water-soluble (1----3)-beta-D-glucan derivative as a blocker of the (1----3)-beta-D-glucan-mediated coagulation pathway. The addition of 0.1 mg/ml or more of carboxymethylated (1----3)-beta-D-glucan completely blocked the activation of LAL by (1----3)-beta-D-glucan itself. The assay of endotoxin was unaffected by the presence of 1 mg/ml carboxymethylated (1----3)-beta-D-glucan. Spiked endotoxin was recovered well from beta-glucans by the turbidimetric kinetic method with LAL containing 1 mg/ml of carboxymethylated (1----3)-beta-D-glucan. Besides, this new LAL formulation was applied for an endotoxin-specific assay by the conventional gel-clot method or the chromogenic method. Gram-negative bacteria were specifically detected by the turbidimetric kinetic method with the LAL formulation. This LAL formulation may be used for an endotoxin-specific assay not only in pharmacology but also in clinical microbiology.     

Feasibility of on-chip detection of endotoxin by LAL test

The LAL (Limulus amebocyte lysate) test for the detection and quantification of endotoxin is based on the gelation reaction between endotoxin and LAL from a blood extract ofLimulus polyphemus. The test is labor intensive, requiring dedicated personnel, a relatively long reaction time (approximately 1 h), relatively large volumes of samples and reagents and the detection of the end-point is rather subjective. To solve these problems, a miniaturized LOC (labon-a-chip) prototype, 62 mm (L)×18 mm (W), was fabricated using PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) bonded to glass. Using this prototype, in which 2 mm (W)×44.3 mm (L)×100 μm(D) microfluidic channel was constructed, turbidometric and chromogenic assay detection methods were compared, and the chromogenic method was found the most suitable for a small volume assay. In this assay, the kinetic-point method was more accurate than the end-point method. The PDMS chip chickness was found to be minimized to around 2 mm to allow sufficient light transmittance, which necessitated the use of a glass slide bonding for chip rigidity. Due to this miniaturization, the test time was reduced from 1 h to less than 10 min, and the sample volume could be reduced from 100 toca. 4.4 μL. In summation, this study suggested that the LOC using the LAL test principle could be an alternative as a semi-automated and reliable method for the detection of endotoxin.     

Development of an electrochemical Limulus amebocyte lysate assay technique for portable and highly sensitive endotoxin sensor

Here, we report the development of an electrochemical detection method for endotoxin based on the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. A mixture of LAL reagent and endotoxin sample solution was incubated for 1 h. The endotoxin activated a cascade reaction of zymogens contained in the LAL to generate p-nitroaniline (pNA) which was then electrochemically detected by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The generated pNA gave a clear peak at -0.75 V vs. silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl), which increased with the concentration of endotoxin in the LAL assay solution. This DPV detection was performed using an electrode chip device fabricated from a diamond-like carbon-coated glass substrate. This chip device could detect as low as 10 endotoxin units l(-1) at room temperature within 1 h. This novel electrochemical method for the detection of endotoxin appears promising for the development of compact, low-cost and easy-to-use sensors for on-site monitoring of potentially contaminated medical supplies, including dialysis fluid, transplanted tissue and culture medium for assisted reproduction.     

Detection of pyrogens in intravenous IgG preparations.

Five different intravenous IgG (i.v. IgG) preparations were assessed for their capacity to modify the pyrogenic response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of rabbits under the conditions of a pharmacopoeal test. Four of the five preparations were found to mitigate the reaction rendering the result "non-pyrogenic" with an LPS dose proved pyrogenic when administered in saline or in albumin. Bacterial LPS was found readily detectable by a simple Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) gelation test. Four of six brands of i.v. IgG were found reactive in the test under conditions adjusted to detect the FDA limit. The reaction obtained upon addition of standard LPS to the negative preparations supported the validity of the assay. The LAL reactivity of two of the reactive preparations was inhibited by laminarin, a compound known to inhibit Limulus lysate gelation by beta-D-glucan, but not by Polymyxin B. Specific detection of bacterial endotoxins in i.v. IgG solutions requires inhibition of the beta-D-glucan pathway of the Limulus lysate coagulation. Using an appropriate inhibitor, the LAL gelation test is suitable to detect a potential endotoxin contamination in i.v. IgG which might have not been unravelled by the in vivo test for pyrogens.